Orientador: Omar Ribeiro Thomaz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T18:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Salvi_ValentinaIsolda_D.pdf: 1013976 bytes, checksum: d51bdfacc05fd984a4b65028a8e26300 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esta tese propõe-se a abordar a memória militar sobre a repressão na Argentina, mais especificamente, a memória do exército, buscando reconhecer as diferenças entre a memória oficial da instituição, as memórias dos oficiais reformados que participaram no Operativo Independencia e a memória dos setores civis/militares, assim como assinalar as posições relativas e conflitos que atravessam e conformam essa comunidade de memória. O objetivo geral é, pois, identificar quais e como são não só os sentidos e representações que tanto o exército quanto os oficiais reformados atualizam e elaboram para evocar e justificar a assim chamada ¿luta contra a subversão¿, mas também as práticas comemorativas que encenam junto às famílias e às organizações cívico/militares para homenagear os oficiais ¿mortos pela subversão¿. A memória castrense sobre a repressão responde tanto à continuidade de uma matriz narrativa sobre o passado recente, que reforça a autovaloração do exército como uma comunidade moral diferenciada da sociedade civil, quanto às transformações e inovações que vão permitindo à instituição e a seus homens posicionar-se frente ao fortalecimento da memória dos desaparecidos e ao discurso dos organismos de Direitos Humanos. Por isso, o interrogante primordial que anima esta tese é como se articulam mudança e continuidade na memória de uma instituição ¿ e dos oficiais que foram contemporâneos dos fatos- para os quais o passado é uma fonte de legitimidade e identidade, mas que, ao mesmo tempo, são energicamente questionados por uma sociedade que lhes exige respostas pelos crimes cometidos. Atender às continuidades e rupturas da memória do exército permitirá, por sua vez, dar conta de sua dimensão de futuro e, assim, determinar as tendências à elaboração (atravessamento) ou à atuação (repetição compulsiva) dos sentidos de um passado autoritário e violento que tem o exército e seus homens como um de seus principais responsáveis. Daí que esta tese propõe-se também, por um lado, a examinar em que medida, para a comunidade militar, lembrar implica também assumir ou evadir as responsabilidades morais, jurídicas e políticas sobre o desaparecimento de pessoas, e, por outro lado, compreender como se articulam os argumentos justificatórios e as estratégias políticas com as quais se busca controlar e vigiar a transmissão de sentidos sobre a ¿luta contra a subversão¿ às novas gerações. Por último, esta tese propõe-se a indagar como a ¿luta contra a subversão¿, enquanto prática e discurso, incide ao mesmo tempo em que se reapropria das significações morais dos oficiais do exército e da doutrina e práticas castrenses, assim como de seus valores, tradições e sentimentos. Para isso, busca investigar as relações entre moralidade, memória e identidade, prestando principal atenção àquilo que une os oficiais; àquilo que os obrigou ou convenceu a atuar de um ou outro modo; aos padrões de normalidade que organizam sua sociabilidade; àquilo que permitem ou proíbem, implícita ou explicitamente, seus códigos comuns; aos critérios de bem e de mal que detentam, enfim, os sentidos e práticas que estimulam e justificam a violência / Abstract: The aims of this thesis is to analyze the memory of military personel regarding illegal repression in Argentina, focusing on army¿s memory. More specifically, it attempts to recognize differences among the official memory of the army as institution, the memory of former staff from Operativo Independencia and the memory of the civil sector close to the army, highlighting their relative positions and the conflicts that underlay and inform this community of memory. The general objective is to identify the meanings and representations that, on the one hand: army and former officials produce and actualize in order to evoke and justify the so-called ¿fight against subversion¿. And on the other hand, the commemorative practices stage on by relatives of army staff, and civil organizations which supported them (such as NGO¿s), in order to pay tribute to the ¿deaths by subversion¿. The memory of repression of the army reproduces a narrative matrix on the recent past which tends to reinforce the self-perception of the army institution as a moral community isolated from civil society. But also, this memory highlights the transformations and innovations that allow the institution of the army and its personnel to take position against the increasingly stronger discourse of human rights's NGOs and the memory of relatives of disappeared people. Therefore, the main question of this thesis is how change and continuity is articulated within the memory of a institution ¿ and in the memory of the officials that have participated in the repression ¿ for whom the past is either a source of legitimacy and identity. But for whom, at the same time, this past history implies a strong criticism from public society and a demand of justice. To notice the continuities and rupture of army's memory will allow us to take account of the dimensions of future, and therefore, to determine the tendencies to elaboration () or acting (compulsive repetition) of the meanings built on a violent and authoritarian past, from which the army is one of the main responsible. In this sense, this thesis also propose on the one hand: to analyze to what extend the act of remembering for the military community implies also to assume or to evade moral, juridical, and political responsibilities over the disappearance of people. And, on the other hand to understand how are articulated different vindicative arguments and political strategies in order to control the transmission of meanings over ¿the fight against subversion¿ towards new generations. Lastly, this thesis argues that ¿the fight against subversion¿ as discourse and practice affects and gains over the moral sense of the army practices and doctrine, but also of it values, traditions and feelings. Therefore, we try to research the relations between morality, memory and identity, identifying and describing: those relations which link the army officials, those which compels or convince then to act in some way or another, the framework of normality that organizes its sociability, the internal codes of behaviour that explicitly of implicitly allow or forbid some actions, their judgement of good and evil, and the meanings and practices that encourage and justify violence / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

I assessed major factors influencing the interactions between the mestizo community and wildlife of the Impenetrable, in the Argentine Chaco, and the ways in which these interactions are influenced by the larger economic and political context. I used a mixed qualitative and quantitative methods approach, between 2001 and 2005. I found that wildlife represented an important food source, especially for the poorer rural households. The importance of wild meat varied across the community and region, in relation to the socioeconomic characteristics of households, village size, forest condition, season, species biology, and cultural preferences. Some species used by local people, primarily white-lipped and chacoan peccaries, and jaguar, were in decline and their range had been reduced by habitat destruction and overhunting, especially in the humid sub-region. These species persisted in areas of low human density, low hunting pressure and scarce development. Harvest of peccaries for food was unsustainable. Characteristics of the resource and of the community explained the lack of incentives for community-based management of peccaries. The resource was too large in relation to the local technology and the community's institutional capacities were scarcely developed. Changes in property right regimes also influenced people-wildlife interactions and were related with species mobility. Acquisition of land title by peasants did not reduce overexploitation of highly mobile resources such as peccaries, which continued to be hunted as open access resources. The national economic collapse of 2001 had a strong influence in the region. Hunting by villagers increased as a result of growing unemployment, whereas peasants reduced their hunting and turned to forest exploitation. Acquisition of land title by non-locals and intensification of ranching and forest exploitation subsequently increased, thereby affecting the livelihoods of local peasants by reducing grazing areas and affecting wildlife by reducing habitat. This study shows how people-wildlife interactions are complex and dynamic, and indicates that conservation measures are unlikely to succeed without considering the biological, cultural, socio-economic, and political factors involved. External factors require especial consideration. In this case, a national change in economic policy produced a local change in land use that is jeopardizing the peasants culture and the region's biodiversity.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

S’inscrivant dans la perspective des études féministes, ce travail se propose d’appréhender le positionnement de l’écrivaine contemporaine Luisa Valenzuela (1938) dans le champ littéraire argentin au regard de la problématique des rapports de genre en littérature. Avec une production romanesque qui s’étend des années soixante-dix à nos jours, la trajectoire de Luisa Valenzuela, qui a traversé l’ensemble des étapes de l’avènement à la consolidation du positionnement féministe dans le champ littéraire argentin et les a thématisées dans son œuvre, apparaît emblématique de la réaction des écrivaines de sa génération à l’ordre sexué du discours littéraire. Afin d’envisager les stratégies de positionnement de l’autrice en contexte, nous proposons une réhistoricisation des rapports de genre en matière de légitimité littéraire dans le champ argentin. Nous analysons les enjeux des discours qui soutiennent tant la structuration masculiniste du champ autour de l’exclusion des femmes que les stratégies subversives d’inclusion féministes qui ont permis aux écrivaines des années quatre-vingt de négocier une position d’énonciation légitime. Quelle politique d’exclusion/intégration mène l’institution littéraire vis-à-vis des femmes ? Quel rôle jouent les discours fictionnels et les métatextes critiques qui convoquent la « différence des sexes » dans la construction de l’autorité énonciative ? Comment les discours féministes se sont-ils emparés des rapports entre création et identités sexuées ? Quelles variations originales vis-à-vis de ces scénarios énonciatifs féministes propose Luisa Valenzuela dans son œuvre ? Autant de questions que la présente étude aborde à travers une analyse de la construction des positionnements masculinistes et féministes qui s’attache à identifier les acteurs, les enjeux et les stratégies qui caractérisent cette lutte au sein de laquelle la trajectoire de Valenzuela prend son sens. / This work being part of the tradition in feminist studies, grasps the position of Luisa Valenzuela woman writer, in the Argentinian field towards the issue of gender relations in literature. The writing of her novels stretches from the seventies to nowadays, the path of Valenzuela, who has gone through the entire institutionalization steps of feminist position and has brought them as theme in her work, appears symbolic of women writers of her generation towards the sexual order of literary discourse. Considering the strategies of the woman writer in context, we put forward a “rehistoricisation” of gender relations towards literary legitimacy. We analyse what is at stake in discourses that attend as much the structure of mannishistic of literary field on the exclusion of women as the subversive inclusion that allowed the nineteen nineties women writers to negotiate a position of justified statement. What is the role fictional discourses and critical metatexts play that call the differences of sexes in the building of enunciative authority? How the feminist discourses managed to get hold of the relations between creation and sexual identities? What original variations towards these enunciative feminist patterns does Valenzuela put forward in her work? This hereby study tackles these questions through an analysis of the structure of feminist and male chauvinism positioning that tends to identify the protagonists, the issues and the strategies that characterize this struggle where Valenzuela path gets sense.

Cette recherche vise à contribuer à la connaissance des mécanismes liant la croissance des entreprises au processus d'innovation dans les PME industrielles du nord-ouest de l'Argentine (Sánchez et al, 2011). Le but est d’objectiver l’effet stimulateur de la nouveauté de l’offre sur les performances industrielles. Par une approche de la recherche de type top-down, nous avons investigué le lien entre la croissance de l'entreprise et ses pratiques de pilotage de l’innovation. Pour visualiser ce lien, nous prenons en compte les capacités d´innovation mesurées selon la démarche de (Boly et al, 2000) d’une part, et d'autres facteurs descriptifs du développement des entreprises (O’Regan et al, 2006). Pour caractériser le fonctionnement de l’entreprise et ses performances, les pratiques de gestion ont été regroupées en activités, puis, selon des critères de gestion clairement identifiables. Ces critères sont présentés comme des sous-critères pour l’Acceptabilité de l'offre de l´entreprise par son environnement (Pantano et Di Pietro, 2012). Ainsi, nous proposons que l´ « Acceptabilité » soit le principal indicateur de la croissance des ventes des entreprises analysées. Ensuite, on considère ensuite les évolutions de l'environnement comme un élément qui influence en externe la croissance, (Porter M. E., 2008). Parmi les méthodologies utilisées citons l’analyse multicritère pour l’évaluation de la capacité à innover (Camargo et al, 2007). Un modèle mathématique pour la croissance, sur la base d´une régression linéaire est développé. Il est enrichi de diverses analyses statistiques multi-variées, dont l'Analyse des Composantes Principales et l´Analyse de Cluster (Ben Rejeb et al, 2008). Les données expérimentales ont été recueillies auprès d´entreprises dans le Nord-ouest de l’Argentine (NOA) en utilisant des enquêtes basées sur la Grille de Maturité (Maier et al, 2012). Les pratiques de gestion et de l'innovation ont été aussi recueillies simultanément. Pour déterminer les données environnementales, le même type de sondage a été utilisé mais sur un groupe d´experts choisis pour leur connexion aux sujets traités et leur expertise de l'activité / This PhD exploratory research aims to better understand the link between the economic growth and the innovation capacity of small and medium companies (SME) of the north west of Argentina (Sánchez et al, 2011). The objective is to objectivate the impact of the newness of the products on performances thanks to a top down type research approach. In order to take innovation capacity of the companies into account, the Boly et al (2000) method is used: it allows the calculation of a potential innovation index specific to the company. This index is then compared to others descriptive variables of the growth trends of the companies (O’Regan et al, 2006). The functioning mode of each studied SME is described thanks an activity based model. These activities are linked with the evaluation of the acceptability of the company’s products on the market. Thus acceptability is used as the main criteria to assess SME’s performance (Pantano et Di Pietro, 2012). Then, data about the evolution of the environment are integrated to the approach in order to consider external variables influencing the industrial performances (Porter M. E., 2008). Methodologies developed during the research are: multicriteria methods to calculate the potential innovation index (Camargo et al, 2007). A mathematic linear regression model is developed to represent the growth evolution of each company. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis are also used. Experimental data are collected in companies in the North West of Argentina through maturity grids (Maier et al, 2012). Data about management practices and performance variables are collected simultaneously. Finally the external variables are described thanks and experts enquiry

This thesis examines the impact of Argentine theatre on Barcelona’s stage culture in the twenty-first century. Catalan theatre is caught up in conflicting cultural discourses that centre on the relation between language, politics and identity, tensions further compounded by globalisation and changing patterns of migration. Although publications in this field demonstrate the complexity of the inter-relationship of theatre to cultural identity (as with Sharon Feldman, In the Eye of the Storm [Bucknell University Press, 2009]; Maria Delgado, ‘Other’ Spanish Theatres [Manchester University Press, 2004]; Lourdes Orozco, Teatro y política en Barcelona (1980-2000) [Asociación de Directores de España, 2007]; Helena Buffery, Shakespeare in Catalan [University of Wales Press, 2007] etc.), there remains a need to articulate Catalan theatre’s relationship with its Hispanic “others” in terms that move beyond the separatism of the language binary. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate how the presence of Argentine theatre allows for intercultural encounters that are built around the concept of mutual exchange. By drawing on an extensive range of cultural theory, the thesis sets out to explain both the extent and limitations of this exchange, focussing in on concepts of identity, gender and nation. The thesis is split into three sections: the first engages with existing debates and examines the historical development of cultural and theatre connections between Buenos Aires and Barcelona; the second looks at the aspects of infrastructure which have most clearly helped to facilitate the contemporary link: the Sala Beckett, international festivals, Focus and the Teatre Lliure; the third takes Javier Daulte, Victoria Szpunberg, Rafael Spregelburd and Rodrigo García as four indicative case studies to demonstrate the range of influence and practice. The conclusion examines the legacy of the Argentine-Catalan theatre link, drawing together the insights gained into modes of identification and cultural practices associated with theatre in Barcelona.

In this dissertation, I argue that the shifts in the terrain of literary criticism in Argentina during the 1950s represent the development of what I call a “critical infrastructure,” whereby criticism came to perform an essential function for the circulation and appropriation of books and literature in a context of major transformations in book publishing and distribution. In doing so, I bring together two phenomena that belong to a single historical shift, which saw the expansion of mass cultural production, and the consequent development of material and discursive practices to distribute them and to allow them to be appropriated. On the one hand, Buenos Aires experienced a rapid expansion in its publishing industry as a consequence of the Civil War’s ravages on Spain, turning Argentina for a brief period into the world’s primary producer and exporter of Spanish language publications. On the other hand, Argentina experienced what is frequently referred to as an “eruption” in literary criticism in the 1950s, propelled by the proliferation of a number of small, independent literary journals headed by young, middle-class writers and critics. These publications represented a critical challenge to the Argentine literary establishment, which was hitherto almost exclusively comprised of intellectuals belonging to the nation’s elite. While there has been considerable academic interest in each of these phenomena, theorizing their relationship to one another offers important insights into the reasons for the increased relevance and visibility of these otherwise marginal publications. Analyzing a variety of heterogeneous periodicals (including major newspapers like La Nación and La Prensa, as well as “little magazines” such as Espiga, Centro, Bibliograma, and Contorno), I discuss the expansion and increasing contentiousness of literary criticism, which became an ever more regular and visible presence in such publications. I trace the transformations in publishing (1899-1953) to show how a process of indifferentiation among printed materials made the intervention of discursive practices —mainly performed by literary reviews— a structural necessity for the distribution and appropriation of books and literature. Drawing from Adolfo Prieto’s seminal Sociología del público argentino (1956) as well as other texts, I discuss the ways in which the presence of a mass public with ostensively heterogenous ways of “consuming” literature posed a challenged to traditional ideas about national literature, the act of reading, the “figure” of the reader, and consequently also about the nature and function of criticism. Finally, I analyze the small avant-garde magazine Letra y Línea (1953-54) to show the empowering effect this transformation had on relatively marginal, middle-class writers, who invested themselves in a radical critical task in order to seize the opportunity offered by this structural discursive need.

Ce mémoire porte sur la participation sociale des femmes piqueteras en Argentine, membres du mouvement des piqueteros qui voit à la défense des droits des personnes sans emploi. Les femmes ont été les pionnières du mouvement, alors que les mesures néo libérales appliquées pendant la décennie des années 1990, appauvrissaient continuellement la population. Rapidement, elles se sont réunies afin d'élaborer des stratégies de survie, telles que les cantines populaires, les potagers communautaires et les marchés de « troc » afin d'amortir les effets d'une crise économique. Aujourd'hui, alors que les hommes se sont incorporés au mouvement, elles luttent pour la création de sources d'emploi et pour faciliter l'accès à la nourriture. Maternité socialisée, maternité politisée, certainement maternité engagée, caractérise ces femmes qui en bloquant les routes et en tapant sur des casseroles vides ont su donner un visage à une réalité sociale inexistante pour plusieurs personnes. Par leur combat, les piqueteras visent à faire resurgir le projet national élaboré par Juan D. Peron entre les années 1945 et 1955, qui devait mener le pays vers le progrès économique et la stabilité sociale. Au sein de ce projet, l'État jouait un rôle très actif dans la société et les piqueteras souhaitent une restructuration du système politique et économique, qui serait inspirée par ce projet. Les résultats de notre recherche démontrent que le mode de fonctionnement du mouvement des piqueteros est basé sur l'idéologie sociale péroniste et inclut la responsabilisation et l'implication communautaire de tous, et une forte valorisation de l'activité salariale et de l'unité familiale. Dans ce contexte, les femmes piqueteras ce sont transformées, car si la pauvreté peut entraîner l'exclusion sociale et la privatisation de la vie quotidienne, elles luttent dans un mouvement inclusif qui ne peut se reproduire que si chaque membre participe à son entretien. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Argentine, Femmes, Maternité, Organisation sociale, Féminisme, Mouvement des piqueteros.

La situation agraire argentine actuelle est fortement influencée par la globalisation économique et l'augmentation de la population mondiale. Cette augmentation liée à la diminution des terres fertiles de grands pays comme la Chine, l'Inde et l'Arabie Saoudite impose une pression importante sur le prix des terres agricoles sur l'ensemble de la planète. Dès lors, on assiste à l'accaparement des terres de nombreux pays d'Afrique et d'Amérique du Sud. En Argentine cette situation se matérialise par l'expansion de la culture du soja transgénique; céréale dont le prix sur les marchés a littéralement explosé dans la dernière décennie. Le soja génétiquement modifié est ainsi devenu l'or vert argentin. On parle maintenant de sojisation du pays. Ce phénomène a provoqué, en Argentine, l'expansion de la frontière agraire dans des zones où l'agriculture était autrefois quasi inexistante étant donné la faible rentabilité obtenue. Cette expansion agraire a mis au jour une population paysanne enclavée et exclue, vivant sur des terres communautaires peu fertiles. Les terres que les paysans occupent depuis plusieurs générations, souvent sans droit de propriété formel, sont devenues financièrement intéressantes pour les grands propriétaires terriens et les investisseurs. Ainsi, ils sont chassés parfois par la force afin de convertir les terres en champs de soja. Cette situation a favorisé l'apparition de nouvelles formes de mobilisation sociale au sein de ces zones socioéconomiquement marginalisées. Au centre de l'Argentine, dans la province de Córdoba, les paysans ont formé le Movimiento campesino de Córdoba. Ainsi, en une dizaine d'années, les acteurs locaux aidés par des leaders venant d'autres régions de la province ont tissé un impressionnant réseau d'organisations locales luttant pour le droit à la terre en réaction à l'ingérence de l'agro-industrie. Cette lutte s'inscrit dans un contexte social, environnemental et territorial particulier à travers lequel l'action collective rurale témoigne des transformations socioéconomiques de l'agriculture argentine. Ce mémoire vise à mettre en lumière le mouvement social paysan à travers les actions collectives et les transformations sociales qu'il génère. Notre analyse basée sur le modèle du développement par l'initiative locale tente de comprendre les effets de la situation territoriale sur la structuration sociale des paysans, leur autodétermination assurant le développement local et l'attachement territorial. En définitive, ce mémoire montre que la mobilisation sociale paysanne observée dans notre zone d'étude ouvre la voie à la pérennité des acteurs locaux en favorisant une gouvernance territoriale renouvelée et un aménagement rural davantage à l'écoute des besoins de la paysannerie. Toutefois, cela demeure très fragile si l'on considère les difficultés environnementales, sociales et politiques de la région. La résilience des acteurs paysans dans leur volonté de maintenir leur mode de vie, de dé-marginalisation et de développement local nous amène à considérer la viabilité des initiatives qu'ils mettent sur pied. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : paysans, mouvements sociaux, actions collectives rurales, Argentine, initiatives locales, agro-industrie.