移轉訂價係指關係企業間進行交易時，價格之訂定過程。由於各國稅制、稅率均存在差異，使跨國集團常透過移轉訂價之方式，不當安排其利潤以規避稅負。各國稅捐主管機關本其財政收入考量，並捍衛其課稅主權，紛紛建立移轉訂價稅制，要求關係企業間移轉訂價必須符合常規交易原則。 　　近年來，智慧財產已逐漸取代有形財產，成為企業價值之主要項目。由於智慧財產並無公開交易市場，且其通常具有一定之獨特性，致使涉及智慧財產之受控交易，於運用常規交易原則時產生諸多困難。 　　本論文為智慧財產移轉訂價之探索性研究，從稅制面進行分析與探討。研究結果發現，我國現行稅制與經濟暨合作發展組織、美國移轉訂價規範相較之下，未臻完備之處有： 1. 欠缺成本貢獻協議之具體規範； 2. 欠缺相互協議程序之具體適用規範。 　　此外，智慧財產受控交易於運用我國現行移轉訂價規範時，容易產生爭議及困難點之處在於： 1. 缺乏可比較未受控交易； 2. 智慧財產所有權之認定； 3. 共同研發之課稅問題； 4. 相互協議程序和預先訂價協議機制難以適用。 / Transfer pricing refers to a process of pricing arrangement in a controlled transactions between affiliated enterprises. Due to differences in tax legislations and tax rates among countries, multinational corporations may deliberately allocate their profits into different countries by leveraging off those differences, so its overall tax liabilities may be minimized. In view of the foregoing, tax authorities of various countries have began to formed transfer pricing related rules and regulations in order to preserve their tax bases and have requested full conformity of transfer pricing rules from resident enterprises when conducting related party transactions. In recent years, intellectual property (“IP”) has overtaken the importance of tangible assets and became a predominant operating item in many of the enterprises. However, given the inherent uniqueness in each IP and the lack of open market for the IP, difficulties often arise when applying the arm’s length principal on IP related controlled transactions. This exploratory research discusses transfer pricing of IP. Through this research, it is identified that there may be room for improvements for Taiwan transfer pricing rules in the following two areas in comparison with the OECD and U.S. transfer pricing rules: 1. Rules of cost contribution arrangement；and 2. Application rules of mutual agreement procedure. Moreover, controversies and difficulties may likely to occur in the following areas when applying transfer pricing rules on IP related controlled transactions in Taiwan: 1. Lack of comparable uncontrolled transactions； 2. The ownership of intellectual property rights； 3. Tax on cooperative R&D；and 4. Difficulties to apply with MAP and APA.

ISSUES OF TRANSFER PRICING Transfer pricing is a very discussed topic of recent years, both by tax subjects, tax advisors as well as by tax administrations. This is due to activities of OECD and the European Union in this area, as well as due to increase in number of tax audits focusing on transfer pricing. The key documents are rules issued by OECD in the form of the Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, which is being constantly revised and supplemented, the latest revision being issued in 2017. In the narrower terms, transfer pricing may be defined as prices for transactions between connected (related) parties. In broad terms, transfer pricing may be defined as any and all transactions between connected (related) parties including in particular transfer of goods, providing of services, transfer and other transactions concerning intangibles, cost contribution arrangements and business restructurings, as well as related tax administrations procedures when deciding on tax duty in connection with the transactions performed between the related parties and the transfer pricing documentation. In the first and second part of this thesis I am outlining the historical progress in activities of OECD in the area of transfer pricing since the first report issued...

本研究針對移轉訂價制度在電子商務環境中是否產生適用上的問題、以及是否產生新型態的交易模式來進行探討，以了解現行之移轉訂價規範是否仍適用於電子商務環境。本研究首先透過文獻分析法與比較分析法，將電子商務移轉訂價相關之文獻加以整理與分析，了解移轉訂價在電子商務環境中所可能產生的適用問題，並比較各國對電子商務移轉訂價之態度與作法；接著根據電子商務的特性，提出跨國企業可能的電子商務移轉訂價交易模式。而後採用深入訪談法，針對可能的適用問題與可能的交易模式作為訪談主題，邀請五位產、官、學界之代表進行訪談，以了解實務面的觀點與處理方式，並改善本研究所提出之交易模式。 / 依據文獻彙整及訪談結果顯示，移轉訂價制度在電子商務環境下，仍應適用與傳統商務一致之常規交易原則。針對受控交易進行功能與風險分析，以找出合適之可比較對象並選定最適之移轉訂價方法，來判斷受控交易是否符合常規交易原則。此外，對於電子商務移轉訂價所可能產生的問題，包含可比較對象之找尋、移轉訂價方法之選擇、價值創造中心之決定、租稅天堂的運用、電子商務特性之影響、以及交易軌跡消失之疑慮等方面，皆不至於重大影響移轉訂價制度的運作；電子商務僅係提供另一道交易媒介，使得交易變得更有效率，並未改變受控交易之經濟實質與交易本質。因此，移轉訂價規範不論在傳統商務或電子商務的環境中，皆可一體適用，不因電子商務的加入而須加以改善或修正。 / To know if the existing transfer pricing guideline could still apply to the environment of electronic commerce or not, this study aims to inquire into related issues of the transfer pricing under e-commerce activities, including whether it will bring any possible problems or result in new transaction models or not. First of all, documentary analysis and comparative analysis are applied to compile and analyze the literature related to transfer pricing in e-commerce. It helps to understand possible problems that will occur when applying it in e-commerce and to compare the different ideas and manners of practicing transfer pricing in e-commerce between certain countries. Also, probable transaction models will be proposed according to the characteristics of e-commerce. Secondly, in-depth interviews are used to probe into transfer pricing in e-commerce activities more thoroughly. Possible problems and transaction models of application are the main theme of interviews, and five representatives from the industrial circle, the government, and the academia are the major interviewees of the study. The purpose of in-depth interview is to figure out perspectives and actions of the practical aspect and to improve the transaction models proposed by the study. / According to the results of literature review and interviews, even in e-commerce conditions, the transfer pricing guideline can also apply to the arm’s length principle, the same as the traditional commerce does. As for the function and risk analysis of controlled transaction, which helps to figure out comparable uncontrolled transaction and to decide on the proper transfer pricing methodologies, it is applied to judge if controlled transaction could comply with the arm’s length principle. As for the function and risk analysis of controlled transaction, which helps to figure out comparable uncontrolled subjects and to decide on the proper transfer pricing methodologies, it is applied to judge if controlled transaction could comply with the arm’s length principle. Furthermore, possible problems that would arise in the course of e-commerce transfer pricing, including a search for the comparable uncontrolled transaction, the adoption of transfer pricing methodologies, the decision of value creation center, the utilization of tax heavens, the effects of e-commerce characteristics, and doubts about disappearance of the transaction track, all have no great influences upon the operation of transfer pricing guideline. E-commerce provides another medium of exchange to make transactions more efficient without changing the financial essence and transaction quality. In a word, the transfer pricing guideline can both apply to traditional commerce and e-commerce conditions. It is not necessary to improve or adjust the transfer pricing guideline even when involving in the issue of e-commerce.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to make a model comparability analysis of controlled transactions within the reinsurance of insurers and to recommend appropriate transfer pricing methods based on defined assumptions. The work is divided into three parts. The first part deals with transfer pricing issues, focusing on comparability analysis and recommended transfer pricing methods according to the Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations formulated by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (Guidelines OECD). The second part describes the basic knowledge and routine practice for the area of reinsurance connected to the transfer of insurance risks. The last part combines the first two chapters, i.e. application of transfer pricing methods in the light of the comparability analysis according to the Guidelines OECD for reinsurance of insurers. The application itself is implemented through the model comparability analysis in order to recommend appropriate transfer pricing methods, i.e. in accordance with the arm's length principle.

This thesis deals with the issue of transfer pricing, current legislation and methods with emphasis on the creation of transfer pricing documentation. The importance of documentation is mainly to show that prices in transactions between related parties do not differ from the prices agreed between independent parties. The thesis is divided into two main parts, theoretical and practical. The first chapter of this part deals with the definition of the concept of transfer pricing. The second chapter describes the current legislation of transfer pricing, both from the perspective of international regulation, but also in terms of the requirements in the Czech Republic. The following chapters are dedicated to the definition of arm's length principle and methods that can be used in the creation of transfer pricing. The following describes the meaning and way of creating transfer pricing documentation. The practical part deals with creating transfer pricing documentation with application to a particular company in order to verify compliance with the arm's length principle.

The master thesis deals with the issue of transfer price of a controlled transaction between associated enterprises. Part of the master thesis is definition of basic theoretical concepts associated with the issue of transfer pricing with a focus on domestic, international, and European Union law. The master thesis deals with the analysis of case law, whose subject matter is transfer pricing. The theoretical starting points of the thesis are applied to a practical example, which deals with the issue of determining the transfer price for specific controlled transaction between associated enterprises.

Master thesis deals with the issue of international taxation of transfer prices between related parties. Diploma thesis defines the basic theoretical concepts of transfer pricing with a focus on international and domestic law. The analytical part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of the case law, the subject of which is transfer pricing. The practical part is based on acquired knowledge to elaborate a methodological tool to transfer pricing. The present findings are applied to a model example.

Le terme de « prix de transfert » désigne le prix des transactions conclues entre les filiales d’une même entreprise multinationale. La thèse traite, sous un angle essentiellement normatif, de la problématique de réglementation de ces prix, c'est-à-dire de la détermination du mode de partage optimal du profit d’un groupe entre ses filiales. La thèse s’attache tout d’abord à montrer l’effet de la réglementation des prix de transfert sur les décisions de production et d’investissement des entreprises, puis sur le bien-être mondial. Sur la base des résultats obtenus, les objectifs qu’un dictateur bienveillant international devrait assigner à ce type de réglementation sont ensuite établis. Ce double travail permet de tracer le contour d’un projet de réglementation optimale, fondé sur le concept d’équité inter-nations, et dont l’application conduirait à attribuer à chaque filiale sa valeur de Shapley dans un jeu préalablement défini. La thèse éclaire également le débat contemporain en proposant un protocole permettant de comparer le principe de pleine concurrence avec la méthode d’allocation forfaitaire. / The prices of the transactions set between subsidiaries of a multinational corporation are usually called « transfer prices ». The dissertation deals with the normative questions raised by the regulation of such prices, particularly the optimal way of distributing the profit of a multinational between its subsidiaries. The dissertation first shows how the transfer prices regulation can influence corporate production and investment decisions, thereby impacting worldwide welfare. Based upon these results, the objectives that an international benevolent dictator would pursue through such a regulation are then identified. This program allows for the sketching of an optimal transfer prices regulation, which relies strongly upon the inter-nation equity concept, and which application would grant each subsidiary its Shapley value in a certain game. The dissertation also makes a contribution to the current debate by proposing a protocol to compare the arm’s length principle with the formulary apportionment method.

The master´s thesis deals with the issue of setting transfer prices for management services between associated enterprises. The thesis contains a theoretical definition of basic concepts and analysis of legislation. The content of the analytical part of the thesis is the analysis of the current state and analysis of case law. The theoretical background is applied in the practical part to a model example which is determined by setting transfer price for management services between internal associated enterprises.

Den ökade globalisering som råder gynnar internationell handel på många plan, vilket även har bidragit till att internprissättning blivit en allt mer central fråga. Däremot ställs det högre krav på att adressera de problem som systemet resulterar i. Detta med hänsyn till att ett internpris är av påverkande karaktär på organisationens resultat på grund av skattemässiga motiv och incitament från ledningen. Även om OECD:s riktlinjer TPG är utformade av det politiskt styrande organet i respektive medlemsland är dessa riktlinjer inte tvingande. Systemet möjliggör subjektivitet i internprissättning. Problematiken belyses i synnerhet när redovisningstraditioner och deras eventuella påverkan på internprissättningen i Sverige och Storbritannien tas i beaktning.Studien har som syfte att genom en komparativ analys undersöka hur Sveriges och Storbritanniens redovisningstraditioner påverkar respektive lands tolkning av TPG. Ländernas skattemyndigheter, Skatteverket och HMRC, har gett ut en handledning respektive en intern manual rörande internprissättning där myndighetens tolkning av TPG framgår.Studien är en innehållsanalys av kvalitativ karaktär och datamaterialet som har använts är textutdrag från myndigheternas handledning och manual samt respektive lands lagstiftning på vissa områden. Studien har som ambition att undersöka fyra områden avseende internprissättning, myndigheternas referering till gällande rätt, armlängdsprincipen, metoder för prissättning och bevisförfarande. Tolkningsmodellen som har använts i studien har utvecklats fram ifrån Johanssons (2010) modell avseende substance over form. Tolkningsmodellen tillsammans med den teoretiska referensramen har fungerat som ett verktyg i analysen kring hur redovisningstraditionerna i respektive land påverkar tolkningen av TPG.Studiens slutsats indikerar att det finns inslag av redovisningstraditionerna i respektive lands tolkning av TPG. Både Storbritannien och Sverige refererar till OECD kontinuerligt men studien har resulterat i vissa skillnader som belyser det faktum att länderna har olika redovisningstraditioner. I Skatteverkets handledning identifierar resultatet vissa inslag av den kontinentala redovisningstradition som Sverige präglas av, det påträffas även inslag av det regelbaserade synsättet samt spår av det rättssystem som karaktäriserar Sverige, code law. Resultatet visar även att Storbritanniens redovisningstraditioner framträder i HMRC:s tolkning av TPG. Det återfinns inslag av den anglosaxiska traditionen, det principbaserade synsättet och även här syns spår av deras rättssystem, common law. Studien bidrar med en ökad förståelse kring hur nationella redovisningstraditioner påverkar tolkningen av internationella riktlinjer. Den bidrar även med en praktisk kunskap för företag, myndigheter och internationella verkställande organ. / Increased globalization stimulates international trade in many ways. It has led to increased importance of transfer pricing. However, there is a need to address several issues that have arisen since a transfer price affects the organization's profit or loss due to tax consequences and incentives from management. Although the guidelines known as TPG are drafted by the governments in members’ states, these guidelines are not mandatory. The system allows for subjectivity in transfer pricing. The problem is can be demonstrated by comparing the accounting traditions and their possible impact on transfer pricing in Sweden and the UK.The purpose of the study is to investigate how Sweden's and Britain's accounting traditions affect the countries' interpretation of the TPG. The tax authorities of these countries, the Swedish Tax Agency and HMRC, have each issued a guide and an internal manual on transfer pricing, which explains the authorities’ interpretation of the TPG. The aim of the study is to make a comparative analysis of these guides and internal manuals to see if and how the countries’ interpretation of the TPG differ due to the countries’ accounting traditions. Further, the study is a content analysis of qualitative nature and the data used has been extracted from the authorities' guide and internal manual, as well as the legislation of each country in certain areas. The aim of the study is to investigate four areas of transfer pricing, the authorities' reference to current law, the arm's length principle, pricing methods and evidence procedures. The research model used in this study has been developed from Johanssons (2010) model regarding substance over form. The resarch model together with the theoretical reference framework have served as a tool in the analysis of how accounting traditions in each country affect the interpretation of TPG.The study’s conclusion indicates that there are elements of accounting traditions in each country’s interpretation of TPG. Both the UK and Sweden refer to the OECD repeatedly but the study has resulted in some differences highlighting the fact that the countries have different accounting traditions. In the Swedish Tax Agency’s guidance, the result identifies certain elements of the continental accounting tradition that Sweden is characterized by, it also finds elements of the rule-based approach as well as traces of the legal system code law that characterizes Sweden. Likewise, the result also shows that Britain's accounting traditions appear in HMRC's interpretation of TPG. There are elements of Anglo-Saxon tradition, the principle-based approach, and also traces of their legal system common law. The study contributes to an increased understanding of how national accounting traditions affect the interpretation of international guidelines. It also provides useful information for companies, authorities and international executive agencies.This paper is hereinafter written in Swedish.