Este trabalho possui como tema o mercado da arte em Porto Alegre entre as décadas de 1990 e 2000, com foco no que denominamos de mercado da arte contemporânea. Volta-se a uma abordagem a partir do produtor primário, em outras palavras, o artista. Ou seja, na tríade “produtor, intermediários e consumidor”, a perspectiva adotada está centrada no produtor. Possui como objetivo averiguar e compreender as mais variadas mercadorias produzidas e comercializadas pelos artistas, assim como sua inserção em um mercado de trabalho. Deste modo, esta pesquisa não se limita a considerar somente o processo de compra e venda de obras, mas se propõe a entender e refletir sobre como os artistas participam de um processo produtivo e mercadológico entre 1990 e 2012 em Porto Alegre. Para tal entendimento, constitui-se uma pesquisa interdisciplinar entre arte, sociologia e economia, tendo como aporte teórico Pierre Bourdieu, Domenico de Masi, Michael Hardt, André Gorz e Maurizio Lazzarato. A pesquisa foi constituída a partir de três vertentes. A primeira, via entrevistas com atores locais do campo artístico (artistas, colecionadores, galerista, curadores, professores universitários). A segunda, através de enquete disponibilizada e divulgada via internet, que pretendeu atingir o maior número possível de agentes locais. A terceira, por meio de revisões bibliográficas a respeito da estrutura e história de um sistema artístico e seu mercado em Porto Alegre. Assim, esta proposição discute a condição do artista inserido em um sistema artístico, produtivo, mercadológico e seus meios de aquisição de capital financeiro, simbólico e de permanência no campo. / The theme of this work is the art market in Porto Alegre between the decades of 1990 and 2000, focusing on what we call contemporary art market. Its approach is on the primary producer, in other words, the artist. I.e., in the triad "producer, middlemen and consumers", the adopted perspective is centered on the producer. It is aimed at finding out and understanding the various goods produced and marketed by the artists, as well as their insertion in a labor market. Thus, this research is not limited to considering only the process of buying and selling works, but it aims to understand how artists participate in a production and a marketing process between 1990 and 2012 in Porto Alegre. For such understanding, it constitutes an interdisciplinary research between art, sociology and economics, having as theoretical basis Pierre Bourdieu, Domenico de Masi, Michael Hardt, André Gorz and Maurizio Lazzarato. The research has three strands. The first one, via interviews with agents from the local field (artists, collectors, gallery owners, curators, university professors). The second one, through a survey available and disseminated via the Internet, which sought to reach the largest possible number of local agents. The third one, through literature reviews on the structure and history of an art system and its market in Porto Alegre. Thus, this proposition discusses the status of the artist inserted into an artistic, productive and marketing system and their means of acquisition of financial, symbolic and permanence capital in the field.

Cette thèse vise à mettre en lumière les pratiques artistiques des années soixante élargies, en Europe et aux Etats-Unis, qui ont conduit les artistes à interroger l’économie au sein de leur création. Au milieu du XXe siècle, les économistes et les sociologues commençaient à appliquer leurs méthodes au domaine artistique, envisageant l’art comme une « marchandise » voire comme un « investissement » et l’artiste comme une « profession ». La thèse défendue est que les artistes furent symétriquement nombreux à s’approprier les questions économiques, indépendamment des styles et des mouvements, et à proposer des œuvres qui articulaient de manière critique leur propre statut économique. Le but de cette étude est d’éclairer ces œuvres en soulignant leur ancrage dans un contexte d’histoire et de pensée économiques précis. Mais cette recherche a également pour ambition de montrer qu’elles offrent à leur tour un regard privilégié sur l’économie de leur temps, à trois niveaux interdépendants : celui du marché de l’art, entre hausse et crise ; celui, plus macro-économique, de l’inflation, de la chute du système monétaire international et de l’étalon-or ; celui, enfin, de la constitution à l’époque de l’économie comme champ d’expertise formalisé, réservé aux experts. Les quatre parties de cette thèse interrogent quatre notions économiques fondamentales : la valeur et le prix à partir du tournant de 1960 (avec les œuvres d’Yves Klein, de Giuseppe Gallizio et de Robert Filliou) ; la monnaie en 1962 (avec les cas de Larry Rivers et Andy Warhol) ; les marchés financiers à la fin des années 1960 (avec l’art conceptuel) ; le commerce au début des années 1970 (avec Ray Johnson et Marcel Broodthaers). / This doctoral thesis aims to enlighten art works and practices from the larger Sixties, in Europe and the United States, which questioned economics from within artistic creation. In the mid-20th century, economists and sociologists started to extend their tools and analyses to the artistic realm, presenting artworks as “goods” or “investments,” and artists as “professionals.” In turn, I argue, artists simultaneously decided to place economics at the heart of their practice and to produce artworks that critically articulated their own economic position. The goal of this study is to enhance the knowledge and appreciation of these art works by grounding them in a precise economic and historical context. I also hope to demonstrate that art offered a privileged viewpoint on the economics of its time, at three interdependent levels: the art market, from boom to crisis; the macro-economic level of inflation, the fall of the international monetary system and the gold standard; the construction of economics as a disciplinary field, formalized and reserved to experts. The four parts of this thesis question four major economic notions: price and value starting at the turn of the 1960s (with works by Yves Klein, Giuseppe Gallizio and Robert Filliou); the currency in 1962 (with the study cases of Larry Rivers and Andy Warhol); the financial markets at the end of the 1960s (with conceptual art); commerce at the beginning of the 1970s (with Ray Johnson and Marcel Broodthaers).

This doctoral study is concerned with identifying the determinants of the institutionalisation of art (IoA) in general and institutionalisation of contemporary art (IoCA) in particular. It focuses on the influence of the state and the private sector on economics and politics of arts as artworld in Turkey. The proposed relational framework is based on the current controversial problematisation of social theory in terms of various understandings of modernity and post-modernity. Here, modern art is taken to be based on an orthodox (classical) modernity understanding. In contrast, contemporary art (CA) is regarded as either a rejection of modern art from a post-modernity perspective or an intensive criticism of it from inside modernity. Both positions direct their criticisms to the basic assumptions, methodological tools, epistemological sources and ontological basis of the classical understanding of modernity. Within this scope, this study formulates and operationalises the research problem in terms of relational sociology and uses grounded-theory to establish the significant interactive relations that define IoA. The unit of analysis is the interactive relations of individuals as artists. The boundaries of the study are primarily limited to national level. The research questions are, in general, framed with qualitative research techniques and specifically substantiated with data sources primarily obtained from a self-employed semi-structured survey method complemented by observations and an extensive review of the relevant literature as documentary-historical data. The analysis of the data and the interpretations of the findings are undertaken within the scope of relational sociology and using the tools of grounded-theory methodology. The empirical data collected from a sample of artists actively involved as producers of works of arts and/or academicians, advisors and art critics from Turkey. Within this conceptual framework, the roles of the state and the private sector are questioned in terms of the economics and politics of arts, including their cultural couplings. The domain of social relations remaining outside the private sector, specifically the art public and the groups, collectives and initiatives of arts are assessed as the civil domain of arts. Knowledge of the arts and its formal (institutional) and informal relations provide an essential source and play a central role in this study. Within this framework, the art market is considered as an emerging hegemonic construct in the economics and politics of arts. Furthermore, artists and artworks are considered as the primary constituting components of the interactive relations of IoA. The findings of this thesis have implications for increasing the knowledge about and practices of IoA and contribute to the development of a framework of research questions that explains the interactive relations of the IoA in Turkey and offers an insight into a growing body of literature on art and includes recommendations for the directions of future research. The proposed relational framework is based on the current controversial problematisation of social theory in terms of modernity and post-modernity understandings. Here, modern art is considered to be based on orthodox (classical) modernity understanding. In contrast, contemporary art (CA) is regarded as either a rejection of modern art from post-modernity perspective or an intensive criticism of it from inside modernity. Both positions direct their criticisms to the basic assumptions, methodological tools, epistemological sources and ontological basis of classical understanding of modernity. Within this scope, this study formulates and operationalises its research problem in terms of relational sociology and uses grounded-theory to establish the significant interactive relations defining IoA. The unit of analysis is the interactive relations of individuals as artists. The boundaries of the study primarily remained at national level. The research questions are framed in general with qualitative research techniques and substantiated specifically with data sources primarily obtained by self-employed semi-structured survey method in addition to observations and extensive review of the relevant literature as documentary-historical data. The analysis of the data and the interpretations of the findings made within the scope of relational sociology and with the tools of grounded-theory methodology. The empirical data collected from a sample of artists actively involved as producers of works of arts and/or academicians, advisors and critics of arts from Turkey. Within this conceptual framework, the role of the state and the private sector is questioned in terms of economics and politics of art, including their cultural couplings. The domain of social relations remaining outside of the private sector, specifically the art public and the groups, collectives and initiatives of arts are inquired as the civil domain of arts. Knowledge of arts and its formal (institutional) and informal relations provide an unavoidable source and play a central role in this study. Within this framework, art market is considered as an emerging hegemonic construct in the economics and politics of arts. Furthermore, artists and artworks were taken as primary constituting components of the interactive relations of IoA. The findings have implications for knowledge and practices of IoA and contribute in the developing a framework of research questions that explains the interactive relations of the IoA in Turkey and adds an insight to a growing body of literature on art including recommendation for future research directions.

The aim of the thesis was to analyze the situation in contemporary Slovak art market and the characteristics of entities dedicated to the sale of works of art.This work deals with specific marketing problems in this area. At the end of the analyzed Matica slovenska as an important institution with a long tradition.

The goal of this thesis is to analyse trends of the contemporary Czech art on the domestic market and possibilities of the contemporary Czech artists to succeed on the international art market. The firts part of the thesis describes specific forms of contemporary art and their position on the art market. The main factors influencing contemporary art prices are mentioned. The next chapter is concentrated on trends of contemporary art in comparison with the other segments of the art market. The third chapter is focused on development of the contemporary art on the domestic market. It analyses the present situation on the Czech art market and explores the potential of the contemporary Czech art. The last part of the thesis evaluates a success rate of the contemporary Czech art on the global art market.

The thesis discusses current state of Czech market and trade with contemporary and modern art via the phenomenon of collectables. Major emphasis is given to the specifics of both young contemporary art in the context of collecting and trading, and using art as a form of investment. Theoretical part is derived from the limited present literature and describes basic mechanisms and theoretical processes of the art market. Practical part presents a mixture of statistics of art market parameters and interviews with professionals, and poses very concrete constructive questions in relation to investigation of the real manifestation of these processes. The thesis concludes with demonstrating that neither assumptions based on theory nor foreign common practice can be employed (due to numerous aspects) on the Czech market, which can be described as strongly conservative.

This diploma thesis considers the theme of the art market in Czech republic. The cooperation between gallerists and artists is not following the professional tradition seen in American and European galleries. Those led the artist to present his artworks exclusively in one and only institution in return for services gallery offer him. The change of attitude in needed in both, galerists' and artists' parts. In my diploma thesis, I am confronting their opinions so I can create a model of their cooperation leading to a professionalization of the relationship.

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The thesis investigates OpenSea, the world’s largest NFT marketplace on whether it promotes the decentralization of the visual art market and lowers the entry barriers of the market for artists to connect with potential collectors and thus promoting diversity and equality to the market.  The success of an artistic career requires connections with art dealers and high cultural institutions, because art professionals act as the gatekeepers of the art market by evaluating the value of artworks and artists (Prinz, 2022). It has long been criticized that the gatekeepers highly favour white men and are inclined to promote west- ern culture instead of other culture, causing the lack of diversity and equality in the art market (Glauser et al., 2020). Even with the promotion of digital democracy due to the advancement of Internet, the high cultural institutions were still unenthusiastic in changing the current unspoken rules of networking (Habelsberger and Bhansing, 2021), until the emergence of NFT. Because of its high accessibility and digital ownership, NFT is likely to lower the barrier of participating in the art market. Therefore, this study investigates the case of the biggest NFT marketplace OpenSea to analyse whether it enables a more diverse and equal art world by Platform Analysis introduced by van Dijck (2013). Moreover, artists were interviewed to further investigate their user experiences and their views on whether NFT brought advantages to their career. The results reveal that OpenSea still upholds the value of winner-take-all and hierarchy with its ranking and verification system. It tends to favour experienced artists or artists who have influences on social media. Therefore, OpenSea is a business-oriented platform with great improvements on diversity and equality. Further research concerning different actors such as art curators, collectors and the role of NFT in the high-end art market is suggested to be conducted.

La part de l’Afrique dans le commerce mondial de biens et services culturels reste très faible. Cette situation reflète en partie le niveau des échanges impliquant ce secteur à l’intérieur du continent. Des contraintes accrues pèsent en réalité sur l’écoulement des produits artistiques mais aussi sur les conditions de leur production. Les oeuvres d’art contemporain ne dérogent pas à cette affirmation. De plus en plus de publications et de recherches traitent de la problématique des échanges qui sous-tend la circulation des oeuvres d’art contemporain en Afrique. Il est aujourd’hui établi qu’étudier en Afrique les phénomènes et manifestations de la circulation des produits artistiques et particulièrement des oeuvres d’art contemporain relève d’une entreprise complexe tant le mélange de genre entre l’art traditionnel et l’art contemporain y est répandu : beaucoup de problématiques liées à l’art contemporain continuant d’être étudiées sous l’angle de l’art traditionnel. Cette thèse, en tant que contribution à la réflexion sur la création artistique, veut mettre en évidence les mobiles et les modalités des échanges sur l’art contemporain en Afrique de l’Ouest. Il est question de déterminer les relations existantes entre le champ de création et celui de la réception dans une perspective de développement des échanges sur les oeuvres d’art contemporain ainsi que ses incidences sur la création. Il s’agit aussi de démontrer que la circulation des oeuvres, assumée comme valeur intrinsèque de l’évolution de la création contemporaine et comme gage de notoriété des artistes, est censée concourir plus explicitement et, plus efficacement, au développement du champ de réception en contribuant à l’attractivité du marché de l’art. Les éclairages et les stimulations que ce travail pourrait apporter sur l’état du marché de l’art ainsi que la diffusion des oeuvres d’art contemporain au Sénégal, permettront d’avoir une meilleure approche sur cette question dans les autres pays de la sous-région. / The part of Africa in the world trade of cultural products and services remains very weak. This situation reflects partially the level of the exchanges involving this sector inside the continent. Growing constraints bear down on the flow of the artistic works but also on the conditions of their production. The works of contemporary art are not departed from this assertion. More and more publications and researches deal with the problem of the exchanges which underlies the flow of the works of contemporary art in Africa. It’s established nowadays that studying the phenomena and demonstrations of the circulation of the artistic products and particularity of the works of contemporary art is a complex matter. Because of the mixture of genders and origins inside the traditional and the contemporary art in Africa. Many problems connected to the contemporary art in Africa continue to be analyzed under the frame of the traditional art. This academic work is a contribution for the thought on the artistic creation; it aims to highlight the motives and modalities of the exchanges on the contemporary in western Africa. This PhD determines the existing relations between the field of creation and that of the reception in a perspective of development of the exchange on the works of contemporary art as well as its incidences on the creativity. We’ll demonstrate also that the flow of artistic products, assumed as intrinsic value of the evolution of the contemporary works and generally known fame of the artists, is supposed to compete more explicitly and, more effectively, to the development of the field of reception by contributing to the attractiveness of the market of the art. The lightings and the stimulations that this academic work could bring on the art’s market as well as the dispatching of the products of contemporary art in Senegal, will allow us to have a better approach on this question in the other countries of the sub- Saharan area.