The dissertation explores how quality-judgments on works of art are created within the contemporary art world. The research starts with the examination of modernist art theories supported by the museum, and continues with the exploration of the impact of the art market on quality-judgments. Although the art market had already distorted the idea of quality, further contradictions and difficulties have risen within judgment-making after the 1960s due to the dematerialisation of the work of art. Art criticism should have been able to deal with this complexity, but it is demonstrated that art criticism is a subjective field and even if there is a universal theory on quality, it often fails when applied to the particular work of art. Throughout the dissertation it is demonstrated that although ‘good art’ is a subjective, power- and discourse-dependent concept, all art professionals seek something that is an inherent quality of the artwork. However, regardless of the existence of such inherent value, judgments on quality are constructed by and subjected to power-struggle. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (Art History)

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This research in the field of History, Theory and Criticism of Art with an emphasis on Art and Technology, aims a theoretical and practical study of virtual galleries from contemporary art to cyberspace. It aims to understand the functions of the galleries and the role of the gallerist as entrepreneur / strategist for the art market. In this study are selected six art galleries - all Brazilian and distinct characteristics - which can contribute to the recognition methods to choose exclusively online environment or act between physical and virtual environments. According to the data found, all virtual galleries seek legitimacy through the interested public, collectors, and other art dealers are made up of expository and informative environments, but only a few follow with e-commerce. / Esta pesquisa no campo da História, Teoria e Crítica da Arte, com ênfase em Arte e Tecnologia, tem como objetivo um estudo teórico das galerias virtuais, a partir de questões pertinentes à arte contemporânea e ao ciberespaço. Visa compreender as funções das galerias e o papel do galerista enquanto empreendedor/estrategista para o mercado da arte. Neste estudo são selecionadas seis galerias de arte todas brasileiras e com características distintas que podem contribuir para o reconhecimento das estratégias dos galeristas que optam por trabalhar em ambiente exclusivamente online ou atuar simultaneamente em ambientes físicos e virtuais. De acordo com os dados encontrados, todas as galerias virtuais buscam legitimação através do público interessado, dos colecionadores e dos demais galeristas, estão constituídas de ambientes expositivo e informativo, mas apenas algumas seguem com e-commerce.

Submitted by Julia Baker Valls Pereira (juliabvp@gmail.com) on 2018-06-11T19:04:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_QUEM VAI FICAR COM LAURA.pdf: 1993983 bytes, checksum: ff83e111494fe95b2f75fa4064591326 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diego Andrade (diego.andrade@fgv.br) on 2018-07-02T18:56:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_QUEM VAI FICAR COM LAURA.pdf: 1993983 bytes, checksum: ff83e111494fe95b2f75fa4064591326 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T20:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_QUEM VAI FICAR COM LAURA.pdf: 1993983 bytes, checksum: ff83e111494fe95b2f75fa4064591326 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-09 / The text analyzes one of agents from the art market: the commercial gallery. It was a conscious choice to work with only one gallery and, through this, to understand its microcosms. Beginning with the review of the main authors that work with sociology of art, it was possible to delineate which agents belonged to the field of art and how its relations could happen. The first chapter summarize the theories used through the work, and brings the history of the commercial galleries in Rio de Janeiro. The next two chapters will concentrate in the object of this study: the story of the gallerist Laura Marsiaj and her experiences in the work of art galleries. The construction of these chapters was based in a vast research in newspaper archives, field research and interviews with some important elements from the art’s field that had different connections with Laura. The focus of this dissertation is to create a case study of an art gallery and, through it, see how the relations in the art market occur. / O trabalho analisa um dos agentes do mercado de artes: a galeria comercial. Foi uma escolha trabalhar apenas com uma galeria e entender seu microcosmos. Partindo de uma análise dos principais autores a tratar do tema de sociologia da arte, foi possível delimitar os agentes pertencentes ao campo das artes e como suas relações são traçadas. O primeiro capítulo sintetiza as teorias utilizadas assim como discorre sobre a história das galerias no Rio de Janeiro. Os dois seguintes capítulos se concentram no objeto de estudo dessa dissertação: a história da galerista Laura Marsiaj e de suas experiências como galerista no Rio de Janeiro. A construção dos capítulos se deu a partir de pesquisas em acervos de jornais, pesquisa de campo e entrevistas com sujeitos do campo das artes que possuíam ligações de diferentes âmbitos com Laura. O objetivo da dissertação é realizar um estudo de caso da galeria e, através dele, ver como ocorrem as relações na esfera do mercado de artes.

Esta dissertação se propõe a examinar e contextualizar a SP-Arte no mercado brasileiro de arte, compreendendo seus efeitos em termos de circulação, produção, preços e promoção da arte, com o objetivo de avaliar o seu impacto no mercado brasileiro de arte. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, com adoção de levantamento teórico e documental e também de pesquisa qualitativa, com o uso da técnica de entrevistas em profundidade, para investigar a percepção dos diferentes agentes do sistema brasileiro de arte contemporânea, a saber: organizadores, artistas, galeristas, curadores e críticos de arte, compradores e colecionadores, conservadores e diretores de instituições de arte. Notamos que a SP-Arte tem se destacado no mercado de arte, com a realização de onze edições sucessivas, completadas em 2015. A SP-Arte tem apresentado sucesso crescente, tanto em volume e valor de vendas quanto no número de participantes, entre os quais galerias, artistas e visitantes. Os entrevistados destacaram como pontos favoráveis: organização, otimização do espaço de exposição, qualidade dos participantes (galerias, artistas, curadores, organizadores etc.), participação de expositores internacionais, qualidade das atividades paralelas, e, ainda, nível de vendas em relação a outras feiras brasileiras. Enfatizaram ainda a redução de tributos na aquisição de obras de arte durante a feira, possibilitada pela administração pública, que favorece a comercialização de arte, seja ela de origem nacional ou estrangeira, embora o público comprador que frequenta a SP-Arte ainda seja predominantemente local. Além disso, os entrevistados destacaram o fato da feira ter se tornado um evento importante na agenda cultural paulistana, atraindo turistas de negócios e lazer. Há alguns elementos que ainda podem ser aperfeiçoados, tais como: a infraestrutura no acesso (trânsito e falta de estacionamento); o fomento a parcerias com escolas e instituições no âmbito educacional; a reavaliação da política ou da comunicação de preços da feira, no sentido de atenuar a imagem de altos custos para galeristas (e potenciais expositores) e de preços demasiadamente elevados das obras de arte (em relação a outros canais de venda); e, finalmente, a eficiência da comunicação do evento no exterior para aumentar a visitação de compradores estrangeiros. Tais mudanças podem ajudar a colocar a SP-Arte no mesmo patamar das grandes feiras de arte internacionais consideradas como imperdíveis, principalmente por galerias e colecionadores. / This paper aims to examine and contextualize the art fair SP-Arte in the Brazilian art market, including its effects in terms of circulation, production, prices and promotion of art, in order to assess the impact of the fair on the Brazilian art market. It is an exploratory study, for which we chose, first, to perform secondary research of existing theories and data; followed by a qualitative research study, using the in-depth interview technique to investigate the perception of the different agents in the Brazilian Contemporary Art system, namely, organizers, artists, gallery owners, curators and art critics, buyers and collectors, museum conservators and directors of art institutions. We note that SP-Arte has excelled in the art market, with the completion of eleven successive editions, completed this year, 2015. SP-Arte has shown increasing success, both in volume and value sales, as well as in the number of participating galleries, artists and visitors. Respondents to our survey highlighted as positive points: organization, optimization of the exhibition space, quality of participants (galleries, artists, curators, organizers, etc.), participation of international exhibitors, quality of the complementary activities, and also the level of sales in relation to other Brazilian art fairs. They additionally stressed the reduction of taxes on the purchase of art works during the fair, made possible by the state government, which favors the sales of art, be it of domestic or foreign origin, although the people who attend SP-Arte are mainly local. In addition, respondents highlighted the fact that the fair has become an important event in Sao Paulos cultural calendar, attracting business and leisure travelers. There are some elements that can still be improved, such as infrastructure access (traffic and lack of parking); fostering partnerships with schools and other organizations in the education sector; a reassessment of the price policy or a more effective communication strategy concerning it, to mitigate the image of a high cost event for gallery owners (and potential exhibitors) and higher priced artworks, when compared to other art sales channels; and, finally an international communication strategy, to increase the number of foreign collectors visiting the fair. These changes could elevate SP-Arte to the same level of major international art fairs, which are considered not to be missed, especially for galleries and art collectors.

Verdades e mentiras (Verités et mensonges / F for fake, 1973), de Orson Welles, parte da história de Elmyr de Hory, um grande falsificador de obras de arte, para propor uma reflexão sobre o mercado de arte e sobre o trabalho do artista no contexto da Indústria Cultural. O filme organiza-se como uma argumentação, que disserta sobre seu contexto sócio-histórico e capta a estrutura de sentimento do período em que é produzido, podendo ser considerado um precursor do filme ensaio. Entretanto, os argumentos nem sempre confirmam as teses propostas inicialmente. Há constantes contradições entre os diferentes elementos que compõem uma mesma cena, ou entre diferentes cenas e sequências do filme, tornando necessário ao espectador realizar uma leitura a contrapelo da obra. Orson Welles incorpora aspectos da tradição cinematográfica e de sua obra e combina-os com a experimentação, que é característica de seu trabalho artístico, para investigar as relações de produção no contexto da indústria cultural e de que forma o trabalho se constitui enquanto horizonte para superação das determinantes históricas da sociedade. Ao mesmo tempo em que faz isso, o filme evidencia a si mesmo como representação, constituída a partir de um ponto de vista determinado, e assim permite que analisemos e interpretemos a verdade desse trabalho artístico, para a compreensão dos temas e aspectos da realidade que ele configura. / F for fake (Verités et mensonges, 1973), by Orson Welles, introduces the story of Elmyr de Hory, a great Art forger, in order to discuss the determinations associated to the Art Market and the work of the artist submitted to the Cultural Industry. The movie is structured as an argumentative essay, which discusses its background and captures the structure of feeling of the period. Because of the way it is organized, F for fake is sometimes referred as a predecessor of what is called nowadays essay film. However, the arguments included do not necessarily confirm the initial thesis of the film. There are numerous contradictions between different elements of a scene, and also between different scenes and sequences. It keeps the audience alert and suggests the need to interpret the story against the grain, as Walter Benjamin advocates. Orson Welles incorporates some aspects of film tradition and of his oeuvre, and associates them with the experimentation of new aesthetics, as it is characteristic of his artistic work, in order to examine the relations of production in the context of the Cultural Industry. He also analyses how labor can represent some perspective of overcoming the social and historical determinations of the society. Whilst structuring these debates, the film exposes itself as a representation of a certain point of view, and allows the audience to analyse and interpret the truth of this work of art, as well as to try to understand the association of themes and aspects of reality that it constitutes.

Que ce soit au niveau des musées, du marché de l’art et des collections privées, Paris se défini aujourd’hui comme une place centrale de l’activité du monde des arts d’Afrique Noire. Outre l’actualité muséographique des arts d’Afrique Noire, avec l’inauguration en avril 2000 de la salle du pavillon des Sessions au musée du Louvre, puis l’ouverture du musée du quai Branly en juin 2006 ; Paris doit aussi sa place de capitale du monde des arts d’Afrique Noire par la centralisation des activités du marché de l’art de cette spécialité en son sein.D’ailleurs, nos travaux montrent que le rôle joué par la sphère privée des marchands et des collectionneurs est primordial dans l’homologation esthétique et la définition de la hiérarchie des valeurs esthétiques aujourd’hui admises dans la spécialité des arts d’Afrique Noire.Cette thèse de doctorat est aussi l’occasion de rappeler pourquoi le monde des arts d’Afrique Noire est une invention des pays de culture occidentale et permet d’appréhender avec plus d’objectivité l’appropriation occidentale du patrimoine artistique ancien et traditionnel issu de l’Afrique Subsaharienne / Whether it’s at the level of museums, the art market, or private collections, Paris is defined today as a central place of world activity, for ‘Black African’ arts. Beyond the reality, museographically speaking of Black African arts, with the inauguration of the Pavillion Hall of Sessions at the Louvre Museum in April 2000, and then the opening of the Quai Branly Museum in June 2006 ; Paris also credits it’s positions as the world’s capital of Black African arts by the centralisation of the art market’s activities of this speciality in it’s heart.Elsewhere, our works show that the role played by the private sphere of traders and of collectors is primordial in the aesthetic homologation and the definition of the hierarchy of aesthetic values today admitted in the speciality of ‘Black African’ arts.This doctorate thesis is also the occasion to recall why the world of ‘Black African’ arts is an invention of countries of western character, and allows to apprehend with more objectivity to western adapatation of ancient artistic heritage and traditional descent from the Sub-Saharan Africa.

Après un séjour en Irlande de 1846 à 1850, le peintre écossais Erskine Nicol (1825-1904) représenta les Irlandais dans la plupart de ses tableaux. Il remporta un franc succès à la Royal Scottish Academy (Édimbourg), puis à la Royal Academy (Londres). Nous analyserons les raisons d’une telle popularité en adoptant, entre autres, une méthode issue des études culturelles, montrant que Nicol adapta les préjugés scientifiques de son temps ainsi que les clichés sur les Irlandais afin de créer son iconographie de l’Irlande. Au-delà des portraits flatteurs des paysannes irlandaises, Nicol peignit aussi de nombreuses caricatures, suggérant qu’il était tributaire des idées impérialistes de l’époque. Pourtant, sa peinture demeure ambivalente : certaines toiles, soulignant les injustices du système agricole irlandais géré par les Britanniques, expriment la compassion du peintre. Cette remise en cause de l’autorité gouvernementale au sein d’un genre artistique aussi normé que la peinture fut rendue possible par le style de Nicol, inspiré par les peintres hollandais du XVIIe siècle, par les tableaux de David Wilkie (1785-1841), par l’école écossaise et par celle du réalisme social, un courant qui exerça une grande influence sur la peinture narrative de Nicol. Cependant, le réalisme de sa peinture fut limité car l’artiste devait vendre ses toiles pour vivre. On tentera de cerner les motivations de Nicol, pour comprendre si elles sont liées à un goût particulier pour les stéréotypes, à sa compassion pour les Irlandais ou à ses ambitions commerciales. La circulation de ses œuvres dans des expositions locales et internationales était souvent facilitée par les marchands d’art qui investirent dans ses toiles pour les revendre, ou même les reproduire sous forme d’imprimés, qui furent produits par milliers entre les années 1850 et la mort de l’artiste, ce qui contribua à faire de Nicol un peintre majeur de son époque. / After a stay in Ireland between 1846 and 1850, the Scottish painter Erskine Nicol (1825-1904) represented the Irish in most of his artworks. He was particularly successful at the Royal Scottish Academy (Edinburgh), and at the Royal Academy (London). This work investigates the reasons for his popularity, using methods that are mainly derived from cultural studies, and showing that Nicol adapted the scientific prejudices of his time, as well as the clichés on the Irish, in order to create his iconography of Ireland. Beyond his flattering portraits of Irish peasant girls, Nicol painted numerous caricatures suggesting that he complied with prevalent imperialist ideas. Yet, his paintings are ambivalent: a few canvases, highlighting the injustices generated by the British regulation of Ireland’s agricultural system, convey the painter’s compassion. This questioning of British authority through painting, a highly codified artistic genre, was enabled by Nicol’s style, inspired by the Dutch Old Masters, by the artworks of David Wilkie (1785-1841), by the Scottish School, and by social realism, an artistic movement which had an important influence on Nicol’s narrative painting. However, his realism was limited because he needed to sell his paintings to survive. This work will try to understand his motivations and to see if they were linked to his fondness for stereotypes, to his compassion for the Irish or to his commercial ambitions. The circulation of his artworks in local and international exhibitions was made easier by the work of art dealers, who invested in Nicol’s canvases and in their reproductions. Thus, thousands of prints reproducing his artworks between the 1850s and his death in 1904 made Nicol a major artist of the Victorian era.

Bien que peu connue, la collection Watson-Taylor fut indiscutablement l’une des plus importantes des années 1820 en Angleterre. Elle se distingue par la personnalité particulière de son inventeur qui réunit entre 1803 et 1821 une collection prestigieuse digne des grands ensembles aristocratiques. Cependant, la fortune de George Watson-Taylor reposant sur le marché du sucre de canne aux Antilles, instable et en déclin, il subit un revers de fortune en 1832 l’obligeant à vendre tous ses biens. Il acquit près de trois cent vingt tableaux parmi lesquels de nombreux chefs-d’œuvre aujourd’hui conservés dans les musées du monde entier. La recherche sur cette collection et ce personnage interroge de nombreux aspects de l’histoire de l’art et des collections à cette période charnière, notamment la question de la spéculation, du connoisseurship, du marché de l’art, du rôle du mécénat dans l’affirmation de l’école britannique de peinture dans son pays et à l’international. Elle s’intéresse également au mouvement historiciste de cette époque encore empreinte de la pensée et de l’esthétique romantique, mais aussi aux questions identitaires propres à l’émergence de nouvelles élites. Autant de sujets liés à un contexte très riche mêlant patriotisme, débat sur l’abolition de l’esclavage et réforme de la vie politique. Elle ouvre une nouvelle fenêtre sur le passage d’un collectionnisme d’Ancien Régime hérité du Grand Tour à un collectionnisme victorien davantage tourné vers l’art national et contemporain. Cette thèse a pour but d’analyser une collection célébrée puis oubliée et de déterminer sa place dans l’histoire du goût et des collections en l’Angleterre à la fin de la période Regency. / Even if it isn’t well-known nowadays, the Watson-Taylor collection was indisputably one of the most important collections of the 1820s in Great Britain. It distinguished itself by the distinctive personality of its founder who assembled between 1803 and 1821 a collection as prestigious as great aristocratic ones. However, George Watson-Taylor’s wealth resting on the instable and declining West Indian sugar market, he suffered a reversal of fortune in 1832, forcing him to sell all his properties. He acquired nearly three hundred and twenty paintings including many masterpieces now exhibited in museums all over the world. Research on these collection and figure questions many aspects of the history of art and collections at this pivotal period, in particular issues like speculation, connoisseurship, art market, the role of patronage in the recognition of the British school of painting in its own country and internationally. It also treats of the historicist movement, still tinged with Romantic thought and aesthetic in that period, and of the identity issues related to the emergence of new elites. Many topics linked to a very rich context involving patriotism, debate about the abolition of slavery and political reform. It provides new information about the passage between the ways of collecting inherited from the Grand Tour, and the Victorian ones more focused on national and contemporary art. This doctoral thesis aims to analyze a celebrated then forgotten collection and to determine its place in the history of taste and collecting in Great Britain at the end of the Regency era.

En France, la bande dessinée est exposée dans des musées et des bibliothèques, ses dessins originaux sont vendus dans des galeries dédiées et par de prestigieuses maisons de ventes, mais est-elle pour autant réellement légitimée en tant qu'art au sein de ces champs ? Qui a initié et participe aujourd'hui à ce processus, et selon quelles stratégies ? Cette thèse s'attache à répondre à ces questions en mobilisant les concepts de champs et de légitimité développés par Pierre Bourdieu mais aussi par des emprunts théoriques et méthodologiques à différents sociologues de l'art comme Howard Becker, Serge Chaumier, Jean-Louis Fabiani, Nathalie Heinich, Bernard Lahire, Eric Maigret, Raymonde Moulin, ou Alain Quemin. En venant questionner les trois pôles que sont les artistes, les institutions et le marché, nous établissons un corpus d'évènements et de dessinateurs valorisés par ceux-ci, mais aussi des producteurs de ces évènements. En étudiant leurs déclarations et en allant à leur rencontre lors d'entretiens, nous analysons leurs motivations. Nous parvenons finalement à établir la relativité de la légitimation de la bande dessinée, tant en qualité qu'en nombre d'individus concernés. Malgré la mise en valeur d'un phénomène générationnel dans l'évolution du statut de la bande dessinée et de sa reconnaissance, nous concluons que l'acquisition d'une semi-légitimité (pour reprendre le mot de Jean-Louis Fabiani) du neuvième art est davantage d'un état de fait que d'un processus dynamique en cours d'évolution. / In France, museums and libraries exhibit comics, galleries devoted to them sell their original drawings and renowed art auction houses do too, but does it mean thereby that comics are truly legitimated as art within these fields ? Who initiated the process and today who keeps participating in it, and in doing so, according to which strategies ? This thesis seeks to answer these questions by gathering together the concepts of fields and legitimacy developed by Pierre Bourdieu but also by borrowing theories and methodologies from art socioloists such as Howard Becker, Serge Chaumier, Jean-Louis Fabiani, Nathalie Heinich, Bernard Lahire, Eric Maigret, Raymonde Moulin, or Alain Quemin. By questioning the three poles formed by the artists, the institutions and the art market, we have established a corpus of events, of strip cartoonists highlighted by these events and of the producers of these same events. By studying their declarations and by meeting them to interview them, we have analysed their motivations. We have finally come to establish the relativity of the legitimation of comics both for their quality and the number of the individuals concerned. Despite the fact that a generational phenomenon has been given prominence in the evolution of the status and the recognition of comics, we can conclude that the acquisition of a semi-legitimacy (to employ Jean-Louis Fabiani’s own word) by the ninth art is more of a fact than a dynamic process in development.