This thesis seeks to analyse the policy making and policy implementation processes of elite sport in China and the UK, covering the period 1992-2012. Three sports are selected for detailed cases studies: artistic gymnastics, swimming and cycling. They represent a wide range of sports in two countries, based on their varying competiveness, weights and traditions. Key areas including organisational structure, financial support, talent identification and athlete development, coaching, training, competition opportunities, scientific research and others (including international influence and other sport- and country-specific areas) are identified to organise the discussion. The aim is not only to present key characteristics of the development of each sport in China and the UK respectively and to introduce the successful experience and problems but also to form a basis for the discussion of policy making, policy implementation and policy changes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:32:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 figueiredo_jf_me_rcla.pdf: 1255191 bytes, checksum: 64e7623968449cc30c8bed264276fe33 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A ginástica contemplada como uma das manifestações corporais mais antigas, desenvolvidas pelo homem, abrange hoje um grande número de modalidades e atividades. A ginástica artística, inserida na área da ginástica, desenvolveu-se como modalidade esportiva e em geral faz parte tanto das grades curriculares dos cursos de licenciatura, quanto dos conteúdos da Educação Física escolar. Assim, esse conhecimento num curso de licenciatura deveria capacitar o professor para a tarefa do ensino dessa manifestação gímnica na educação básica. No presente estudo objetivouse analisar a formação do licenciado em Educação Física no que se refere ao ensino da ginástica artística, sob a perspectiva de docentes universitários. Para tanto, nomeou como referencial teórico conceituações de sociologia propostas por Norbert Elias, no qual o autor se atém às configurações que os indivíduos formam entre si no contexto da sociedade. No âmbito destas configurações o autor discute, principalmente: relação de poder, teias de interdependência, envolvimento, distanciamento, alienação, entre outros conceitos diante das situações na vida cotidiana dos indivíduos. Tais conceitos do autor apresentaram-se pertinentes ao estudo já que se observaram as configurações da ginástica artística como conteúdo curricular e as relações que ela perfez até então entre os docentes e o espaço acadêmico do qual dispõem. Na revisão de literatura, abordaram-se temas relacionados à Educação Física, à docência no ensino superior, à ginástica e à ginástica artística. A metodologia pautou-se num estudo qualitativo, tendo como método de abordagem a história do tempo presente e enfocaram-se duas técnicas de coleta de dados: questionário e entrevista. Fizeram parte do estudo doze docentes de universidades públicas do Estado de São Paulo. Seus depoimentos foram analisados... / The gymnastics considerate as one of the oldest body manifestation developed by man covers today a large number of procedures and activities. The artistic gymnastics, placed in the gymnastics area, has developed as a sport modality and does part of both, the grade curriculum for undergraduate courses, as the contents of Physical Education at school. In this way, the artistic gymnastics discipline in a licenciateship course should enable the teacher for this task in carrying out its role in basic education. In this study aimed to examine the training of graduate in Physical Education as regards to the teaching of artistic gymnastics, under the perspective of university teachers. Nevertheless, appointed as a theoretical reference, sociology conceptualizations proposed by Norbert Elias, in which the author abide by the configurations that the individuals make between themselves in the context of the society. Within these configurations, the author discusses, in particular: power relationship, interdependence network, involvement, detachment, alienation, among other concepts front of situations in individuals daily life. These author´s concepts presented themselves relevant to the study once that observed the configurations of the gymnastics artistic as curriculum discipline and the relationships that it does until then between the teachers and the academic space of which they have. In the literature review, dealt with issues related to Physical Education, to teaching in higher education, to gymnastics and to artistic gymnastics. The methodology guided it by a qualitative study, having as the method of boarding the present history time and focusing on two data collection techniques: questionnaire and interview. Study participants were twelve teachers from public universities in the State of Sao Paulo. Their testimonies were analyzed by thematic definitions from the content analysis... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dithommazo_a_me_rcla.pdf: 305825 bytes, checksum: 793126a35bac1e9dac4e8c1e1bcd570d (MD5) / Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da UNESP (FUNDUNESP) / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi elucidar os professores em início de carreira (de zero a cinco anos) a respeito da prática de ensinar Ginástica Artística (G.A.) no contexto escolar. Sendo assim, foi construído um programa de G.A. junto a estes profissionais, verificando quais as dificuldades encontradas por eles para a implementação deste conteúdo em Educação Física escolar. A metodologia utilizada foi do tipo pesquisa-ação, de cunho qualitativo. Os sujeitos participantes foram sete professores que ministram aulas de Educação Física para os alunos dos Ensinos Fundamental e Médio, da rede pública da cidade de Rio Verde-GO. Os resultados revelaram que as dificuldades encontradas por estes profissionais para a utilização do conteúdo da Ginástica Artística durante as aulas, estão centradas na falta de espaço físico adequado e ausência de material específico, além da insegurança para ministrar um conteúdo não vivenciado durante a formação profissional. Este último também pode estar associado ao fato da insegurança presente nos profissionais em início de carreira. Apesar das dificuldades citadas, os professores consideraram ser possível a implementação da Ginástica Artística como conteúdo da Educação Física escolar, entretanto a co-educação e a dimensão atitudinal ainda precisam de maiores reflexões. / The objective of this research was to enlighten teachers at the beginning of their careers (from zero to five years) about the practice of teaching Artistic Gymnastics (A.G.) in the school context. So, an A.G. program was created for these professionals, by checking the dificulties they have found in the implementation of these contents in Physical Education. The methodology used was that of research-action, of qualitative character. The participant subjects were seven teachers who give Physical Education classes to students of fundamental and intermediate courses in public schools in Rio Verde-GO. The results showed that the difficulties these teachers face in the use of the Artistic Gymnastics contents during the classes are centralized in the lack of an appropriate physical space and the absence of specific material, as well as the insecurity in the application of contents that they did not experience during their professional formation, and this can be associated to the insecurity of professionals in the beginning of their careers. In spite of the mentioned difficulties, the teachers think it is possible to implement Artistic Gymnastics as part of the contents of school Physical Education, however, co-education and the altitudinal dimension still need further reflection.

A estatura é um dos atributos físicos de grande destaque para o homem e para a mulher e, dependendo do meio ou da cultura, é valorizada de diferentes formas. Quando se faz referência ao esporte e a atletas de alto nível, a primeira imagem que nos vem à mente é a de uma figura alta e forte. No entanto, na Ginástica Artística (GA), especialmente no setor feminino, a maioria das ?grandes? campeãs apresenta uma característica em comum: a estatura baixa. No Brasil, a população em geral acredita que o fato se deve ao treinamento intensivo da modalidade. Conseqüentemente, pais chegam a proibir que as filhas pratiquem a modalidade preocupados com o comprometimento da estatura adulta. Até o momento, os estudos científicos realizados têm demonstrado que os aspectos biomecânicos, a rigorosa seleção natural e, principalmente, fatores hereditários provavelmente sejam os maiores responsáveis pela estatura baixa das ginastas. No entanto, a maioria desses estudos são realizados com atletas pré-púberes e adolescentes que estão em plena fase de crescimento. A falta de estudos conclusivos e especialmente relacionados à fase adulta das ginastas, mesmo no contexto internacional, contribui para a perpetuação do mito da estatura baixa na GA em alguns países como o Brasil. Assim, é preciso conduzir estudos específicos e em maior profundidade a fim de verificar se há ou não comprometimento da estatura final da ginasta de alto nível na fase adulta devido ao treinamento. Estudos que relacionem o crescimento estatural com ênfase na fase adulta da atleta de GA ainda não foram encontrados na nossa literatura. Além de raros, inclusive no contexto internacional, essas pesquisas são necessárias para esclarecer dúvidas e levantar evidências que possam justificar ou quebrar o mito relacionado à modalidade. O objetivo da nossa pesquisa foi levantar dados referentes à estatura de ex-ginastas e ginastas adultas de alto nível no Brasil, para verificar possíveis evidências de que o potencial hereditário estabelecido para estatura adulta tenha sido prejudicado devido ao treinamento de alto nível na Ginástica Artística. Utilizou-se o método quantitativo para comparação dos dados familiares referentes à estatura e maturação de 45 ex-ginastas e 06 ginastas em atividade com idade mínima de 18 anos. Os nossos resultados demonstraram que a estatura da ginasta de alto nível no Brasil está dentro da normalidade de acordo com os órgãos oficiais que estabelecem os referenciais para estatura em cada faixa etária. Evidenciaram também estreita relação entre a estatura média dos pais e a estatura final das ginastas, fator também observado na comparação entre as ginastas e respectivas irmãs, indicando que, aparentemente, o potencial genético ou fator hereditário estabelecido para a estatura não foi prejudicado em decorrência do treinamento de alto nível na Ginástica Artística / The stature is one of the physical attributes of great prominence for the man and for the woman and depending on the means or the culture it is valued in different ways. When reference is done to the sport and athletes of high level the first image that it comes to mind is of one that is tall and strong. However, in the artistic gymnastics (GA), especially in the feminine section, most of the \"great\" champions present a characteristic in common: the low stature. In Brazil, the population, in general believes, that the fact is due to the intensive training of the modality. Consequently, parents even prohibit their daughters to practice the modality worried about the compromising of the adult stature. Until the moment, the accomplished scientific studies have demonstrated that the aspects biomechanics, the rigorous natural selection and, mainly, hereditary factors are probably the largest responsible for the low stature of the gymnasts. However, most of these studies are accomplished with prepubescent and adolescent athletes that are in the middle of the growth phase. The lack of conclusive studies and especially related to the adult phase of the gymnasts, even in the international context, they contribute to the perpetuation of the myth of the low stature in GA in some countries, as Brazil. So, it is necessary to drive specific studies in larger depth in order to verify if there is or not compromising in the final stature of the gymnast of high level in the adult phase due to the training. Studies which are related to height growth with emphasis in the athletes of GA adult phase still were not found in our literature. Besides being rare, also in the international context, these studies are necessary to explain doubts and evidences that can justify to raise or to break the myth related to the modality. The objective of our research was to lift data regarding the stature of former-gymnasts and adult gymnasts of high level in Brazil, to verify possible evidences that the established hereditary potential for adult stature has been harmed due to the training of high level in the Artistic Gymnastics. The quantitative method was used for comparison of the family data regarding the stature and maturation of 45 former-gymnasts and 06 gymnasts in activity with minimum age 18 years old. Our results demonstrated that the stature of the gymnast of high level in Brazil is in the normality in accordance with the official organs which establish the reference for stature in each age group. It was also evidenced the narrow relationship between the parents medium stature and the final stature of the gymnasts, fact also observed in the stature in comparison with the gymnasts and respective sisters, indicating that seemingly, the genetic potential or established hereditary factor for the stature were not harmed due to the training of high level in the artistic gymnastics

Title: The analysis of the content of the compulsory routines program in women's artistic gymnastics Aim: The aim of this work is to compare the competition programs of the Czech Republic, the United States of America and the United Kingdom, including the competition program issued and recommended by FIG (International Gymnastics Federation) in women's gymnastics with emphasis of the content and structure of the mandatory competition program. Methods: There were two methods used in this work, namely analysis of the content of selected documents in selected countries, and it is in the United states of America, Great Britain, Czech Republic and the program issued and recommended by International Gymnastics Federation. The following content features of selected documents were determined for content analysis: age and performance structure of the program, permeability of the competition program, integration of the compulsory routines into the competition program and movement content of the compulsory routines. The research set consists of parts of the competition programs, where the decisive selection criteria was the presence of compulsory routines within the competition program, competition program was available on the websites , and in English or Czech language, ale success of the competitors who...

Title: The Effect of Expertise in Elite Artistic Gymnasts on Postural Control Objective: The main aim of this thesis is to assess the level of postural stability in elite artistic gymnasts using NeuroCom Smart EquiTest System dynamic computer posturograph and to compare the measured data with a control group of people who do not do any elite sport activity. Methods: In this quantitative observational study were involved 32 probands aged 18-28 years. The probands were divided into two groups. The experimental group consisted of elite male and female gymnasts (n=16) in the selected age range of 18-27 years, with a mean age 21,38 years. The control group consisted of the people who do not do any elite sport activity (n=16) in the age range of 22-28 years, with a mean age of 25,08 years. The experimental group was further divided into individuals with a history of knee injury (n=8) in the age range 18-27 years, with mean age of 22,01 years and without injury (n=8) in the age range 19-24 years with mean age of 20,75 years. The NeuroCom Smart EquiTest System was chosen to objectively assess postural stability. The actual measurements were performed in the kinesiology laboratory at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University. Five protocols were selected from the whole set of tests:...

Title: Objectivity of gymnasts' achievements judging in relation by Code of Points Men's Artistic Gymnastics changes The problem of our work is an objectivity of gymnastics way of ranking or judging. Analysis of results reached at chosen men's artistic gymnastics competition and also a method of gymnastics judging was used for solving purpose of our thesis. The evaluation of gymnasts achievements are realized by referees according to Code of Points (CoP) Men's Artistic Gymnastics (MAG), which are periodically changed. The purpose was verify possibility of determination degree of objectivity judging gymnastic performances in relation to changes rules of men's artistic gymnastics realized in years 2006, 2009, 2013 through analysis of gymnastics results in seniors and juniors categories reached on important international competitions. We used methods and techniques of statistical description for ordinal data; Sign test; Wilcoxon test; contingency table and sign diagram for contingency table. For evaluation rate of interrater concordance referees of panel "B" or "E" we used ICC and Pearson's correlation coefficient. For evaluation of bilateral discriminability of reached gymnastics results we used SEM and calculation of Critical Differences. In connection with changes of CoP MAG on monitored period...

Title of thesis: Injury rate in female artistic gymnastics. Objective: Using the questionnaire method to discover what injuries are the most common in female artistic gymnastics, to ascertain if they occur more frequently during training or competition and whether coaches put emphasis on regeneration of their charges. Methodology: For the research, an exploratory method was used, via the technique of nonstandardized questionnaires with open questions. 15 questionnaires were sent by email, of which eight were returned, fully completed and further adapted. The results of the work: The result of the work is that the most injuries occur during the training cycle, fewer during the competitions. The greatest number of accidents occur in the age category around nine years old and the most problematic apparatus, according to the coaches, is the beam. The positive side is that in no case did coaches say that the female gymnast had to end her sporting career. On the other hand the biggest gap in the training process in almost all surveyed clubs is the follow-up regeneration. In many cases this is underestimated because the coaches often have no spare time. Keywords: female artistic gymnastics, body type, regeneration, injuries, vertebral problems, questionnaire.

A formação de um atleta de alto rendimento exige anos de trabalho. O caminho para o sucesso é longo e os atletas dedicam parte de suas vidas integralmente ao esporte. Esse é um dos motivos do encerramento da carreira esportiva ser permeado de incertezas e com sentimentos positivos e negativos aflorados. Na Ginástica Artística Feminina (GAF) esse contexto pode ser acentuado, pois a formação esportiva leva em média 10 anos. E, para chegar ao ápice inicia-se o treinamento especializado cedo e a carreira esportiva costuma terminar na adolescência. Compreender esse processo é essencial para repensar fatores que contribuiriam no desenvolvimento das ginastas. Assim, este estudo analisou a carreira esportiva de 7 Ex-ginastas brasileiras, que encerraram a trajetória atlética antes dos 20 anos de idade, com intuito de identificar potencias fatores que contribuíram para sua aposentadoria. Para obtenção dos dados realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas. E, para o tratamento dos dados recorremos à técnica de Análise de Conteúdo (BARDIN, 2010). Identificamos três temas e suas respectivas categorias que representam etapas importantes da carreira esportiva das ginastas: Motivação para o início da prática de Ginástica Artística (GA); Motivação para permanência na GAF; Encerramento da carreira esportiva. Na iniciação esportiva das atletas encontramos indícios tanto da motivação intrínseca, quanto da motivação extrínseca. Entretanto, identificamos que as ginastas apresentaram maior influência extrínseca, principalmente, advinda dos pais. Na ascensão ao alto rendimento da GAF a influência extrínseca do treinador e da família e a meta de participar dos Jogos Olímpicos (JO) foram fatores preponderantes para permanência na modalidade. Por outro lado, não desconsideramos a importância dos fatores intrínsecos, como o \"amor\" pela modalidade, que é fundamental para as ginastas se manterem engajadas na GAF. Analisamos o comportamento da motivação ao longo da carreira das ginastas e encontramos as implicações desse processo no encerramento da trajetória atlética. Identificamos que não há aspectos isolados que determinam a aposentadoria das ginastas, mas sim a interação de fatores. Ainda, analisamos as adaptações e dificuldades nesse momento de transição e evidenciamos a falta de planejamento no encerramento da carreira esportiva. Nossos resultados evidenciam que não há momento ideal para o encerramento da carreira esportiva na GAF, pois as circunstâncias definem esse momento. Mas, as ginastas devem ser orientadas que a carreira esportiva é efêmera e que qualquer fato pode por fim inesperado na vida esportiva. Ressaltamos que as atletas devem ser preparadas e estarem prontas para esse momento. / The high performance athlete\'s development requires intense work. The road to success is long and athletes integrally dedicate part of their lives to the sport. That is why sport retirement can be traumatic in some cases. This frame can be acute in Women\'s Artistic Gymnastics (WAG), because athlete\'s development takes in average 10 years, the specialized training starts early to reach the top and the sport career usually end in adolescence. Understanding this process is essential to rethink the athlete\'s development. Therefore, this study analyzed 7 Brazilians ex-gymnasts\' sport career, who retired from WAG before 20 years old, and it identified factors that contributed to their retirement. We apply a semi-structured interview to collect the data and the technique of \"Content Analysis\" (BARDIN, 2010) to treat it. We identified three themes and their respective categories that represent important stages of gymnasts\' sport career: motivation for the beginning in Artistic Gymnastics\' (AG) practice; Motivation to remain in WAG; Retirement in WAG. We find intrinsic and extrinsic motivation evidences in athletic initiation. However, we identified more extrinsic influence, mainly by the parents. In the rise of high performance WAG the extrinsic influence by the coaches and the family and the goal to participate of the Olympic Games (OG) were preponderant factors. On the other hand, intrinsic factors, such as \"love\" for WAG, are fundamental to the gymnasts\' engagement in the sport. We analyzed the motivation\'s behavior throughout the gymnasts\' career and we found this process implication in sport career\'s end. We found out that there is no isolated aspect in the gymnasts\' retirement, but the interaction of factors. Furthermore, we analyzed the adaptations and the difficulties in this transition moment and we observed that the lack of planning in the gymnasts\' sport career\'s end. Our results show that there is no perfect moment for the retirement in WAG, because the circumstances define this moment. However, gymnasts should be advised that the sports career is not eternal and that any fact can unexpectedly end the sport life. More importantly, they must be prepared and ready for this moment.

A pesquisa trata do tema da educação corporal de atletas da ginástica artística. A temática foi investigada através do acompanhamento da rotina de treinamento de atletas da ginástica artística do Grêmio Náutico União (GNU) em Porto Alegre (RS). A pergunta principal e os objetivos que nortearam a pesquisa são os seguintes: como os corpos de atletas da ginástica artística são educados? Como gênero atravessa e dimensiona tal educação? O principal objetivo foi discutir e problematizar como corpos de atletas da ginástica artística são educados, especialmente nas sessões de treinamento esportivo, em meio a tecnologias do eu e tecnologias de dominação. A metodologia utilizada é de caráter etnográfico, com uso da observação e elaboração de um diário de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise de documentos. Busquei sustentar minha pesquisa no campo dos Estudos Culturais e Estudos de Gênero com aproximações no pós-estruturalismo. Conceitos como tecnologias do eu e tecnologias de dominação (FOUCAULT, 2004; LARROSA,1995; VEIGA NETO, 2008; NICOLAS ROSE, 2001), corpo (HARAWAY, 2000; VIRILIO, 1996; GIL, 1981, 1997) e gênero (LOURO, 1999, 2004; MEYER, 1999, 2003), entre outros, serviram como algumas ferramentas para pensar o objeto de pesquisa. Argumento que a educação corporal de atletas da ginástica artística de alto rendimento, especialmente nas sessões de treinamento esportivo, ocorre na articulação entre natureza e cultura e é o tempo inteiro um exercício do sujeito sobre si mesmo e do sujeito na relação com o outro. Além disso, gênero é uma importante dimensão constitutiva das tecnologias do eu e das tecnologias de dominação. / This research approaches body education of athletes in artistic gymnastics. The theme has been investigated through the follow-up of training routine of athletes at Gremio Nautico Uniao (GNU) in Porto Alegre (RS). The main questions and the objectives that have guided this research are the following: How have bodies of artistic gymnastics athletes been educated? How have gender crossed and dimensioned such an education? The main objective is to discuss and problematize the way bodies of artistic gymnastic athletes have been educated, particularly in sessions of sports training, amidst both technologies of the self and technologies of domination. The methodology used has an ethnographic character, with the use of observation and construction of a field diary, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis. I have attempted to ground my research on the field of cultural studies and gender studies, with approximations to post-structuralism. Concepts such as technologies of the self and technologies of domination (FOUCAULT, 2004; LARROSA, 1995; VEIGA NETO, 2008; NICOLAS ROSE, 2001), body (HARAWAY, 2000; VIRILIO, 1996; GIL, 1981, 1997), and gender (LOURO, 1999, 2004; MEYER, 1999, 2003), among others, have been some of the tools used to think about the research object. I have argued that body education of high performance athletes in artistic gymnastics, particularly in sessions of sports training, occurs in the articulation of nature and culture, and has ever been an exercise of the subject over oneself, as well as of the subject in the relation with the other. Furthermore, gender is a dimension constitute of technologies of the self and technologies of domination.