The fabrication characteristic of focused ion beam (FIB) for Pyrex glass was investigated. FIB has several advantages such as high sensitivity, high material removal rates, low forward scattering, and direct fabrication in selective area without any etching mask, etc. In this study, FIB etched Pyrex glass was used for fast fabrication of 3-D submicron structures. A high-aspect-ratio (HRA) glass structure of 5 (1.97µm depth/0.39µm width) was fabricated. The experimental results in terms of limiting beam size, ion dose¡]ion/cm2¡^, beam current, etc was discussed. Xenon difluoride (XeF2) was applied to enhance the FIB process. Its influence on glass fabrication is studied and characterized.

This study utilizes a modified LIGA process to fabricate a high aspect ratio aspherical micro lens array, which improves low light output of OLED due to its intrinsic total internal reflection. Presently typical OLED extraction efficiency is not high. How to increase OLED extraction efficiency is a valuable topic to discuss. This study analyzes related parameters that influence the formation of micro lenses, for example, the influence of variation of diametric dimension, dry etching parameters and electroforming rate. The experimental results indicate that the tolerance of dimensional variation of the diameter is about 5% during the thermal reflow and dry etching stage. The oxygen content and the photoresist surface during dry etching influence the result. A high electroforming rate is helpful for covering the surface defects on photoresist. An undercut caused by dry etching will discontinue the initial electroformed layers. A apherical microens array can raise the luminance to a maximum of 15 times higher.

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are regarded as next-generation light sources. The enhancement of external quantum efficiency of OLEDs has been investigated widely. It is an effective method of improving the external quantum efficiency, which destroys the phenomenon of total internal reflection inside the OLEDs by attaching microlens array to the surface of the glass substrate of the OLEDs. In this thesis, a multi-level aspherical gapless microlens array was designed and manufactured, and it was applied to OLEDs. In contrast with a spherical microlens array, the multi-level aspherical gapless microlens array can achieve a form of high aspect ratio and high fill factor, and they can enhance the external quantum efficiency of OLEDs. At first, aspherical microlens arrays with different parameters, including shapes of curved surface, layouts and feature dimensions, were simulated by optical simulation software, FRED. The aspherical microlens arrays which were attached to an OLED were simulated with a ray tracing method. Then, an optimal geometry and layout were found out. After simulation, a film with multi-level aspherical microlens array was fabricated by a LIGA-like process, including lithography, electroforming, PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) micro-molding and UV (Ultraviolet) -cured techniques. The characteristic in this process was to use multi-lithography to fabricate a microlens array with multi-level and high aspect ratio. The shape of multi-level was similar to the design, and the process can achieve the advantage of batch manufacture. Finally, the films with different multi-level aspherical microlens array were attached to an OLED to measure the optical-electric properties. The measured results were compared with simulation and confirmed them.

The trend to high I/O density, performance and miniaturization at low cost is driving the industry towards shrinking interposer design rules, requiring a new set of packaging technologies. Low-CTE packages from silicon, glass and low-CTE organic substrates enable high interconnection density, high reliability and integration of system components. However, the large CTE mismatch between the package and the board presents reliability challenges for the board-level interconnections. Novel stress-relief structures that can meet reliability requirements along with electrical performance while meeting the cost constraints are needed to address these challenges. This thesis focuses on a comprehensive methodology starting with modeling, design, fabrication and characterization to validate such stress-relief structures. This study specifically explores SMT-compatible stress-relief microwire arrays in thin polymer carriers as a unique and low-cost solution for reliable board-level interconnections between large low-CTE packages and printed wiring boards. The microwire arrays are pre-fabricated in ultra-thin carriers using low-cost manufacturing processes such as laser vias and copper electroplating, which are then assembled in between the interposer and printed wiring board (PWB) as stress-relief interlayers. The microwire array results in dramatic reduction in solder stresses and strains, even with larger interposer sizes (20 mm × 20 mm), at finer pitch (400 microns), without the need for underfill. The parallel wire arrays result in low resistance and inductance, and therefore do not degrade the electrical performance. The scalability of the structures and the unique processes, from micro to nanowires, provides extendibility to finer pitch and larger package sizes. Finite element method (FEM) was used to study the reliability of the interconnections to provide guidelines for the test vehicle design. The models were built in 2.5D geometries to study the reliability of 400 µm-pitch interconnections with a 100 µm thick, 20 mm × 20 mm silicon package that was SMT-assembled onto an organic printed wiring board. The performance of the microwire array interconnection is compared to that of ball grid array (BGA) interconnections, in warpage, equivalent plastic strain and projected fatigue life. A unique set of materials and processes was used to demonstrate the low-cost fabrication of microwire arrays. Copper microwires with 12 µm diameter and 50 µm height were fabricated on both sides of a 50 µm thick, thermoplastic polymer carrier using dryfilm based photolithography and bottom-up electrolytic plating. The copper microwire interconnections were assembled between silicon interposer and FR-4 PWB through SMT-compatible process. Thermal mechanical reliability of the interconnections was characterized by thermal cycling test from -40°C to 125°C. The initial fatigue failure in the interconnections was identified at 700 cycles in the solder on the silicon package side, which is consistent with the modeling results. This study therefore demonstrated a highly-reliable and SMT-compatible solution for board-level interconnections between large low-CTE packages and printed wiring board.

Suction caissons with a smaller aspect (length to diameter) ratio are increasingly used for supporting offshore structures, such as wind turbines and oil and gas production facilities. The design of these stubbier foundations is usually governed by lateral loads from wind, waves, or currents. It is desired to have more physical understanding of the behavior of less slender suction caissons under cyclic lateral loading condition and to have robust design tools for analyzing these laterally loaded caissons. In this study, one-g model tests with 1:25 and 1:50 suction can foundation scale models with an aspect ratio of one are conducted in five different soil profiles: normally consolidated clay, overconsolidated clay, loose siliceous sand, cemented siliceous sand, and cemented calcareous sand. This test program involves monitoring settlements, lateral displacements (walking), tilt, lateral load and pore water pressures in the suction can during two-way cyclic lateral loading at one, three and five degrees of rotation. The model foundations are monitored during installation, axial load tests, and pullout tests. In one and two-degree (±0.5 and ±1 degree) rotation tests, the suction can does not have significant walking or settlement in all the five soil profiles after 1000 load cycles. However, more significant walking or settlement may occur at extreme conditions such as the 5-degree (±2.5 degrees) rotation tests. Gaps between the foundation wall and the soil may also form in these extreme conditions in overconsolidated clay, cemented siliceous sand, and cemented calcareous sand. Plastic limit analysis, finite element analysis, and finite difference analysis are used to evaluate the laterally loaded suction can in clay. The plastic limit analysis originally developed for more slender suction caissons appears to predict a lateral capacity close to the measured short-term static capacity of the caisson with an aspect ratio of one when undisturbed undrained shear strength of soil is used. However, this plastic limit model underestimates the long-term cyclic lateral load capacity of the caisson when the remolded undrained shear strength was used. The finite element model developed in this study can simulate the development and effect of a gap between the foundation and surrounding soil as observed in the experiments in overconsolidated clay. The lateral load-displacement response predicted by this finite element model matches well with the experimental data. Finally, finite difference analysis for a rigid caisson with lateral and rotational springs was developed by fitting the lateral load-displacement response of the suction can in clay. The calibrated p-y curves for rigid caisson are significantly stiffer and have higher ultimate resistance than the p-y curves recommended by API which is consistent with other studies. This finite difference model provides an efficient approach to analyze a laterally loaded caisson with a small aspect ratio in clay. / text

Modern communications systems are evolving rapidly to address the demand for data exchange, a fact which imposes stringent requirements on the design process of their RF and antenna front-ends. The most crucial pressure on the antenna front-end is the need for miniaturized design solutions while maintaining the desired radiation performance. To satisfy this need, this thesis presents innovative types of periodic antennas, including electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) antennas, which are distinguished in two respects. First, the periodic cells contain thick metal traces, contrary to the conventional thin-trace cells. Second, such thick traces contain very narrow gaps with very tall sidewalls, referred to as high aspect ratio (HAR) gaps. When such cells are used in the structure of the proposed periodic antennas, the high capacitance of HAR gaps decreases the resonance frequency, mitigates conduction loss, and thus, yields considerably small high efficiency antennas. For instance, one of the sample antenna designs with only two EBG cells offers a very small XYZ volume of 0.25λ×0.28λ×0.037λ with efficiency of 83%. Also, a circularly polarized HAR EBG antenna is presented which has a footprint as small as 0.26λ×0.29λ and efficiency as high as 94%. The main analysis method developed in this thesis is a combination of numerical and mathematical analyses and is referred to as HFSS/Bloch method. The numerical part of this method is conducted using a High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), and the mathematical part is based on the classic Bloch theory. The HFSS/Bloch method acts as the mainstay of the thesis and all designs are built upon the insight provided by this method. A circuit model using transmission line (TL) theory is also developed for some of the unit cells and antennas. The HFSS/Bloch perspective results in a HAR EBG TL with radiation properties, a fragment of which (2 to 6 cells) is introduced as a novel antenna, the self-excited EBG resonator antenna (SE-EBG-RA). Open (OC) and short circuited (SC) versions of this antenna are studied and the inherently smaller size of the SC version is demonstrated. Moreover, the possibility of employing the SE-EBG-RA as the element of a series-fed array structure is investigated and some sample high-efficiency, flat array antennas are rendered. A microstrip antenna is also developed, the structure of which is composed of 3×3 unit cells and shows fast-wave behaviors. Most antenna designs are resonant in nature; however, in one case, a low-profile efficient leaky-wave antenna with scanning radiation pattern is proposed. Several antenna prototypes are fabricated and tested to validate the analyses and designs. As the structures are based on tall metal traces, two relevant fabrication methods are considered, including CNC machining and deep X-ray lithography (DXRL). Hands-on experiments provide an outlook of possible future DXRL fabricated SE-EBG-RAs.

Usualmente as propriedades do solo não são adequadas às características e às necessidades de projeto. É apresentada, como alternativa, a técnica de reforço com inclusão de elementos fibrosos à matriz de solo. Nesse sentido, a análise do comportamento mecânico de um solo micro-reforçado com fibras de distintos índices aspecto é objetivada. Para tanto, uma célula de compressão triaxial com medidas internas de deformações é construída, instrumentada e calibrada para realização de ensaios, sob trajetórias de tensões convencionais, em amostras com 100mm de diâmetro e 200mm de altura. O solo, uma areia fina, de granulometria uniforme, é reforçado com fibras de polipropileno com diferentes comprimentos, 12, 24, 36 e 50mm, e diferentes diâmetros, 0,023 e 0,100mm, equivalentes a índices aspecto entre 120 e 2174. As amostras apresentam densidade relativa de 50%, teor de umidade de 10% e adição de 0,5% de fibras em relação à massa de solo seco. Os resultados demonstram a eficácia da utilização do reforço no ganho de resistência das amostras em relação ao material nãoreforçado. Dessa forma, os parâmetros de resistência da matriz reforçada apresentam notável aumento. Os valores de ângulo de atrito interno das misturas não são influenciados pelo índice aspecto das fibras. Em contrapartida, os valores de intercepto coesivo dos compósitos são fortemente influenciados pelo índice aspecto dos reforços. Ainda, é verificado um valor de índice aspecto a partir do qual o compósito passa a apresentar comportamento de enrijecimento mais pronunciado, em torno de 300 neste estudo. É verificado, também, que a rigidez da areia não é alterada pela inclusão dos micro-reforços. Semelhantemente, o comportamento dilatante da areia não é sensivelmente afetado pela adição de fibras. Todavia, a relação de tensões final das misturas é reduzida com o aumento da tensão confinante e ampliada com o aumento do índice aspecto das fibras. Por fim, a medida dos comprimentos das fibras antes e após a realização dos ensaios mostra que os reforços não rompem por tração. A interação entre a matriz de solo e as fibras se dá através do deslizamento e do alongamento das fibras. / The study of the mechanical behavior of a soil micro-reinforced with distinct aspect ratios fibers is the purpose of this investigation. Thus, a triaxial compression cell is built and drained standard triaxial tests on 100mm diameter and 200mm high specimens are carried out. The soil, a uniform fine sand, is reinforced with polypropylene fibers with different lengths, 12, 24, 36 and 50mm, different diameters, 0.023 and 0.100mm, and consequently with a large spectrum of aspect ratios, up to about 2200. The samples are compacted to a relative density of 50% and a water content of 10% with a fiber content of 0.5% by weight of soil. The results show the effectiveness of fiber reinforcement in the strength increase of the samples compared to non-reinforced material. Thus, the parameters of resistance of the reinforced matrix exhibit remarkable increase. The values of mixtures friction angles are not influenced by aspect ratio of the fibers. However, the values of cohesive intercepts of the composites are strongly influenced by fibers aspect ratio. In addition, it is found an aspect ratio value from which the composites present more pronounced strain hardening features, around 300 in this study. It is also found that sand stiffness is not influenced by the micro-reinforcements inclusion. Similarly, the dilation behavior of sand is not significantly affected by fibers addition. However, the mixtures final stress ratio is reduced with the confining pressure increase and with the decrease of fibers aspect ratio value. Finally, the measurement of fiber lengths before and after the tests shows that the reinforcements do not break in tension. The failure is a composite of slippage and yielding of fibers.

Usualmente as propriedades do solo não são adequadas às características e às necessidades de projeto. É apresentada, como alternativa, a técnica de reforço com inclusão de elementos fibrosos à matriz de solo. Nesse sentido, a análise do comportamento mecânico de um solo micro-reforçado com fibras de distintos índices aspecto é objetivada. Para tanto, uma célula de compressão triaxial com medidas internas de deformações é construída, instrumentada e calibrada para realização de ensaios, sob trajetórias de tensões convencionais, em amostras com 100mm de diâmetro e 200mm de altura. O solo, uma areia fina, de granulometria uniforme, é reforçado com fibras de polipropileno com diferentes comprimentos, 12, 24, 36 e 50mm, e diferentes diâmetros, 0,023 e 0,100mm, equivalentes a índices aspecto entre 120 e 2174. As amostras apresentam densidade relativa de 50%, teor de umidade de 10% e adição de 0,5% de fibras em relação à massa de solo seco. Os resultados demonstram a eficácia da utilização do reforço no ganho de resistência das amostras em relação ao material nãoreforçado. Dessa forma, os parâmetros de resistência da matriz reforçada apresentam notável aumento. Os valores de ângulo de atrito interno das misturas não são influenciados pelo índice aspecto das fibras. Em contrapartida, os valores de intercepto coesivo dos compósitos são fortemente influenciados pelo índice aspecto dos reforços. Ainda, é verificado um valor de índice aspecto a partir do qual o compósito passa a apresentar comportamento de enrijecimento mais pronunciado, em torno de 300 neste estudo. É verificado, também, que a rigidez da areia não é alterada pela inclusão dos micro-reforços. Semelhantemente, o comportamento dilatante da areia não é sensivelmente afetado pela adição de fibras. Todavia, a relação de tensões final das misturas é reduzida com o aumento da tensão confinante e ampliada com o aumento do índice aspecto das fibras. Por fim, a medida dos comprimentos das fibras antes e após a realização dos ensaios mostra que os reforços não rompem por tração. A interação entre a matriz de solo e as fibras se dá através do deslizamento e do alongamento das fibras. / The study of the mechanical behavior of a soil micro-reinforced with distinct aspect ratios fibers is the purpose of this investigation. Thus, a triaxial compression cell is built and drained standard triaxial tests on 100mm diameter and 200mm high specimens are carried out. The soil, a uniform fine sand, is reinforced with polypropylene fibers with different lengths, 12, 24, 36 and 50mm, different diameters, 0.023 and 0.100mm, and consequently with a large spectrum of aspect ratios, up to about 2200. The samples are compacted to a relative density of 50% and a water content of 10% with a fiber content of 0.5% by weight of soil. The results show the effectiveness of fiber reinforcement in the strength increase of the samples compared to non-reinforced material. Thus, the parameters of resistance of the reinforced matrix exhibit remarkable increase. The values of mixtures friction angles are not influenced by aspect ratio of the fibers. However, the values of cohesive intercepts of the composites are strongly influenced by fibers aspect ratio. In addition, it is found an aspect ratio value from which the composites present more pronounced strain hardening features, around 300 in this study. It is also found that sand stiffness is not influenced by the micro-reinforcements inclusion. Similarly, the dilation behavior of sand is not significantly affected by fibers addition. However, the mixtures final stress ratio is reduced with the confining pressure increase and with the decrease of fibers aspect ratio value. Finally, the measurement of fiber lengths before and after the tests shows that the reinforcements do not break in tension. The failure is a composite of slippage and yielding of fibers.

Usualmente as propriedades do solo não são adequadas às características e às necessidades de projeto. É apresentada, como alternativa, a técnica de reforço com inclusão de elementos fibrosos à matriz de solo. Nesse sentido, a análise do comportamento mecânico de um solo micro-reforçado com fibras de distintos índices aspecto é objetivada. Para tanto, uma célula de compressão triaxial com medidas internas de deformações é construída, instrumentada e calibrada para realização de ensaios, sob trajetórias de tensões convencionais, em amostras com 100mm de diâmetro e 200mm de altura. O solo, uma areia fina, de granulometria uniforme, é reforçado com fibras de polipropileno com diferentes comprimentos, 12, 24, 36 e 50mm, e diferentes diâmetros, 0,023 e 0,100mm, equivalentes a índices aspecto entre 120 e 2174. As amostras apresentam densidade relativa de 50%, teor de umidade de 10% e adição de 0,5% de fibras em relação à massa de solo seco. Os resultados demonstram a eficácia da utilização do reforço no ganho de resistência das amostras em relação ao material nãoreforçado. Dessa forma, os parâmetros de resistência da matriz reforçada apresentam notável aumento. Os valores de ângulo de atrito interno das misturas não são influenciados pelo índice aspecto das fibras. Em contrapartida, os valores de intercepto coesivo dos compósitos são fortemente influenciados pelo índice aspecto dos reforços. Ainda, é verificado um valor de índice aspecto a partir do qual o compósito passa a apresentar comportamento de enrijecimento mais pronunciado, em torno de 300 neste estudo. É verificado, também, que a rigidez da areia não é alterada pela inclusão dos micro-reforços. Semelhantemente, o comportamento dilatante da areia não é sensivelmente afetado pela adição de fibras. Todavia, a relação de tensões final das misturas é reduzida com o aumento da tensão confinante e ampliada com o aumento do índice aspecto das fibras. Por fim, a medida dos comprimentos das fibras antes e após a realização dos ensaios mostra que os reforços não rompem por tração. A interação entre a matriz de solo e as fibras se dá através do deslizamento e do alongamento das fibras. / The study of the mechanical behavior of a soil micro-reinforced with distinct aspect ratios fibers is the purpose of this investigation. Thus, a triaxial compression cell is built and drained standard triaxial tests on 100mm diameter and 200mm high specimens are carried out. The soil, a uniform fine sand, is reinforced with polypropylene fibers with different lengths, 12, 24, 36 and 50mm, different diameters, 0.023 and 0.100mm, and consequently with a large spectrum of aspect ratios, up to about 2200. The samples are compacted to a relative density of 50% and a water content of 10% with a fiber content of 0.5% by weight of soil. The results show the effectiveness of fiber reinforcement in the strength increase of the samples compared to non-reinforced material. Thus, the parameters of resistance of the reinforced matrix exhibit remarkable increase. The values of mixtures friction angles are not influenced by aspect ratio of the fibers. However, the values of cohesive intercepts of the composites are strongly influenced by fibers aspect ratio. In addition, it is found an aspect ratio value from which the composites present more pronounced strain hardening features, around 300 in this study. It is also found that sand stiffness is not influenced by the micro-reinforcements inclusion. Similarly, the dilation behavior of sand is not significantly affected by fibers addition. However, the mixtures final stress ratio is reduced with the confining pressure increase and with the decrease of fibers aspect ratio value. Finally, the measurement of fiber lengths before and after the tests shows that the reinforcements do not break in tension. The failure is a composite of slippage and yielding of fibers.

On a large class of two-dimensional anisotropic meshes, the inf-sup condition (stability) is proved for the triangular and quadrilateral finite element pairs suggested by Bernardi/Raugel and Fortin. As a consequence the pairs ${\cal P}_2-{\cal P}_0$, ${\cal Q}_2-{\cal P}_0$, and ${\cal Q}_2^\prime-{\cal P}_0$ turn out to be stable independent of the aspect ratio of the elements.