Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In 1940, Emílio Willems published Assimilação e Populações Marginais no Brasil. In this period, tentatives to legitimate a national scenario and senses of seeking a brasility outlined the direction of intellectuality of the country. In this sense, we aim, with the referred work, to understand how it configured the thinking of Willems to comprehend the immigrant German and descendents in the perspective of the processes of assimilation and marginalization. For this, we divided the Dissertation in three chapters. In the first, we tried to present two contexts that become understandable the work of the author. In the contexts of debate about the main culturalists theories developed in the late of the centuries 19th and in the beginning of the century 20th, as well as the brasilian political-cultural context that launched the question of national identity as a problem to be defined. In the second chapter, we choose to analyzed the internal principles of the work of Willems, especially in the perspective of intentionality of the author exploiting some aspects that conducted the work Assimilação e Populações Marginais no Brasil. In a way that we can call the attention to the main concepts that willems used to construct his theory of assimilation. The last chapter is an analysis, in which aims at the conditions of intelligibility of the work to which refers the thought of Willems in the comprehension of the Teuto-Brazilian . We point to the understanding of his theory to think the idea of the foreign (immigrant teuto-Brazilian) like the one that comes from a theory and experience known for the comfort as another sphere that is strange to it for many reasons (economical, political, social and, especially, cultural). The process of marginalization of the immigrant is thought in this border of identity in whichis linked the Teuto-Brazilian in space and time. The concept Teuto-Brazilian is explored in its relation of hyphenation configuring the place and non-place of the foreign in the society that is going to occupy. This dissertation was developed in the Research Line Politics, Boarder and Society , in the Program of Post Graduation in History from Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, with the financial support of CAPES/DS. / Em 1940, Emílio Willems publicou a obra Assimilação e Populações Marginais no Brasil. Nesse período, tentativas de legitimar um cenário nacional e sentidos de busca de uma brasilidade contornavam os rumos intelectuais do País. Nesse sentido, objetiva-se, com a referida obra, entender como se configurou o pensamento de Willems para compreender o imigrante alemão e descendentes na perspectiva dos processos de assimilação e marginalização. Para tanto, divide-se a Dissertação em três capítulos. No primeiro, trata-se de apresentar dois contextos que tornam inteligível a obra do autor: nos contextos de debate acerca das principais teorias culturalistas desenvolvidas em fins do século XIX e início do século XX; como, também, o contexto político-cultural brasileiro que lançou a questão da identidade nacional como um problema a ser definido. No segundo capítulo, optou-se por analisar os princípios internos da obra de Willems, especialmente sua perspectiva de intencionalidade autoral, explorando alguns aspectos que conduziram a obra Assimilação e Populações Marginais no Brasil, de modo que se possa chamar a atenção para os principais conceitos que Willems utilizou para construir sua teoria da assimilação. O último capítulo compõe-se de uma análise, a qual almeja as condições de inteligibilidade da obra a que se refere o pensamento de Willems na compreensão do teuto-brasileiro. Aponta-se para o entendimento da sua teoria para pensar a ideia do estrangeiro (imigrante - teuto-brasileiro) como aquele que parte de uma realidade e experiência conhecida para o confronto com outra esfera que lhe é estranha por diversos motivos (econômicos, políticos, sociais e, sobretudo, culturais). O processo de marginalização do imigrante é pensado nessa fronteira da identidade a qual se vincula o teuto-brasileiro no espaço e tempo. O conceito teuto-brasileiro é explorado em sua relação de hifenização configurando o lugar e não-lugar do estrangeiro na sociedade que vem a ocupar. Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida na Linha de Pesquisa Política, Fronteira e Sociedade no Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria com financiamento da CAPES/DS.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’obtenir une meilleure connaissance des ondes de gravité atmosphériques, de leurs sources et caractéristiques, et de leur propagation au moyen d’observations ballons et de simulations. Les ballons pressurisés (SPBs) utilisés dans cette thèse sont une des meilleures plateformes d’observations des ondes de gravité, et permettent d’obtenir l’ensemble de leurs caractéristiques. Les modèles à haute résolution donnent une description complète de l’écoulement, non seulement des ondes, mais aussi de leurs sources. Nous avons combiné mesures par SPBs et modélisation pour décrire les ondes de gravité et évaluer le réalisme des champs d’ondes de gravité dans des sorties de modèles. En s’appuyant sur les observations de PreConcordiasi (2010), les ondes de gravité convectives sont décrites aux Tropiques sur l’ensemble de la campagne, ainsi que sur un cas de cyclone tropical en développement. Dans un deuxième temps, les observations de la campagne Concordiasi (2010) nous permettent de quantifier le réalisme du champ d’onde de gravité résolu aux hautes latitudes (hémisphère sud) décrit dans les analyses de l’ECMWF. Un bon accord géographique et saisonnier est observé pour les flux de quantité de mouvement et l’intermittence. Cependant, il est montré que la magnitude des flux est sous-estimée dans les analyses de l’ECMWF. Enfin, une contribution aux campagnes opérationnelles ballons est apportée, en se focalisant sur les ballons stratosphériques ouverts qui sont le plus grand défi pour le CNES. Pour des cas d’étude lors de la campagne Strapolété (2009), nous montrons que l’incertitude sur la position de retombée des ballons peut être réduite dans une configuration simple en assimilant des observations par radiosondages. / The goal of this thesis is to obtain a better knowledge of the atmospheric gravity waves in the atmosphere, of their sources and characteristics, and their propagation using balloon observations and modeling. The superpressure balloons (SPBs) used in this thesis are one of the best platform to observe gravity waves, and allow us to retrieve the ensemble of their characteristics. High-resolution models provide a complete description of the flow, not only of the waves, but also of their sources. We have combined SPB measurements and modeling in order to describe the gravity waves and evaluate the gravity wave field in model outputs. Using the observations from PreConcordiasi (2010), the convective gravity waves are described in the Tropics during the whole campaign, and also for a case of developing Tropical Cyclone. Second, observations from the Concordiasi campaign (2010) allow us to quantify the realism of the resolved gravity wave field in the ECMWF analyses at high latitudes (Southern Hemisphere). A good geographical and seasonal agreement is found for the momentum fluxes and the intermittency. However, it is shown that the magnitude is underestimated in the ECMWF. Finally, we bring a contribution to the operational balloon campaigns, with a focus on the open stratospheric balloons, which constitute the greatest challenge for the CNES. For cases during the Strapolété campaign, we show that the uncertainty on the final touchdown position of the balloons can be reduced using a simple setup that assimilates radiosoundings.

Better understanding and prediction of tree growth is important because of the many ecosystem services provided by forests and the uncertainty surrounding how forests will respond to anthropogenic climate change. With the ultimate goal of improving models of forest dynamics, here we construct a statistical model that combines complementary data sources, tree-ring and forest inventory data. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to gain inference on the effects of many factors on tree growth-individual tree size, climate, biophysical conditions, stand-level competitive environment, tree-level canopy status, and forest management treatments-using both diameter at breast height (dbh) and tree-ring data. The model consists of two multiple regression models, one each for the two data sources, linked via a constant of proportionality between coefficients that are found in parallel in the two regressions. This model was applied to a data set of similar to 130 increment cores and similar to 500 repeat measurements of dbh at a single site in the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico, USA. The tree-ring data serve as the only source of information on how annual growth responds to climate variation, whereas both data types inform non-climatic effects on growth. Inferences from the model included positive effects on growth of seasonal precipitation, wetness index, and height ratio, and negative effects of dbh, seasonal temperature, southerly aspect and radiation, and plot basal area. Climatic effects inferred by the model were confirmed by a den-droclimatic analysis. Combining the two data sources substantially reduced uncertainty about non-climate fixed effects on radial increments. This demonstrates that forest inventory data measured on many trees, combined with tree-ring data developed for a small number of trees, can be used to quantify and parse multiple influences on absolute tree growth. We highlight the kinds of research questions that can be addressed by combining the high-resolution information on climate effects contained in tree rings with the rich tree-and stand-level information found in forest inventories, including projection of tree growth under future climate scenarios, carbon accounting, and investigation of management actions aimed at increasing forest resilience.

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This research is based on a case study of a former all-white Afrikaans secondary school situated in Pretoria in the Gauteng province of South Africa. The aim of this case study was to investigate and report on the complex and dynamic communicative interactions that were apparent in the events, human relationships and other elements as they unfolded and revealed themselves in desegregated classrooms in this school. I utilised an interpretive qualitative research design as my guiding methodology. This incorporated the use of semi-structured interviews, observation, video recordings, and narrative inquiry as sources of rich and layered data. My object of research was the patterns of communicative interaction that occurred between teachers and learners and between learners. My goal was to obtain a clear analytical view of the ways in which teachers and learners from diverse racial, cultural and ethnic backgrounds interacted with one another in the classroom. For this purpose I made use of multiple methods of data collection and included a variety of techniques that enabled me to triangulate the findings so as to ensure the credibility and trustworthiness of the empirical investigation. An analysis of the findings revealed that the school in which the study was conducted was beset by challenges that created communication barriers between teachers and learners and between learners and learners. Such barriers to communication became evident in the use of language, in the school’s failure to accommodate cultural differences, in the dynamics of class participation, in the use of both verbal and nonverbal forms of communication and in the prevalence of racism. However, some of the teachers and learners were conscious of these challenges and attitudes and strove to create a non-racist environment in their school that would negate the effects of the racist paradigm wherever possible. The study suggests that there is a need for the South African government to take the initiative to support all desegregated schools in various practical ways if the effects of racism are not to be passed onto the next generation of adults in our country. Copyright / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

L’Algérie, c'est ce beau pays occupant la partie centrale de l'Afrique du Nord.Conquise par la France le 5 juillet 1830, elle fait partie intégrante de son passé colonial. Pourpermettre son essor, il a fallu la doter d'institutions propres, adapter à ses besoins les lois, lesusages, les services publics de la métropole. Cent trente deux ans d'occupation quil'imprègnent de cette volonté de faire de l’Algérie un prolongement de la métropole.L'étude la profession d'avocat en Algérie, de 1830 à 1962, permet d'en révéler lesorigines juridiques jusque-là inexplorées. L'une des révélations majeures est l'inexistence dela profession d'avocat en tant qu'organisation professionnelle réglementée par la loi. Uneétude qui met en lumière un demi-siècle de combat des avocats français installés en Algériepour conquérir les mêmes droits et prérogatives que leurs confrères métropolitains. Au-delà,elle contribue à mettre en évidence, dès le début du XXe siècle, le clivage entre Français etAlgériens dont les droits diffèrent incontestablement. L'avocat endosse alors le rôle derégulateur social pour apaiser les querelles et concilier les intérêts. / Algeria is this beautiful country making up the central part of North Africa.Conquered by France on July 5, 1830, Algeria belongs to its colonial past. In order forAlgeria to take its flight, it needed its own institutions but also, it needed to adapt the laws,uses and public services of France. One hundred thirty two years of occupation make up forthe desire to have Algeria be an extension of France.Studying the profession of lawyer in Algeria between 1830 and 1962 (date of itsindependance) allows to look at the legal origins never before explored. One of its majorrevelations is the inexistance of the profession of a lawyer as a professional organizationgoverned by laws. A study that brings to light half a century of a battle of French lawyers toconquer the same laws and prerogatives than the French. Furthermore, the thesis contributesto show, as early as the beginning of the twentieth century, the cleavage between France andAlgeria whose laws differ considerably. A lawyer has the role of a social mediator to quellconflicts and bring together the interests of all.

The process of racial integration in schools is a challenge to education managers, educators, learners and parents. Educational institutions have been pressured to be involved in the process to speed up transformation in the South African educational sector. This project investigates the experiences and feelings of learners about the process of racial integration in their respective schools. A qualitative research approach was used as method of inquiry for the project. Learners were interviewed to get personal feedback on their day-to-day experiences in their respective schools. Observations were also recorded in those schools to get a clearer picture of what is happening in the three schools chosen for this research. The process of racial integration in schools is a challenge to education managers, educators, learners and parents. Educational institutions have been pressured to be involved in the process to speed up transformation in the South African educational sector. The process of racial integration in schools is a challenge to education managers, educators, learners and parents. Educational institutions have been pressured to be involved in the process to speed up transformation in the South African educational sector. This project investigates the experiences and feelings of learners about the process of racial integration in their respective schools. A qualitative research approach was used as method of inquiry for the project. Learners were interviewed to get personal feedback on their day-to-day experiences in their respective schools. Observations were also recorded in those schools to get a clearer picture of what is happening in the three schools chosen for this research. Interesting findings and conclusions that differ from school to school were reached. Black learners from School A are not entirely satisfied with the way the school is being run due to language problems. The process of integration is very slow and not visible. School B is trying hard to appear integrated but not hard enough because the fruits are not visible enough either. In school C, integration is visible and the situation is completely different from the other two schools. Recommendations, limitations and aspects of further research based on the findings of the study are discussed. The recommendations outlined supply guidelines to schools on initiating integration and implementing it properly in their schools. Challenges of the process are highlighted in the study and probable solutions outlined through recommendations. The study hopes to help schools initiate and become fully involved in the integration process. Education managers and educators must take it upon themselves to promote and practice multicultural education to enhance integration in their schools. / Dissertation (MEd (Education management))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Understanding changes in the burden and growth rate of atmospheric methane (CH4) has been the focus of several recent studies but still lacks scientific consensus. Here we investigate the role of decreasing anthropogenic carbon monoxide (CO) emissions since 2002 on hydroxyl radical (OH) sinks and tropospheric CH4 loss. We quantify this impact by contrasting two model simulations for 2002-2013: (1) a Measurement of the Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) CO reanalysis and (2) a Control-Run without CO assimilation. These simulations are performed with the Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry of the Community Earth System Model fully coupled chemistry climate model with prescribed CH4 surface concentrations. The assimilation of MOPITT observations constrains the global CO burden, which significantly decreased over this period by similar to 20%. We find that this decrease results to (a) increase in CO chemical production, (b) higher CH4 oxidation by OH, and (c) similar to 8% shorter CH4 lifetime. We elucidate this coupling by a surrogate mechanism for CO-OH-CH4 that is quantified from the full chemistry simulations.

Numerical models often fail to accurately simulate and forecast a hydrological state in operation due to its inherent uncertainties. Data Assimilation (DA) is a promising technology that uses real-time observations to modify a model's parameters and internal variables to make it more representative of the actual state of the system it describes. In this thesis, hydrological DA is first reviewed from the perspective of its objective, scope, applications and the challenges it faces. Special attention is then given to nonlinear Kalman filters such as the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Based on a review of the existing studies, it is found that the potential of EKF has not been fully exploited. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model that is widely used in agricultural water management and flood forecasting. However, studies of hydrological DA that are based on distributed models are relatively rare because hydrological DA is still in its infancy, with many issues to be resolved, and linear statistical models and lumped rainfall-runoff models are often used for the sake of simplicity. This study aims to fill this gap by assimilating streamflow and surface soil moisture observations into the SWAT model to improve its state simulation and forecasting capability. Unless specifically defined, all ‘forecasts’ in Italic font are based on the assumption of a perfect knowledge of the meteorological forecast. EKF is chosen as the DA method for its solid theoretical basis and parsimonious implementation procedures. Given the large number of parameters and storage variables in SWAT, only the watershed scale variables are included in the state vector, and the Hydrological Response Unit (HRU) scale variables are updated with the a posteriori/a priori ratio of their watershed scale counterparts. The Jacobian matrix is calculated numerically by perturbing the state variables. Two case studies are carried out with real observation data in order to verify the effectiveness of EKF assimilation. The upstream section of the Senegal River (above Bakel station) in western Africa is chosen for the streamflow assimilation, and the USDA ARS Little Washita experimental watershed is chosen to examine surface soil moisture assimilation. In the case of streamflow assimilation, a spinoff study is conducted to compare EKF state-parameter assimilation with a linear autoregressive (AR) output assimilation to improve SWAT’s flood forecasting capability. The influence of precipitation forecast uncertainty on the effectiveness of EKF assimilation is discussed in the context of surface soil moisture assimilation. In streamflow assimilation, EKF was found to be effective mostly in the wet season due to the weak connection between runoff, soil moisture and the curve number (CN2) in dry seasons. Both soil moisture and CN2 were significantly updated in the wet season despite having opposite update patterns. The flood forecast is moderately improved for up to seven days, especially in the flood period by applying the EKF subsequent open loop (EKFsOL) scheme. The forecast is further improved with a newly designed quasi-error update scheme. Comparison between EKF and AR output assimilation in flood forecasting reveals that while both methods can improve forecast accuracy, their performance is influenced by the hydrological regime of the particular year. EKF outperformed the AR model in dry years, while AR outperformed the EKF in wet years. Compared to AR, EKF is more robust and less sensitive to the length of the forecast lead time. A combined EKF-AR method provides satisfying results in both dry and wet years. The assimilation of surface soil moisture is proved effective in improving the full profile soil moisture and streamflow estimate. The setting of state and observation vector has a great impact on the assimilation results. The state vector with streamflow and all-layer soil moisture outperforms other, more complicated state vectors, including those augmented with intermediate variables and model parameters. The joint assimilation of surface soil moisture and streamflow observation provides a much better estimate of soil moisture compared to assimilating the streamflow only. The updated SWAT model is sufficiently robust to issue improved forecasts of soil moisture and streamflow after the assimilation is ‘unplugged’. The error quantification is found to be critical to the performance of EKF assimilation. Nevertheless, the application of an adaptive EKF shows no advantages over using the trial and error method in determining time-invariant model errors. The robustness of EKF assimilation is further verified by explicitly perturbing the precipitation ‘forecast’ in the EKF subsequent forecasts. The open loop model without previous EKF update is more vulnerable to erroneous precipitation estimates. Compared to streamflow forecasting, soil moisture forecasting is found to be more resilient to erroneous precipitation input.

Pas de résumé disponible / The work done in this thesis is related to the project 3DStrain the overall objective of which is to develop a generic framework for the parietal and regional tracking of the left ventricle and to adapt it the 3D + t cardiac imaging modalities used in clinical routine (3D ultrasound, SPECT, cine MRI). We worked on the parietal motion and myocardial deformation. We made the state-of-the-art on motion estimation approaches in general and on methods applied to imaging modalities in clinical practice to quantify myocardial deformation taking into account their specificities and limitations. We focused on tracking methods that optimize the similarity between the intensities between consecutive images of a sequence to estimate the spatial velocity field. They are based on the assumption of the invariance of image gray level (or optical flow) and regularization terms are used to solve the aperture problem. We proposed a regularization term well suited to physical and physiological properties of myocardial motion. The advantage of the proposed approach relies on its flexibility to estimate the dense field of myocardial motion on image sequences over the cardiac cycle. Motion is estimated while preserving myocardial wall discontinuities. However, the data similarity term used in our method is based only on the intensity of the image. It properly estimates the displacement field especially in the radial direction as the movement of circumferential twist is hardly visible on cine MRI in short axis view, the data we used for performing the experiments. To make the estimation more robust, we proposed a dynamic evolution model for the cardiac contraction and relaxation to introduce the temporal constraint ofthe dynamics of the heart. This model helps to estimate not only the dense field of myocardial displacement, but also other parameters of myocardial contractility (the contraction phase and asymmetry between systole and diastole) in variational data assimilation formalism. Automatic estimation of deformation and myocardial contractibility (the strain, phase and asymmetry) was validated against the cardiological and radiological expertise (Dr Elisabeth Coupez and Dr Lucie Cassagnes, CHU Clermont-Ferrand) through semi-quantitative scores of contraction called Wall Motion Score (WMS) and Wall Thickening Index (WTI). The proposed method provides promising results for both motion estimation results and the diagnosis indices for evaluation of myocardial dyskinesia. In order to gain in robustness and accuracy, it is necessary to perform the measurement of strain and indices of myocardial contraction precisely inside endocardial and epicardial walls. Therefore, we conducted a collaborative work with Kevin Bianchi, another PhD student on the project 3DStrain and we proposed a method of coupling of myocardial segmentation by deformable models and estimation of myocardial motion in a variational data assimilation framework.