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Iatromathematics in medical discourse of early modern era: Czech lands before 1620 Mgr. Jakub Žytek, M.Phil. Abstract: This dissertation examines iatromathematics, or astrological medicine, in the early modern medicine of the Czech lands before 1620 (sources ranging from 1491 to 1619). It seeks to both comprehensively outline this specific and then quite standard medical doctrine as well as assess the role and significance of iatromathematics for the practice of the early modern physician and its position within the system of contemporary humoral medicine as a whole. Within the Czech study of the history of medicine, such a systematic treatment of the topic of iatromathematics is unprecedented. Having defined the historical framework of astrology in European cultural history and the concept of astrologia naturalis in the contemporaneous philosophy of nature, the thesis maps the tradition of iatromathematics in medieval sources of Czech origin and the development of the discipline in the early modern era. Then, employing textual analyses and interpretations, it examines various medical sources (books of prognostica, bloodletting booklets, almanacs, treatises on plague, phlebotomic instructions, health regiments) that focused on the influence and action of the heavenly bodies on human health. The thesis...

This thesis examines the medical content of Early Modern Swedish almanacs between the years 1608-1731. The aim of the study is to uncover the understanding of health, illness and the human body that is prevalent within the almanacs. This has been found to be strongly related to the medical paradigm of humorism, or Galenic Medicine. The almanacs also reveal the connection between the intellectual fields of medicine and astrology during the Early Modern Era, which I argue to be largely overlooked within the history of medicine in Sweden. Another central aspect of the study has been to analyze how the medical content and medical understanding changed during the studied period. The part of the almanacs called elections, were found to change quite drastically, and disappeared from the almanacs around 1700. When analyzing medical texts in the almanacs however, this change was not evident, indicating, among other results, that the relation between medicine and astrology remained.

Marie Ogden's Home of Truth colony—a religious community that was located in southern Utah during the 1930s and 40s—was part of a segment of the American religious landscape that has largely been overlooked. As such, her movement points to a significant gap in the historiography of American religion. In addition to documenting the history of this obscure community, I situate Marie Ogden as part of what I call the early new age of American religion, an underdeveloped part of the broader categories of metaphysical religion or Western esotericism. This thesis also points to several other overlooked figures from the same era, suggesting several avenues for further study.

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit einer Form der Heilkunde, die Astrologie und Medizin kombinierte, und im antiken Babylonien (heute südlicher Irak) in der spätbabylonischen Zeit existierte (6–1. Jh. v. Chr.). Enthalten sind Editionen und Untersuchungen zu Keilschrifttafeln mit astro-medizinischen Texten, größtenteils aus Archiven und Tempelbibliotheken der beiden Orte Babylon und Uruk, den wichtigsten Zentren des wissenschaftlichen Lebens in dieser Zeit. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird hierbei dem Tierkreis sowie dem Mikrozodiak gewidmet, und dem Prozess der Integration astrologischen Wissens in die Heilkunst. Eines der betrachteten astromedizinischen Systeme ist das Stein-Pflanze-Holz-Schema. In diesem System wurden Materialien aus den drei Gruppen im Namen des Schemas den Tierkreiszeichen zugeordnet. Es gab neben der mit dem Tierkreis verbundenen Standardversion, die einen kalendarischen Vorläufer hatte, auch eine erweiterte Version in Verbindung mit den 144 Mikro-Tierkreiszeichen. Das einfache Zodiakschema wurde auch in den iatromathematischen Kalender integriert, ein astromedizinisches System, das u. a. aus einer Gruppe von Kalendertexten bestand, die für jeden Tag des schematischen 360-Tage-Kalenders pharmakologisch-therapeutische Anweisungen enthielten, und der Melothesie, einem Konzept, das jedem der Tierkreiszeichen einen Einfluss auf eine bestimmte Region des menschlichen Körpers zuschrieb. Die babylonische Astromedizin bildete die Grundlage für die spätere hellenistische Astromedizin, die viele der Konzepte und Methoden übernahm. / The thesis deals with a form of medicine combining astrology and medicine that existed in ancient Babylonia (now southern Iraq) in the late Babylonian period (6th-1st centuries BC). Editions and studies of astro-medical cuneiform tablets are included, mostly originating from archives and temple libraries in the two cities of Babylon and Uruk, the main centers of scholarly life in that era. Particular consideration is given to the zodiac and the micro-zodiac and to the process by which astrological knowledge began to be integrated into the healing arts. One astro-medical therapeutic system is the so-called ‘stone-plant-wood’-schema. In this system materials from the three groups of nature in the name of the schema are associated with the zodiacal signs. Two different versions of it existed: a standard one in connection with zodiac (which had a calendrical forerunner) and an advanced version in connection with the 144 micro-zodiac signs. The standard zodiac schema was also integrated in a comprehensive iatromathematical calendar, an astro-medical system which consisted inter alia of a group of calendar texts (menologies that give prescriptions for each day of the schematic 360-day calendar), remedies made of animal substances that were associated with the signs of the (micro)-zodiac, and melothesia i.e. a concept ascribing to each of the zodiac signs an influence on a specific region of the human body. Late Babylonian astrological medicine formed the basis for later Hellenistic astro-medicine which adopted many of the Babylonian concepts and methods.

The focus of this thesis is Firmicus Maternus, his text the Mathesis, and their place in the intellectual culture of the fourth century AD. There are two sections to this thesis. The first part considers the two questions which have dominated the scholarship on the Mathesis and relate to the context of the work: the date of composition and Firmicus' faith at the time. Chapter 1 separates these questions and reconsiders them individually through an analysis of the three characters which appear throughout the text: Firmicus, the emperor, and the addressee Mavortius. The second part of the thesis considers the Mathesis within the intellectual culture of the fourth century. It examines how Firmicus establishes his authority as a didactic astrologer, with an emphasis on Firmicus' use of his sources. Chapter 2 examines which sources are credited. It considers the argument that Manilius is an uncredited source through an analysis of the astrological theory of the Mathesis and the Astronomica. In addition, the astrological theory of Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos is compared to the Mathesis to assess Firmicus' use of his named sources. The methods that Firmicus uses to assert his authority, including his use of sources, are compared to other didactic authors, both astrological or Late Antique in Chapter 3. This chapter examines whether Firmicus' suppression and falsifying of sources is found in other didactic literature. Chapter 4 considers possible reasons for the omission of Manilius' name and also the effect that this has had on intellectual culture and the place of the Mathesis within it.

O interesse pela metafísica, pelo esoterismo, pelas filosofias orientais e pela Astrologia integrava a experiência pessoal do escritor Caio Fernando Abreu. O escritor utiliza elementos simbólicos, mitológicos e principalmente astrológicos em seu trabalho, ora como simples referência, ora como vetor na construção ficcional, de forma deliberada. Ao percorrermos a obra de Caio Fernando Abreu ao longo da linha de tempo, observase uma trajetória ascendente na utilização da linguagem astrológica. Desde os momentos iniciais, nas obras publicadas na década de 1970, o escritor utiliza os termos desta tradição, contextualizando as configurações astrais em seus enredos e perfis de personagens. Esse procedimento é definitivamente incorporado e ampliado nas obras da década de 1980, sendo aprofundado de forma diferenciada em Triângulo das águas, um livro inteiramente baseado em arquétipos astrológicos, segundo afirma o próprio autor. Essa abordagem é presente também nos livros publicados na década de 1990, inclusive nas edições póstumas. A dissertação analisa a hermenêutica simbólica em Triângulo das águas, buscando elucidar os sentidos profundos evocados pelas imagens arquetípicas ligadas à tradição da Astrologia presentes nos textos que constituem o livro e, assim, ampliar a sua compreensão. Intenta, também, a partir de uma revisão da obra completa de Caio Fernando Abreu - romances, contos, crônicas, peças teatrais -, identificar os traços do simbolismo astrológico ao longo de sua produção literária e os pontos de contato com Triângulo das águas, de modo a revelar novos significados. Ainda, a partir de depoimentos e entrevistas do escritor, enfoca a utilização da Astrologia como um procedimento intencional no seu processo de criação. Ao traçar uma breve revisão da fortuna crítica do autor, com ênfase na crítica e historiografia especializada e de fundo acadêmico, confirma-se a originalidade da abordagem empreendida neste trabalho. Como referencial teórico, foi utilizada a bibliografia específica da área da Astrologia, complementada por obras relativas à Mitologia, ao Símbolo, à História das Religiões e ao Imaginário. / The interest in Metaphysics, Esoterism, the Eastern philosophies and Astrology integrated the personal experience of the writer Caio Fernando Abreu. The writer uses symbolic, mythological and mainly astrological elements in his work, sometimes as a simple reference, or as a vector in the fictional construction, of deliberated form. When covering the work of Caio Fernando Abreu throughout the timeline, we observe an ascending trajectory in the use of the astrological language. Since the initial moments, in the works published in the decade of 1970, the writer uses the terms of this tradition, contextualizing the astral configurations in his plots and profiles of his characters. This procedure is definitively incorporated and extended in the works of the decade of 1980, in Triângulo das Águas (Triangle of waters), a book entirely based in astrological archetypes, as affirms the author himself. This approach is also present in the books published in the decade of 1990, including the posthumous editions. The dissertation analyzes the symbolic hermeneutics in Triângulo das águas, trying to elucidate the deepest meaning evoked by the archetypical images related to the tradition of Astrology present in the texts that constitute the book and, thus, to extend its understanding. It intends, also, from a revision of the collected works of Caio Fernando Abreu - novels, stories, chronicles, theatrical plays -, to identify the traces of the astrological symbolism throughout his literary production and the points of contact with Triângulo das águas, in order to disclose new meanings. On top of that, from depositions and interviews of the writer, it emphasizes the use of Astrology as an intentional procedure in his process of creation. When tracing a brief revision of the critics about the author, with emphasis in the specialized critic, historiography and of academic background, is confirmed the originality of the undertaken approach in this work. As a theoretical reference was used specific bibliography related to the Astrology area, complemented with related works of Mythology, Symbol, the History of Religions and the Imaginary.

O interesse pela metafísica, pelo esoterismo, pelas filosofias orientais e pela Astrologia integrava a experiência pessoal do escritor Caio Fernando Abreu. O escritor utiliza elementos simbólicos, mitológicos e principalmente astrológicos em seu trabalho, ora como simples referência, ora como vetor na construção ficcional, de forma deliberada. Ao percorrermos a obra de Caio Fernando Abreu ao longo da linha de tempo, observase uma trajetória ascendente na utilização da linguagem astrológica. Desde os momentos iniciais, nas obras publicadas na década de 1970, o escritor utiliza os termos desta tradição, contextualizando as configurações astrais em seus enredos e perfis de personagens. Esse procedimento é definitivamente incorporado e ampliado nas obras da década de 1980, sendo aprofundado de forma diferenciada em Triângulo das águas, um livro inteiramente baseado em arquétipos astrológicos, segundo afirma o próprio autor. Essa abordagem é presente também nos livros publicados na década de 1990, inclusive nas edições póstumas. A dissertação analisa a hermenêutica simbólica em Triângulo das águas, buscando elucidar os sentidos profundos evocados pelas imagens arquetípicas ligadas à tradição da Astrologia presentes nos textos que constituem o livro e, assim, ampliar a sua compreensão. Intenta, também, a partir de uma revisão da obra completa de Caio Fernando Abreu - romances, contos, crônicas, peças teatrais -, identificar os traços do simbolismo astrológico ao longo de sua produção literária e os pontos de contato com Triângulo das águas, de modo a revelar novos significados. Ainda, a partir de depoimentos e entrevistas do escritor, enfoca a utilização da Astrologia como um procedimento intencional no seu processo de criação. Ao traçar uma breve revisão da fortuna crítica do autor, com ênfase na crítica e historiografia especializada e de fundo acadêmico, confirma-se a originalidade da abordagem empreendida neste trabalho. Como referencial teórico, foi utilizada a bibliografia específica da área da Astrologia, complementada por obras relativas à Mitologia, ao Símbolo, à História das Religiões e ao Imaginário. / The interest in Metaphysics, Esoterism, the Eastern philosophies and Astrology integrated the personal experience of the writer Caio Fernando Abreu. The writer uses symbolic, mythological and mainly astrological elements in his work, sometimes as a simple reference, or as a vector in the fictional construction, of deliberated form. When covering the work of Caio Fernando Abreu throughout the timeline, we observe an ascending trajectory in the use of the astrological language. Since the initial moments, in the works published in the decade of 1970, the writer uses the terms of this tradition, contextualizing the astral configurations in his plots and profiles of his characters. This procedure is definitively incorporated and extended in the works of the decade of 1980, in Triângulo das Águas (Triangle of waters), a book entirely based in astrological archetypes, as affirms the author himself. This approach is also present in the books published in the decade of 1990, including the posthumous editions. The dissertation analyzes the symbolic hermeneutics in Triângulo das águas, trying to elucidate the deepest meaning evoked by the archetypical images related to the tradition of Astrology present in the texts that constitute the book and, thus, to extend its understanding. It intends, also, from a revision of the collected works of Caio Fernando Abreu - novels, stories, chronicles, theatrical plays -, to identify the traces of the astrological symbolism throughout his literary production and the points of contact with Triângulo das águas, in order to disclose new meanings. On top of that, from depositions and interviews of the writer, it emphasizes the use of Astrology as an intentional procedure in his process of creation. When tracing a brief revision of the critics about the author, with emphasis in the specialized critic, historiography and of academic background, is confirmed the originality of the undertaken approach in this work. As a theoretical reference was used specific bibliography related to the Astrology area, complemented with related works of Mythology, Symbol, the History of Religions and the Imaginary.

O interesse pela metafísica, pelo esoterismo, pelas filosofias orientais e pela Astrologia integrava a experiência pessoal do escritor Caio Fernando Abreu. O escritor utiliza elementos simbólicos, mitológicos e principalmente astrológicos em seu trabalho, ora como simples referência, ora como vetor na construção ficcional, de forma deliberada. Ao percorrermos a obra de Caio Fernando Abreu ao longo da linha de tempo, observase uma trajetória ascendente na utilização da linguagem astrológica. Desde os momentos iniciais, nas obras publicadas na década de 1970, o escritor utiliza os termos desta tradição, contextualizando as configurações astrais em seus enredos e perfis de personagens. Esse procedimento é definitivamente incorporado e ampliado nas obras da década de 1980, sendo aprofundado de forma diferenciada em Triângulo das águas, um livro inteiramente baseado em arquétipos astrológicos, segundo afirma o próprio autor. Essa abordagem é presente também nos livros publicados na década de 1990, inclusive nas edições póstumas. A dissertação analisa a hermenêutica simbólica em Triângulo das águas, buscando elucidar os sentidos profundos evocados pelas imagens arquetípicas ligadas à tradição da Astrologia presentes nos textos que constituem o livro e, assim, ampliar a sua compreensão. Intenta, também, a partir de uma revisão da obra completa de Caio Fernando Abreu - romances, contos, crônicas, peças teatrais -, identificar os traços do simbolismo astrológico ao longo de sua produção literária e os pontos de contato com Triângulo das águas, de modo a revelar novos significados. Ainda, a partir de depoimentos e entrevistas do escritor, enfoca a utilização da Astrologia como um procedimento intencional no seu processo de criação. Ao traçar uma breve revisão da fortuna crítica do autor, com ênfase na crítica e historiografia especializada e de fundo acadêmico, confirma-se a originalidade da abordagem empreendida neste trabalho. Como referencial teórico, foi utilizada a bibliografia específica da área da Astrologia, complementada por obras relativas à Mitologia, ao Símbolo, à História das Religiões e ao Imaginário. / The interest in Metaphysics, Esoterism, the Eastern philosophies and Astrology integrated the personal experience of the writer Caio Fernando Abreu. The writer uses symbolic, mythological and mainly astrological elements in his work, sometimes as a simple reference, or as a vector in the fictional construction, of deliberated form. When covering the work of Caio Fernando Abreu throughout the timeline, we observe an ascending trajectory in the use of the astrological language. Since the initial moments, in the works published in the decade of 1970, the writer uses the terms of this tradition, contextualizing the astral configurations in his plots and profiles of his characters. This procedure is definitively incorporated and extended in the works of the decade of 1980, in Triângulo das Águas (Triangle of waters), a book entirely based in astrological archetypes, as affirms the author himself. This approach is also present in the books published in the decade of 1990, including the posthumous editions. The dissertation analyzes the symbolic hermeneutics in Triângulo das águas, trying to elucidate the deepest meaning evoked by the archetypical images related to the tradition of Astrology present in the texts that constitute the book and, thus, to extend its understanding. It intends, also, from a revision of the collected works of Caio Fernando Abreu - novels, stories, chronicles, theatrical plays -, to identify the traces of the astrological symbolism throughout his literary production and the points of contact with Triângulo das águas, in order to disclose new meanings. On top of that, from depositions and interviews of the writer, it emphasizes the use of Astrology as an intentional procedure in his process of creation. When tracing a brief revision of the critics about the author, with emphasis in the specialized critic, historiography and of academic background, is confirmed the originality of the undertaken approach in this work. As a theoretical reference was used specific bibliography related to the Astrology area, complemented with related works of Mythology, Symbol, the History of Religions and the Imaginary.

Al-Būnī est une figure centrale dans l'étude de la magie en Islam au Moyen Âge. En effet, son principal traité, le Šams al-maʿārif al-kubrā (Le « grand » soleil des connaissances), est le plus grand manuel de magie se basant sur le Coran, les beaux noms de Dieu, les invocations aux anges, etc. Malheureusement, à ce jour, cette oeuvre nous est connue à travers des éditions se basant sur des manuscrits très tardifs, fort éloignés du contenu des manuscrits des oeuvres ayant pu être écrites par al-Būnī : en témoignent les nombreux anachronismes. Aussi, ce travail de recherche propose de faire l'analyse et d'établir une édition critique d'une partie du « corpus bunianum » : le Šams al-maʿārif wa-laṭāʾif al-ʿawārif (Le soleil des connaissances et les grâces exquises) dans sa version courte (la supposée plus ancienne), al-Lumʿa l-nūrāniyya (La lueur luminescente) et d'autres traités qui ont contribué à former le Šams al-maʿārif. L'édition de ces textes correspondant au « noyau historique » de cet immense corpus met en évidence les éléments les plus anciens des oeuvres attribuées à al-Būnī et les influences ayant contribué à la formation d'une magie islamique, se référant non plus essentiellement à des autorités grecques, indiennes, mésopotamiennes, etc., mais aussi au Coran, à la tradition prophétique et aux traditions magiques, mystiques et kabbalistiques juives, chrétiennes et musulmanes. Intimement liée aux sphères du pouvoir, cette littérature magique participe également à leur mise en scène et reflète leur évolution. / Indeed, his main treatise, the Šams al-maʿārif al-kubrā (The "Great" Sun of Knowledge), is the most important magic manual based on the Qurʾān, the beautiful names of God, invocations to the angels, etc. Unfortunately, until now, this work has been known to us through editions based on very late manuscripts, very different from the contents of manuscripts of works written by al-Būnī as the many anachronisms point out. In this research, we propose an analysis and a critical edition of part of the "corpus bunianum": Šams al-maʿārif wa-laṭāʾif al-ʿawārif (The Sun of Knowledge and the ExquisiteGraces) in its short version (the supposedly more ancient one), al-Lumʿa l-nūrāniyya (The Luminescent Glow) and other treaties that have been used to write down the Šams al-maʿārif. Editing these texts corresponding to the "historic core" of this vast corpus highlights the oldest parts of the works attributed to al-Būnī and the influences that contributed to the formation of an Islamic magic, referring not only to Greek authorities, Indian, Mesopotamian, etc.., but also to the Qurʾān, the prophetic tradition and magical, mystical and Kabbalistic Jewish, Christian and Muslim traditions.Closely linked to realms of power, this magical literature also contributes to their splendour andreflects their evolution.