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<p>This dissertation deals with curriculum debates concerning science, mathematics and technology within the Swedish secondary schools between 1900 and 1965. The aim of the study is to analyze different conceptions of these school subjects. How were they looked upon and presented during the debates? What kind of values and functions were they said to promote? I also discuss more principal questions regarding why the school subjects became objects for debate. Why did different actors engage in these discussions? A leading perspective of the study is that schools and their curricula often are used as arenas for larger debates concerning the role of science and technology in society. One of the reasons for this, I argue, is that a curriculum often is seen as representing a standpoint in these broader societal discussions. In the study, this is shown through a number of different debates concerning, for example, the amount of hours devoted to science, student conducted experiments, eugenics and environmental aspects. All of these issues demonstrate how the shape of curriculum was seen as having wider significance for society. An important reason for this is the connection between curriculum and future perspectives. Situations where a curriculum was to be rewritten were apprehended as opportunities to influence and secure the future. </p><p>Much previous work on curriculum matters has been occupied with the question of what curriculum “does” in schools; it includes and excludes certain ideas, it regulates and governs students to understand and reason about themselves in specific ways. In relation to this, my own research deals with what curriculum – or rather <i>the image</i> of curriculum – does to other groups in society. Through analyzing the engagement of teachers, politicians, authors and editors, I conclude that a curriculum can threaten or promise future perspectives and values that are important to these groups. </p>

This dissertation deals with curriculum debates concerning science, mathematics and technology within the Swedish secondary schools between 1900 and 1965. The aim of the study is to analyze different conceptions of these school subjects. How were they looked upon and presented during the debates? What kind of values and functions were they said to promote? I also discuss more principal questions regarding why the school subjects became objects for debate. Why did different actors engage in these discussions? A leading perspective of the study is that schools and their curricula often are used as arenas for larger debates concerning the role of science and technology in society. One of the reasons for this, I argue, is that a curriculum often is seen as representing a standpoint in these broader societal discussions. In the study, this is shown through a number of different debates concerning, for example, the amount of hours devoted to science, student conducted experiments, eugenics and environmental aspects. All of these issues demonstrate how the shape of curriculum was seen as having wider significance for society. An important reason for this is the connection between curriculum and future perspectives. Situations where a curriculum was to be rewritten were apprehended as opportunities to influence and secure the future. Much previous work on curriculum matters has been occupied with the question of what curriculum “does” in schools; it includes and excludes certain ideas, it regulates and governs students to understand and reason about themselves in specific ways. In relation to this, my own research deals with what curriculum – or rather the image of curriculum – does to other groups in society. Through analyzing the engagement of teachers, politicians, authors and editors, I conclude that a curriculum can threaten or promise future perspectives and values that are important to these groups.

This essay analyses the development of field and discipline formation in Sweden. A specific case is presented regarding the differentiation of the history of ideas, idéhistoria, and the delineation of the history of knowledge, kunskapshistoria, between 2015 and 2020. The distinction and differentiation between these disciplines has been contested by academics in related fields, who have questioned whether and what is new or distinct in the study of the history of knowledge and what prior disciplines and fields of study it draws on.  The aim of this study is to examine how the relationship between the two research fields is undertood by the academics that work in these fields themselves. The research question is: How is the interaction between the history of ideas and the history of knowledge described by Swedish scientists in papers published between 2015 and 2020? The study is based on scientific papers, anthologies, and book reviews written by Swedish scientists and mainly published in Swedish academic journals. The study shows that both research fields are developing towards eclecticism and internationalisation, both striving to participate in a broader international academic discourse. In both fields more publications are now written in English and fewer in Swedish. However, the predomination of English-language publications is more apparent in the new field of the history of knowledge. With respect to the history of ideas, the formative effects of institutionalisation as well as the importance of academic due due diligence i.e. engaging with the research in near-adjacent fields of study such as the study of the history of science, the history of medicine, and environmental history is apparent in the academic literature. The study indicates that Sweden has a potential of becoming a new research arena of some significance for generative and cooperatiion in humanistic science and thus of a general interest. / I studien analyseras samspelet mellan idéhistoria och kunskapshistoria i Sverige 2015 - 2010. Undersökningen berör generella frågeställningar om hur forskningsfält och discipliner skapas och påverkar varandra. Medan idéhistoria funnits i Sverige i snart ett hundra år har kunskapshistoria etablerats i Sverige först under de senaste fem åren. Detta ämne har av sina företrädare förklarats vara ett nytt oberoende forskningsfält med långt gående ambitioner ambitioner som sträcker sig över disciplingränserna. Dessa uttalanden ifrågasattes av forskare inom idé- och vetenskapshistoria om vad som var nytt inom det nya forskningsfältet och på vems axlar detta stod på. Syftet med denna studie var att analysera hur forskare från de två forskningsfälten upplevt påverkan mellan dem. Forskningsfrågan var hur påverkan mellan idéhistoria och kunskapshistoria framgått och beskrivits i publikationer skrivna av svenska forskare inom ämnena under perioden. Materialet som använts var uppsatser, antologier, recensioner och institutionernas utbildningsmaterial från denna tid, huvudsakligen publicerade i svenska tidskrifter. Studien visade att bägge forskningsfälten breddat sig och visat ökad ambition att delta i det internationella vetenskapliga samtalet. Här fanns dock en gradskillnad mellan ämnena. En möjlig inlåsningseffekt av att använda sig av svenska som språk diskuteras som en konsekvens av den äldre svenska forskningstraditionen. Fler publikationer inom idéhistoria skrivs dock numera på engelska och färre på svenska medan kunskapshistoria redan från början haft ett utpräglat internationellt fokus. Betydelsen av institutionalisering och de förmåner detta medför understryks. Studiens resultat visar att påverkan mellan kunskapsfälten under den studerade perioden generellt var liten. Ett undantag har varit den ovan nämnda kritiken från forskare inom idé- och vetenskapshistoria mot de anspråk som framförts av företrädarna för kunskapshistoria på att nu presentera ett verkligt nytt forskningsfält. Enligt kritikerna har man därvid bortsett från den utveckling som skett inom närliggande områden under de senaste åren. Vikten av akademisk due diligence har lyfts fram som en viktig princip inom forskning. / <p>By distance (Zoom)</p>

Edward Westermarck, finlandssvensk sociolog och filosof, studeras med Lorraine Dastons och Peter Galisons (D&amp;G) metod för att analysera vetenskapshistoriska förändringar. Syftet är att testa ändamålsenligheten i D&amp;G:s analysmodell för att studera metodologiska och innehållsliga förändringar. Användningen av epistemic virtues prövas som ett sätt att identifiera interaktionen mellan dynamiska fält och övergångar mellan olika doktriner under decennierna kring sekelskiftet 1800/1900. Metoden tillämpas på Westermarck och hans samtida i sociologins grundargeneration. Westermarck och Durkheim betraktas som arketypiska företrädare för en sociologisk respektive en biologisk – evolutionistisk – funktionalism. Malinowski är en brygga mellan de två. Undersökningen analyserar kunskapsteoretiska och ideologiska skillnader och likheter mellan forskarna. Deras förhållande till vetenskaplighet som epistemic virtue analyseras. Dynamiska fält och förändringslaviner beskrivs för att belysa kontinuitet och diskontinuitet i doktrinutvecklingen. Studien visar att metoden kan tillämpas även på humaniora och beteendevetenskaperna. Westermarcks kritik av Freud och Oidipuskomplexet exemplifierar hur doktrinförändringar fångas upp i andra vetenskapsområden – sociobiologin. Undersökningen visar att interaktionen sker också mellan olika vetenskapsområden och hur förändringarna mellan dessa sker diakront.

<p>The purpose of this essay is to examine how the adventure is accomplished as a project, and how this is vindicated, through science or by other means. The scientists of today are not seen as adventurers or heroes, at least not as they used to, but this image lives on as a sort of role or social institution, that can be used by anyone and in any purpose. These roles could be seen as a type of rules for the modern adventurer, and act both as a limit or a possibility. This essay compares two North Pole travelers, Ola Skinnarmo and Salomon August Andrée.</p> / <p>Denna uppsats syfte är att undersöka hur man genomför äventyret som ett projekt och hur detta legitimeras, genom vetenskap eller på annat sätt. Vetenskapsmännen ses idag inte som äventyrare eller hjältar, i alla fall inte på samma sätt som förr, men den bilden lever kvar i form av en "rollbeskrivning" eller en sorts "social institution" som kan användas av vem som helst och i alla möjliga syften. Dessa"rollbeskrivningar"skulle kunna ses som en sorts "spelregler" för dagens moderna äventyrare och verka både begränsande och möjliggörande. I uppsatsen jämförs två polarfarare, Ola Skinnarmo och Salomon August Andrée, och deras respektive expeditioner. </p>

This thesis investigates a part of the material culture of higher education through an object biographical case study of Félix Thibert’s moulages. The object biography operates with a diachronic perspective that offers an object-centered historiography of university collections, revealing that the need for collecting and imaging in science consistently remains, even though the role and significance of pathological moulages in research and education have changed over time. The moulages are epistemic things as described by Hans-Jörg Rheinberger. They embody what we do not yet know and they become marginalized when no one expects them to generate new discoveries. Their ontology and function are dependent on the dominating epistemic culture. John V. Pickstone outlines three ways of knowing, which gradually have dominated since the Renaissance: natural history, analysis and experiment. Thibert’s moulages are clearly anchored in analysis as a way of knowing for which the museum is an important arena. The findings of this thesis show that university museums and their collections were of immense importance for the production of knowledge during the 19th century, while today they often fall short of their knowledge-generating potential. There are nevertheless methods that can help them reach their full potential, among them a displaying method proposed by Karin Tybjerg considered in this thesis and the object biography of which this thesis consists. This is a two-year master’s thesis in Museum and Cultural Heritage Studies.

This thesis examines the medical content of Early Modern Swedish almanacs between the years 1608-1731. The aim of the study is to uncover the understanding of health, illness and the human body that is prevalent within the almanacs. This has been found to be strongly related to the medical paradigm of humorism, or Galenic Medicine. The almanacs also reveal the connection between the intellectual fields of medicine and astrology during the Early Modern Era, which I argue to be largely overlooked within the history of medicine in Sweden. Another central aspect of the study has been to analyze how the medical content and medical understanding changed during the studied period. The part of the almanacs called elections, were found to change quite drastically, and disappeared from the almanacs around 1700. When analyzing medical texts in the almanacs however, this change was not evident, indicating, among other results, that the relation between medicine and astrology remained.

The purpose of this essay is to examine how the adventure is accomplished as a project, and how this is vindicated, through science or by other means. The scientists of today are not seen as adventurers or heroes, at least not as they used to, but this image lives on as a sort of role or social institution, that can be used by anyone and in any purpose. These roles could be seen as a type of rules for the modern adventurer, and act both as a limit or a possibility. This essay compares two North Pole travelers, Ola Skinnarmo and Salomon August Andrée. / Denna uppsats syfte är att undersöka hur man genomför äventyret som ett projekt och hur detta legitimeras, genom vetenskap eller på annat sätt. Vetenskapsmännen ses idag inte som äventyrare eller hjältar, i alla fall inte på samma sätt som förr, men den bilden lever kvar i form av en "rollbeskrivning" eller en sorts "social institution" som kan användas av vem som helst och i alla möjliga syften. Dessa"rollbeskrivningar"skulle kunna ses som en sorts "spelregler" för dagens moderna äventyrare och verka både begränsande och möjliggörande. I uppsatsen jämförs två polarfarare, Ola Skinnarmo och Salomon August Andrée, och deras respektive expeditioner.