Teachers need interventions to improve at-risk students' self-efficacy, which may improve their academic performance in school. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the perceptions of elementary school teachers at a Texas public middle school as to what research-based interventions they felt would improve the self-efficacy of these students. Bandura's social cognitive theory, which framed the study, indicates that self-efficacy beliefs affect the courses of action that people seek and the choices people make. Many at-risk students who experience a lack of academic success have low self-efficacy, which may affect their school performance. The research questions that guided the study focused on teachers' perceptions of whether a school-based mentoring program, counseling services, or an afterschool program would best help at-risk students improve their self-efficacy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data from 6 teacher participants who were purposely selected from different grade levels at the school. The data were transcribed and analyzed using hand-coding procedures to determine categories and themes from the transcripts. The findings revealed that teachers thought that a school-based mentoring program would have the most positive impact in improving the self-efficacy of at-risk students. The results prompted the development of a training program for mentors. Positive social change may result when at-risk students benefit from mentors who are properly trained on ways to meaningfully impact them.

Healing in education is both an ancient and an emerging idea. Approaching students as whole beings with a need for balance and health of their mental, emotional, spiritual and physical selves is not a common teaching practice in North American educational systems, but one which has had some success and demanded research.<p> This research study examined one teacher's approach to working with at risk students in an integrated school-linked services collegiate. It documented her practices and beliefs about teaching at-risk students, and explored the interactions and strategies she used with these students.<p> This was a qualitative case study, a tradition which allowed the researcher to observe the natural teaching conditions of the teacher participant, selected by the researcher for her superior reputation of working with at-risk students. The study, conducted by one researcher, took place in an urban Saskatchewan high school during five weeks in May and June of 2002. The methods used to collect that data were semistructured interview, classroom observation and document analysis. Use of these methods served to triangulate the data. A reflective journal was also kept by the researcher. Data analysis was done inductively, through a search and discovery of themes in the written records, data were then reduced, organized and a description of the case written.<p> Based on the findings of the study, the researcher concluded that the teacher participant used a healing approach to teaching and endeavoured to make her classroom a place of learning and healing. Her emphasis on students as whole people combined with her unique character, beliefs, practices, and talents harmonized into practicing this approach with her students. Extending love and showing care to interact and form relationships with students was the basis of her practice. A variety of teaching strategies were employed to reach and help heal students. Building a safe and caring classroom and establishing a sense of community in the classroom and school for her students supported the healing approach. Accessing on-site human support services for students through referrals was a great asset to the teacher. The healing approach was underpinned by the teacher participant's belief in holistic teaching and the necessity for hope, honesty and respect in her students and herself.<p> The study allows for increased understanding about healing and its potential for use in public education. A number of recommendations for teacher practice were made as a result of the findings of the study.

Healing in education is both an ancient and an emerging idea. Approaching students as whole beings with a need for balance and health of their mental, emotional, spiritual and physical selves is not a common teaching practice in North American educational systems, but one which has had some success and demanded research.<p> This research study examined one teacher's approach to working with at risk students in an integrated school-linked services collegiate. It documented her practices and beliefs about teaching at-risk students, and explored the interactions and strategies she used with these students.<p> This was a qualitative case study, a tradition which allowed the researcher to observe the natural teaching conditions of the teacher participant, selected by the researcher for her superior reputation of working with at-risk students. The study, conducted by one researcher, took place in an urban Saskatchewan high school during five weeks in May and June of 2002. The methods used to collect that data were semistructured interview, classroom observation and document analysis. Use of these methods served to triangulate the data. A reflective journal was also kept by the researcher. Data analysis was done inductively, through a search and discovery of themes in the written records, data were then reduced, organized and a description of the case written.<p> Based on the findings of the study, the researcher concluded that the teacher participant used a healing approach to teaching and endeavoured to make her classroom a place of learning and healing. Her emphasis on students as whole people combined with her unique character, beliefs, practices, and talents harmonized into practicing this approach with her students. Extending love and showing care to interact and form relationships with students was the basis of her practice. A variety of teaching strategies were employed to reach and help heal students. Building a safe and caring classroom and establishing a sense of community in the classroom and school for her students supported the healing approach. Accessing on-site human support services for students through referrals was a great asset to the teacher. The healing approach was underpinned by the teacher participant's belief in holistic teaching and the necessity for hope, honesty and respect in her students and herself.<p> The study allows for increased understanding about healing and its potential for use in public education. A number of recommendations for teacher practice were made as a result of the findings of the study.

xii, 93 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Dropping out of high school may have individual as well as social implications. The process of dropping out is attributed to social and academic risk factors. Attendance, course completion and grade-point-average have been identified as key indicators of students off-track for graduation. This study utilized a single exploratory case design with embedded quantitative statistical analysis to understand the characteristics of 416 students transitioning from three middle schools to a large, suburban high school. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between 12 middle school indicators and ninth grade attendance, course completion, and grade-point-average. Findings suggested that middle school grade-point-average, course grade D, attendance, and ACT math scores were strong predictors of ninth grade performance. The major implications have highlighted key middle school risk indicators for identifying and providing intervention to transitioning students at risk of school failure. / Committee in charge: Gerald Tindal, Chairperson, Educational Leadership; Edward Kameenui, Member, Special Education and Clinical Sciences; Paul Yovanoff, Member, Educational Leadership; Robert 0 Brien, Outside Member, Sociology

Twenty years ago, kindergarten was a year of informal education designed to help a child develop some readiness skills, adjust to school, adjust socially and learn through play. Readiness for elementary education was defined in terms of attitude and motivation rather than in specific academic achievements. The hazards of the academic model for young children is supported by recent research. Elkind (1986), for example, confirms that young children do not learn in the same ways as older children and adults. Because the world of things, people, and language is so new to infants and young children, they learn best through direct encounters with their world rather than through formal education. During the '80s there has been an increase in the number of high-risk children entering kindergarten who may not be ready for that experience. Perhaps in response to this trend, kindergarten, rather than serving as a readiness program for future schooling, has become an experience for which children need to be prepared entering kindergarten. The National Association of Early Childhood (1987) notes that expectations have become increasingly high and unrealistic, as the curriculum from upper grades has been pushed down to lower levels, thus doom large numbers of young children to the increased possibility of failure. As a result of this change, there has been quite a controversy over the policy of kindergarten retention. Although grade retention is widely practiced at all levels, research suggests that it does not help children to "catch up." While retained children may appear to do better in the short term, they are at much greater risk for failure than are their non-retained peers (Shepard and Smith, 1990). The provision of an extra year of schooling prior to first grade is intended to protect unprepared children from entering too soon into a demanding academic environment where, 'it is thought, they will almost surely experience failure. Yet Shepard and Smith (1988) note that, "depending on the philosophical basis of kindergarten retention, which differs profoundly from one district to the next, the extra year is meant either to be a time for immature children to grow and develop learning readiness or a time to work on deficient prereading skills" (p. 34). So the criteria by which retention decisions are made are critical. The question of which criteria determine a child's kindergarten retention becomes paramount. The study examines this question by addressing the following issues: 1. Current practices regarding kindergarten retention;2. The percentage of kindergartners retained each year (locally and statewide); 3. The effects of kindergarten retention; 4. The ways in which teacher pressure, parents, standardized tests, and basal reading programs contribute to kindergarten retention; and 5. Alternatives to kindergarten retention. There will always be a group of children who lag behind their kindergarten classmates. Before we create a new program, however, we need to examine the effects of kindergarten retention. It is the intent of this study to provide county school supervisors and others with information which would enable them to take action to reverse the negative effects of past practices. This information can assist those responsible for decision-making as they struggle to make the correct decisions regarding the placement of young children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current practices of school and community partnerships in five North Texas elementary schools. In addition, the study focused on the influence community partnerships have on at-risk students based on at-risk indicators data. The literature revealed that when schools, parents, and families work together, students tend to earn higher grades, attend school more regularly, stay in school longer, and enrolled in coursework beyond high school. The target population included approximately 350 administrators, teachers, and paraprofessionals from five North Texas elementary schools. Also included were the respective partners from each of the five elementary schools. This research included online survey instrument and data were gathered and analyzed through a combination of statistical procedures and descriptive and inferential statistics. The results may provide other schools with a profile of school and community partnerships that can be implemented as a method to help their at-risk student populations. Findings included a descriptive analysis of factors that contributed to the success of community engagement efforts as well as those factors that limited those efforts. A secondary purpose of this study was of continuous improvement in developing these approaches through a goal-setting approach. Schools included in the study provided a next steps plan by describing their major goal(s) for improving existing school and community partnerships over the next 3 years.

Teachers who are not adequately prepared to teach struggling students often seek employment elsewhere rather than be ineffective with those students. When teachers leave the classroom, this has a vast impact on student learning. For the past 9 years, a high school in the southeast United States for students at risk of not graduating has had an average annual teacher turnover rate of 31.25%, nearly twice the national rate of 15.9%. The purpose of this study was to learn the kinds of training and knowledge teachers believed would help them to succeed in teaching students struggling to graduate. Constructivist theory served as a framework for this qualitative case study design that sought to answer what are the needs of teachers of at risk learners, and learn the kind of support they needed. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 9 core teachers during the 2014-2015 school year and document analysis of professional development yielded data that were analyzed for emergent themes. A key theme was a perceived lack of adequate support from both the school and the district. Participants wanted help from psychologists and mental health counselors, professional development (PD) to develop content-specific strategies and alternative pedagogical strategies, and time for collaboration with colleagues. Based on study findings, 3 days of PD training were developed that will allow time for teachers and administration to work together. Results also provide research-based data that may be applicable to other schools and school districts serving a similar population. Supporting teachers of students at risk of not graduating should improve teachers' job satisfaction and retention, and improve student achievement, resulting in positive social change for society.

Divers modèles théoriques suggèrent que le soutien social peut modérer le lien entre l'exposition à des stresseurs et l'adaptation et la santé mentale (Pearlin et Bierman, 2013). En se centrant sur le lien entre l'exposition récente à des stresseurs et le décrochage scolaire, l’objectif premier de cette étude était d’examiner le rôle modérateur potentiel du soutien offert par les parents, les pairs, le personnel scolaire ou les professionnels de la santé mentale. L'objectif secondaire était de décrire les associations directes entre ces sources de soutien et le décrochage. L'échantillon (n = 545) était composé d'adolescents âgés de 14 à 18 ans (M = 16,5 ; ET = 0,9) de 12 écoles secondaires socio économiquement défavorisées de Montréal et de régions avoisinantes. Des associations bivariées positives entre le soutien des adultes à l'école et des professionnels de la santé mentale et le décrochage scolaire sont devenues non-significatives dans les modèles de régressions logistiques multiples incluant les deux variables indépendantes principales (exposition à des stresseurs et sources de soutien). En effet, dans ces modèles, aucune des sources de soutien n’était significativement associée au décrochage scolaire, en interaction ou directement. Ces résultats suggèrent que les adolescents exposés à davantage d’adversité ont reçu plus de soutien des adultes dans leur l'école et la communauté, mais que ce soutien n'était pas suffisant pour atténuer les impacts néfastes de l’adversité sur la persévérance scolaire ou réduire les risques de décrochage. Ainsi, en contexte d’adversité, le soutien social ordinaire pourrait ne pas être suffisant pour soutenir la persévérance. / Various theoretical models suggest that social support can moderate the impact of stressor exposure on adjustment and mental health outcomes (Pearlin & Bierman, 2013). This study examined whether support offered by parents, peers, school personnel, or mental health professionals moderated the association between recent stressor exposure and high school dropout. The secondary goal was to describe direct associations between these sources of support and high school dropout. The sample (n = 545) consisted of adolescents between 14 and 18 years old (M = 16.5; SD = 0.9) from 12 socioeconomically disadvantaged schools in Montreal and neighbouring regions. Positive bivariate associations between support from adults at school and from mental health professionals and dropout became non-significant in multiple logistic regression analyses including the two main independent variables (stressor exposure and sources of support). In fact, in these models, no form of social support was significantly associated with dropout, either in interaction or directly. These results suggest that adolescents with more needs received more support from adults in their school and community, but that this support was not sufficient to moderate the link between stressor exposure and dropout. Thus, it is possible that when the amount of adversity and stressors in students’ lives is too high, typical support might not be sufficient to buffer their deleterious impact on school engagement and dropout. Keywords: stress, social support, high school dropout, at-risk students, adolescence, moderation effect.

No description available.

No description available.