Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1980.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:27:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2773968 bytes, checksum: 6b8997dcef820b32745c2b65a6663619 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis aims to analyze the aspects of working at home and family relations in the production of clothes made of jeans in the city of Toritama PE, as well as to learn about the duties and responsibilities that men and women have played in the domestic production process, emphasizing the social relations that are outlined in this space. The scenario of recent socioeconomic changes associated with globalization and the spread of forms of flexible production has caused changes in the world of work, the emergence of new forms of production organization, as well as the reediting of others which were considered archaic, but are adapted to the current dynamics of capital which is the case of working at home even when they rise far from this process, as the case of the Region of Jeans Clothes Manufacturers in the city of Toritama PE, locus of this research. This is a qualitative study and documentary research, semi-structured interviews as well as participant observation were used as methodological resources, focusing on a critical analysis of the objective and subjective elements that permeate the reality of families linked to the process of working at home. It was found that, despite the apparent exuberance and modernization that comes through the region with the expansion of the jeans industry, the assumption that this dynamic organization of home work could be providing more egalitarian ways of access to activities, the exchange of knowledge, control of the production process as well as the relations between men and women within the family was not thoroughly confirmed. However, there was confirmation in relation to the assumption that the economic dynamics experienced by these production units at home changed family relationships, causing a greater emotional distance among its members as a result of assignments in production, both in relation to smaller children and older children who were more directly involved in the production process. / Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar as configurações do trabalho a domicílio e as relações familiares nas confecções de roupas de jeans no município de Toritama-PE, bem como apreender as atribuições e competências que homens e mulheres têm desempenhado no âmbito do processo produtivo e doméstico, enfatizando as relações sociais que se delineiam nesse espaço. O cenário das recentes transformações socioeconômicas associadas ao processo de globalização e a disseminação de formas de produção flexíveis têm suscitado mudanças no mundo do trabalho, o aparecer de novas formas de organização da produção, bem como a reedição de outras, consideradas arcaicas, mas que são adaptadas à atual dinâmica do capital, caso do trabalho a domicílio, mesmo quando surgem ao largo desse processo maior, como o caso do Polo de confecções de roupas de Jeans de Toritama PE, lócus desta pesquisa. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, em que foram utilizadas, como recursos metodológicos, a pesquisa documental, a entrevista semiestruturada e a observação participante, privilegiando uma análise crítica dos elementos objetivos e subjetivos que permeiam a realidade das famílias vinculadas ao trabalho a domicílio. Foi constatado que apesar da exuberância e da aparente modernização por que vem passando a região com a expansão da indústria de confecção de jeans, a suposição de que diante esta dinâmica a organização do trabalho a domicílio pudesse estar proporcionando formas mais igualitárias de acesso às atividades, à troca de saberes, ao controle do processo produtivo, bem como nas relações entre homens e mulheres no âmbito familiar, não se confirmou completamente. Entretanto, houve confirmação em relação à suposição de que a dinâmica econômica vivenciada por essas unidades produtivas a domicílio teria alterado as relações familiares, provocando um maior distanciamento afetivo entre seus membros, em decorrência das atribuições na produção, tanto no que se refere aos filhos menores como aos filhos maiores que estavam envolvidos diretamente no processo produtivo.

nÃo hà / O uso do perÃxido de carbamida a 10% em moldeiras para o clareamento caseiro por 2 a 8 horas diÃrias, de 2 a 6 semanas pode resultar em grande satisfaÃÃo do paciente. A associaÃÃo de dentes brancos a um aumento da autoestima do indivÃduo promoveu o aparecimento de agentes clareadores disponÃveis para a compra sem, necessariamente, passar pela supervisÃo do dentista. Como consequÃncia, podem surgir efeitos adversos na estrutura dental. Baseado nesse contexto, o presente estudo avaliou a microdureza do esmalte apÃs a utilizaÃÃo de agentes clareadores. 70 amostras de esmalte humano, com 4x4mm, foram divididas em sete grupos (G1 a G7). Cada grupo recebeu trÃs tratamentos por 28 dias: G1: pasta nÃo clareadora, Ãgua destilada e gel placebo; G2: pasta clareadora, Ãgua destilada e gel placebo; G3: pasta nÃo clareadora, enxaguatÃrio clareador e gel placebo; G4: pasta nÃo clareadora, Ãgua destilada e gel perÃxido de carbamida a 10%; G5: pasta clareadora, Ãgua destilada e gel de perÃxido de carbamida a 10%; G6: pasta nÃo clareadora, enxaguatÃrio clareador e gel de perÃxido de carbamida a 10%; G7: pasta clareadora, enxaguatÃrio clareador e gel de perÃxido de carbamida a 10%. A microdureza foi aferida antes dos tratamentos, com 14 dias e no 28Âdia. AtravÃs da anÃlise de variÃncia ANOVA verificou-se diferenÃa entre os tipos de tratamento. Para os nÃveis de tempo, o teste de Tukey mostrou diferenÃas significativas nas medidas antes, apÃs 14 e 28 dias. O G2 se comportou estatisticamente semelhante ao G1. O G3 e G6 se mostraram estÃveis durante todo o tratamento. O G4 e G5 nÃo mostraram diferenÃa significativa entre si. O Ãnico grupo que desmineralizou significativamente entre os trÃs nÃveis de tempo foi o G7. Logo, demonstra-se que a reduÃÃo da microdureza ocorreu de forma mais intensa pelo uso coletivo de agentes clareadores durante o tratamento.

Abstract The associations between home ergonomics and falls among the elderly were studied with the aid of an event theory system model. The subjects comprised 76 persons receiving home nursing services and their 71 homes. The study consisted of observation and measurements of the homes, interviews and charting mobility and functional ability. Ergonomic shortcomings were commonly observed both in home structures, fixed furnishing and loose furniture. In over half of the cases lighting capacity fell short of recommended levels. There were fewer ergonomic shortcomings in sheltered housing than in privately owned homes. In private homes, more ergonomic shortcomings were classified in houses than in link houses or flats. The association between individual factors predisposing to falls and ergonomic features of the home was shown to be minor, although ergonomic shortcomings of furnishing and equipment did occur less often in the homes of elderly persons with both significant proneness to falls and significantly impaired mobility and balance. During the one-year follow-up, 30% of the subjects reported a fall at home. However, no significant differences in ergonomic shortcomings were observed between the homes of fallers and non-fallers. When the fall events were studied within the system, it was shown that ergonomic features were closely associated with the falls. In general, ergonomic factors had a positive impact on falls. The study failed to show a connection between classification of ergonomic factors and falls. Significant propensity to falls as well as significantly impaired mobility and balance increased the risk for falls and the occurrence of repeated falls. Significantly impaired vision did not, however, increase the occurrence of falls. A more individual approach towards evaluation of ergonomics is called for. Looking at the fall event systems indicated that the underlying reasons behind falls among the elderly were more often intrinsic, apparent failures in risk recognition, rather than ergonomic shortcomings. The study provides a good starting point for further work, because by looking at the fall event systems it is already easier than before to spot things that need improvement in home ergonomics, and to recognise persons in need of safety solutions, improved risk recognition or other measures promoting functional ability. / Tiivistelmä Kodin ergonomian yhteyksiä ikääntyneiden kaatumisiin tarkasteltiin tutkimuksessa tapaturmateoreettisen systeemimallin avulla. Tutkimusjoukoksi valittiin 76 kotisairaanhoidonpiiriin kuuluvaa itsenäisesti asuvaa ja liikkuvaa ikääntynyttä ja heidän 71 kotiaan. Tutkimus koostui kotien havainnoinneista ja mittauksista, ikääntyneiden haastatteluista, liikunta- ja toimintakyvyn kartoituksista sekä kahdesta puhelimitse puolen vuoden välein toteutetusta seurantahaastattelusta. Ikääntyneiden kodeissa todettiin yleisesti ergonomiapuutteita niin rakenteissa, kiintokalustuksessa kuin irtokalustamisessakin. Tilojen valaistus luokiteltiin usein riittämättömäksi, ja yli puolet valaistusvoimakkuuksista jäi valaistussuositusten tasosta. Palveluasunnoissa ergonomiapuutteita oli vähemmän kuin omistus- ja vuokra-asunnoissa. Yksityisasunnoista omakotien ergonomiatekijöissä luokiteltiin enemmän puutteita kuin rivi- ja kerrostaloissa. Yksilöllisten kaatumiseen altistavien vaarojen yhteydet kodin ergonomisiin olosuhteisiin todettiin vähäisiksi. Kalustuksen ja varustuksen ergonomiapuutteita oli kylläkin vähemmän sellaisten ikääntyneiden asunnoissa, joilla oli sekä merkittävä kaatumisalttius että merkittävästi heikentynyt liikuntakyky ja tasapaino. Seurantavuoden aikana 30 % ikääntyneistä ilmoitti kaatuneensa kotona. Kaatuneiden ja kaatumattomien kodeissa ei kuitenkaan todettu merkitseviä eroja ergonomiapuutteissa. Kaatumistapahtumien tarkastelu systeemissä tosin osoitti, että ergonomiatekijät olivat kiinteästi läsnä kaatumisissa, vaikkakin niiden vaikutukset kaatumistapahtumissa vaihtelivat huomattavasti. Yleensä ergonomiatekijä kuitenkin myötävaikutti kaatumiseen. Yksittäisten ergonomiatekijöiden ergonomialuokitusten yhteys kaatumisiin jäi tutkimuksessa osoittamatta. Yksilöllisistä kaatumiseen altistavista vaaroista merkittävä kaatumisalttius sekä merkittävästi heikentynyt liikuntakyky ja tasapaino lisäsivät kaatumisriskiä ja toistuvien kaatumisten ilmaantumista. Merkittävästi alentunut näkökyky ei kuitenkaan lisännyt kaatumisten ilmaantuvuutta, eikä kyseisen vaaraluokituksen käyttö nykymuodossaan ole perusteltua. Kodin ergonomian tarkastelu tiloittain tilankäytön ja järjestyksen, kulkualustojen, kalustuksen ja varustuksen sekä valaistuksen suhteen selkeytti ja laajensi ergonomiatietämystä ikääntyneen kodista. Silti ergonomiaa olisi kyettävä jatkossa arvioimaan yksilöllisemmin. Kaatumistapahtumien systeemien tarkastelu viittasi myös siihen, että ikääntyneen kaatumisen perussyinä olivatkin ergonomiapuutteita useammin ikääntyneen ns. sisäiset syyt ja ilmeiset riskintunnistuksen häiriöt. Kehitetty arviointimenetelmä ei kuitenkaan sovi tällaisenaan laajempaan käyttöön, vaikkakin jo nyt kaatumistapahtuman systeemin tarkastelulla on aiempaa helpompi havaita kodin ergonomian korjauskohteita sekä löytää ikääntyneet, joille ergonomiset ja geronteknologiset turvaratkaisut, riskintunnistuksen kohentaminen tai toimintakykyä muutoin tukevat toimenpiteet ovat tarpeen.

This thesis describes a concept of telework, its background, diffusion and penetration, the European Framework Agreement on Telework and provides a detailed analysis of home office as one form of telework in Czech Republic and Germany during the financial crisis. Evaluating the impacts of the financial crisis on using this form of flexible working is based on statistical data, researches and case studies from both countries and on interviews with representatives of two companies located in Czech Republic and two companies located in Germany which practice home office. The research is completed with an interview with a telework service provider.

This research is a case study focusing on a group of Chinese teachers working in a senior high school in northern China. It seeks to explore their experiences and perceptions of gender roles, both in the workplace and at home. It aims to discover the impact of cultural values and beliefs on them as well as on their teaching practice, and to explore how they deal with the potential contradictions. There are three questions being addressed in this research: (1) In what way do male and female teachers experience and perceive gender (in)equality at the workplace? (2) In what way do male and female teachers experience and perceive gender (in)equality at home? (3) How do their experiences and perceptions of gender roles influence their teaching practice? The results show that both modernization and communism have positive influences on gender equality. However, tradition and stereotype impose men and women with specific roles and qualities. They influence participants’ domestic life to different extents: decision-making, housework division, attitudes toward marriage, premarital sex and gender preference of their children. Whether caring or paternalistic, parents play a very important role in the family. It also can be seen that women are trying to take an active role in household finance management. At the workplace, the ongoing work-family conflict and stereotype about gender roles hinder women’s career development. The participation and the percentage of female representation in management positions are rather low, even though they are encouraged to take an active role. When seeking employment, women face more frustration than men. In the classroom setting, gender difference can be seen when teachers give criticism and assign legwork. Students are expected to develop different qualities: male students with “male characteristics” and female students with “female characteristics”, as a result of social pressure.

As traditional family roles change and circumstances at home become increasingly varied in contemporary society, the experiences of children also undergo change. For instance, when fathers take on primary caregiving responsibilities, those differing circumstances also impact their children. Therefore, it is important for researchers to study how changing parental roles affect children in the home. Through the use of qualitative research design, this research focuses on how the experiences of children within the home may be impacted when fathers are the primary caregiver. Although previous research has examined several aspects of family dynamics with so-called stay-at-home fathers, research has not yet evaluated how full-time fathering in the home may impact children's educational and school experiences. This thesis describes six fathers' and six mothers' perspectives about their children's school experiences when the father provides childcare in the home while the mother works full-time outside the home. Results suggest that division of roles in a family can affect some areas of children's experiences and responses implied there are multiple interacting variables that contribute to the parental influences on children. Mothers focus on the social experiences of their children as components of overall school experience. Fathers more frequently talked about the emotional and behavioral components of school experience. The results inform the disciplines of family science, teacher education, and school psychology of key considerations when working with children in this nontraditional family arrangement.

This thesis examines how individuals and households of Kao and Liqhobong villages in Lesotho responded to economic challenges resulting from, amongst other factors, the implementation of structural adjustment policies; a decline in work opportunities for Basotho migrants in South Africa; the wider collapse of the regional mining complex, and; continued failure in developing agricultural production. More specifically, the study focuses on individuals and households implicated in unrecognised and unlicensed artisanal diamond mining and who use such mining, in the midst of these economic challenges, as a supplementary means of income or livelihood diversification. Artisanal diamond mining in Lesotho is a livelihood for rural households that is masked by the dominant representation of Lesotho as a labour reserve. Making use of the 'moral economy' and 'human economy' approaches, the thesis explores how artisanal miners in Lesotho engage in diamond digging and selling. It also investigates the constraints they face in a sector that was heavily regulated historically and remains so in post-independence Lesotho, a state which is itself constrained by a regional and global context that makes it difficult to raise the living standards of its citizens. In order to understand the responses of individuals and households in the implicated villages, the thesis combines an historical with an ethnographic approach. As such it examines the conditions artisanal diamond miners have operated under from the 1950s to 2014 when fieldwork for this thesis was conducted. It looks at how artisanal miners and artisanal mining collectives with their own moral economies negotiated the contestation over natural resources with the Lesotho state and international commercial mining companies. In doing so it investigates how the artisanal miners positioned themselves in relation to the law; claims to ownership over land; the international market for diamonds; and society. As an economic activity artisanal diamond mining is viewed in relation to the larger social processes in which it is embedded and from which it derives meaning. As such this thesis tells a story of conflict, violence and resistance; a story that remains pertinent, given the current debates about economic democracy in contexts of natural resource wealth. In my analysis, I pay particular attention to the role of women in ASM in Lesotho. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Anthropology and Archaeology / PhD / Unrestricted

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how stay-at-home fathers view their role as the primary caregiver, and how they encounter opposing masculinity issues. This is explored through discussion about daily life, the decision to stay home, and household labor, a particularly interesting reflection of gender roles and equality. The two research questions used to explore this included: How do stay-at-home fathers understand their masculinity and social role? How does talk about the negotiation of household labor in stay-at-home father/career mother families illustrate masculinity issues? Through an analysis of interviews of eight present or past stay-at-home fathers, I capture the ways that these fathers describe and discuss the stay-at-home parent role. By looking at how these men define and interpret the specific challenges they face while in this role, I help tell the stories of stay-at-home father/career mother families, and understand whether these families, too, experience Hochschild's "stalled revolution."

Physical activity is a well-known protective factor against poorer mental health outcomes. Feelings of depression, social isolation, and stress have increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures implemented to mitigate the spread of the virus have had some unintended consequences on older adults’ physical and mental health. Researchers and government officials recommend physical activity to minimize the negative psychological and physiological impacts of COVID-19. However, older adults have generally shown less moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and positive behavioural adaptations during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting a need for physical activity programs and strategies targeted for older adults. Filling this gap, the current study developed and implemented a remote exercise training program for older adults. Employing a measurement burst design with repeated ecological momentary assessments, the current longitudinal randomized control study examined the dynamic relationships of physical activity, depressive symptoms, social isolation, and COVID-19 related stress in older adults. The results from multilevel model analyses showed: (1) the exercise training program was effective in increasing physical activity; (2) sex, age, and group assignment were significant predictors of physical activity; (3) physical activity did not reduce depressive symptoms over time; (4) social isolation is directly associated with depressive symptoms; and (5) COVID-19 stress is inversely associated with depressive symptoms. At-home physical activity programming could be an effective way to increase physical activity among older adults; thus, more research into at-home physical activity programs is needed. / Graduate