A study of subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (SDH) with special reference to the Portuguese context. On the one hand it accounts for a descriptive analysis of SDH in various European countires with the aim of arriving at the norms that govern present practices and that may be found in the form of guidelines and / or in actual subtitled products. On the other hand, it is the result of an Action Research project that aimed at contributing towards the improvement of SDH practices in Portugal. These two lines of research are brought together in the proposal of a set of guidlines -Sistema de legendagem vkv - for the provision of SDH on Portuguese television. This research positions itself within the tradition of Translation Studies (TS) by taking a descriptive approach to its subject. Nonetheless it takes a step beyond to seek reasons and to propose change rather then simply to describe objects and actions. Given its topic and methodological approach, this research also drank for other fields of knowledge, such as Deaf Studies, Sociology, Linguistics and Cinema Studies, amongst others. In this contect SDH is addresssed as a service to Deaf and Hard - of - Hearing viewers, thus implying a functional approach to all that it entails. In order to arrive at an emcompassing understanding of the subject, in the body of this work we may find a summary of the history of SDH as well as an overview of the overriding and specific issues that characterise this type of subtitling. Following this, the Portuguese situation is made known through the account of five case studies that were carried out in the course of 2002 and 2003. In response to the needs and requirements of Portuguese Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing viewers, the proposed set of guidelines is based on the special concern for adequacy and readability and is envisaged as a useful tool for students and practitioners of SDH.

For those who are not new to the world of Japanese animation, known mainly as anime, the debate of "dub vs. sub" is by no means anything out of the ordinary, but rather a very heated argument amongst fans. The study will focus on the differences in the US English version between the two approaches of translating audio-visual media, namely subtitling (official subtitles and fanmade subtitles) and dubbing, in a qualitative context. More precisely, which of the two approaches can store the most information from the same audiovisual segment, in order to satisfy the needs of the anime audience. In order to draw substantial conclusions, the analysis will be conducted on a corpus of 1 episode from the first season of the popular mid-nineties TV animated series, Sailor Moon. The main objective of this research is to analyze the three versions and compare the findings to what anime fans expect each of them to provide, in terms of how culture specific terms are handled, how accurate the translation is, localization, censorship, and omission. As for the fans’ opinions, the study will include a survey regarding the personal preference of fans when it comes to choosing between the official subtitled version, the fanmade subtitles and the dubbed version.

This thesis focuses on translation norms of professional and amateur film subtitles. Adopting a descriptive approach, it first tries to establish recommended and actual technical and linguistic norms of translated film subtitles. Then, based on 109 films and corresponding 133 amateur and 101 professional subtitles, it quantitatively investigates which technical norms are actually upheld. The result is that actual technical norms of both groups are markedly different from the recommended ones and also slightly different from each other. Last, it qualitatively compares one amateur and one professional subtitles. Keywords: audiovisual translation, subtitling, amateur translation, fansubbing, translation norms 1

Contemporary scholars have been studying audiovisual translation for the past twenty years. However, health communication has never yet been included as a part of the audiovisual material under discussion. The goal of this thesis is to create Russian subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing from the original English version of The Three Amigos, a series of PSAs (Public service announcements) regarding the prevention of HIV/AIDS, and to analyse and discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of this work. After analysing the current situation on HIV/AIDS in Russia and Belarus, I use this series entitled The Three Amigos as an example of health communication that works, and therefore, should be accessible to more viewers. The thesis is organised into three chapters. Following a general introduction, Chapter 1 discusses health communication, presents statistics on HIV/AIDS in Russia and Belarus, and provides an example of health communication that fulfills its functions – public service announcements on HIV/AIDS prevention in the form of The Three Amigos. Chapter 2 discusses the necessity of subtitling for the target audience, and emphasises the fact that people with hearing impairment need special subtitles that differ from the ones that are suitable for viewers without hearing impairment. Chapter 3 contains the analysis of the subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing that I created for this project. Finally, the conclusion summarises the findings of this research, and addresses possible directions for future projects on this topic.

Hierdie studie handel oor die Engelse onderskrifte in Afrikaanse televisieprogramme oor verskillende genres. Dit ondersoek die verskynsels asook die gehalte in en van die intertalige onderskrifte. Dit is _ vergelykende teksstudie met die doel om aanbevelings vir verbeterde onderskrifte te gee. Daar word _ deeglike literatuurstudie gedoen om agtergrond vir die navorsing te skep. Die data word ingesamel en gekategoriseer om geanaliseer te word sodat ingeligte gevolgtrekkings gemaak kan word. Daar is bevind dat die Afrikaanse televisieprogramme wat ondersoek is, substandaard Engelse onderskrifte het en dat die meeste foute is as gevolg van die minagting van die onderskrifskeppingsreëls. Die verhandeling sluit af deur aanbevelings te maak oor hoe dit verbeter kan word. / This study considers English subtitles in Afrikaans television programs in different genres. It researches the phenomena, as well as the standard of the interlingual subtitles. It is a comparative text study and has the goal of creating recommendations for better subtitles. A thorough literature study was done to provide background for the coming research. The data was collected and categorised to be analysed to reach an informed conclusion. The study found that the researched Afrikaans television programs have substandard subtitles and that the most mistakes were because of ignoring the subtitling rules. The dissertation concludes by making suggestions on how to better it. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Afrikaans / MA / Unrestricted

La traducción del humor es uno de los más grandes desafíos para el traductor en el campo de la traducción audiovisual. Además, la diversidad de receptores hace que el trabajo del traductor sea aún más desafiante, ya que el traductor debe intentar en lo posible que no se pierda el sentido original del segmento a traducir, y que el producto en algunos casos sea apto tanto para niños como para adultos. La presente investigación se centrará en analizar la recepción del humor en el doblaje de la serie animada Hora de aventura en niños de 7 a 11 años y jóvenes adultos de 18 a 22 años del Perú, teniendo en cuenta que existen factores como las técnicas empleadas en la traducción del producto cultural que podrían afectar la percepción del mismo; en particular, la comprensión del doble sentido, ya que el empleo de ciertas técnicas de traducción pueden conllevar un acercamiento o alejamiento del producto al receptor. Mediante encuestas a 4 grupos de 25 estudiantes (2 grupos conformados por niños y 2 por adultos) se indagará en la comprensión que tuvieron sobre las bromas de doble sentido en el doblaje de la serie. / Translating humor is one of the greatest challenges for a translator when it comes to Audiovisual Translation (AVT). This, along with the diversity of receptors, makes the translator's job even more complex, as the translator must find a way to preserve the original meaning of the segment to be translated, and in some cases make sure that the product is suitable for both children and adults. For this reason, the research main focus is to analyze the reception of children, from 7 to 11 years old, and young adults, from 18 to 22 years old, of the dubbed version of the animated series Adventure Time, taking into account that there are factors, such as the techniques used in the translation of the cultural product, that could affect its perception; in particular, the understanding of the double meaning, since the use of certain translation techniques may help the text be easier for receptors to understand the message, or conversely, make it difficult to understand. By conducting surveys of 4 groups of 25 students (2 groups made up of children and 2 other groups made up of adults), we will investigate their understanding of the double meaning jokes in the dubbed version of the series. / Trabajo de investigación

El doblaje y la subtitulación son las dos modalidades de traducción audiovisual (TAV) más practicadas en la actualidad que permiten al público tener acceso a películas extranjeras en su lengua materna. Y Perú no es ajeno a esta realidad. Sin embargo, los estudios en el campo del doblaje y la subtitulación orientados a las preferencias del público por una u otra modalidad son escasos en Latinoamérica y, en particular, en Perú. Para subsanar este vacío, el presente estudio cuantitativo busca dar a conocer cuáles son las preferencias de los estudiantes universitarios en torno al doblaje y a la subtitulación de géneros de cine, así como las opiniones sobre cada una de estas modalidades. Se empleó una metodología cuantitativa por medio de un muestreo de tipo intencional que incluyó la aplicación de 200 encuestas a estudiantes de dos universidades (una privada y una pública) de Lima, Perú, y su posterior análisis. Los resultados mostraron que hay una mayor preferencia por la subtitulación y que los géneros que mejor se adecúan a esta modalidad son el drama, el romance y la ciencia ficción. Por otro lado, el género animado es el más adecuado para ser doblado según los encuestados. Asimismo, a partir de las diversas opiniones en torno a la TAV, se puede inferir que existe cierto desconocimiento por parte de los encuestados en cuanto a los procesos y la naturaleza de este tipo de traducción. / At present, dubbing and subtitling are the two most practiced modes of audiovisual translation (AVT), which allow the public to watch foreign movies in their mother tongue. Peru is not alien to that reality. Nevertheless, there are very few studies in Latin America, and more specifically in Peru, focusing on the public preferences for one mode of AVT or the other. In this sense, this quantitative study seeks to know the preferences of university students in regards to dubbing and subtitling of film genres, as well as the opinions about any of these modes. This study employed a quantitative methodology (surveys) with a purposive sample of 200 students from two universities in Lima, Peru (one private and one public). The results showed that there is a greater preference for subtitling and the genres that best suit this mode are drama, romance, and science fiction. As for dubbing, animation is the genre most suitable to be dubbed according to respondents. In addition, considering our respondents’ opinions about AVT, we can infer that their knowledge of the processes and nature of AVT is very limited. / Tesis

En esta investigación se analizaron la construcción y la traducción de las masculinidades gay en la serie Looking, en sus doblajes para América Latina y España. La investigación se basó en datos empíricos producidos a partir de un corpus multimodal bilingüe. El análisis se basó en los Estudios Descriptivos de la Traducción. Así, se identificaron las funciones del habla camp y discursos que proponen que la identidad gay se significa a partir de la expresión del deseo y que dicho deseo construye de manera diferenciada el cuerpo blanco y masculino frente al cuerpo racializado. En esta configuración discursiva y que integra el camp, el doblaje latinoamericano y peninsular procesan las representaciones diferenciadamente. La versión peninsular recurre a estrategias de naturalización y de recreación; mientras que la versión para Latinoamérica recurre sobre todo a formas de fidelidad lingüística y estandarización sin crear un sentido comunitario gay localizado. In this research, the author analyzes the construction and translation of gay masculinities in HBO’s series Looking, and in its dubbed versions for Latin America and Spain. The methods and analysis were based on Descriptive Translation Studies and on empirical data produced from a multimodal bilingual corpus. The results reveal how camp (in its linguistic form) and the discourses supporting gay identifications function through the expression of homoerotic desire and community. This desire is represented from the standpoint of white and conventionally masculine characters, while eroticizing the racially marked bodies. These discursive practices, including camp talk, are processed differently in the Latin American and Spanish dubbed versions. The peninsular version uses naturalization and recreation strategies while the version for Latin America resorts above all to forms of linguistic fidelity and standardization without creating a sense of a localized gay community. / Tesis

Similes are present in all kinds of verbal communication as they can exemplify difficult concepts by comparing them to more familiar ones, create unique imagery by combining two unexpected topics or help a person express their thoughts more accurately. However, they can be problematic to translate, especially in subtitles, where both time and space are limited. This study reveals what kinds of strategies Swedish and Finnish translators use when they translate various types of similes in the subtitles of the American sitcom How I Met your Mother and compares the preferences between the two target languages. The results show the most frequent approach is to translate word-for-word, while a wide range of alternative translations also exists in spite of the differences between the two target texts. / <p>Författarens ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9999-9210</p>

Le doublage, mode de TAV le plus répandu en France, est peu étudié par les chercheurs, pour diverses raisons : difficulté matérielle à saisir la parole orale, dévalorisation culturelle d’un mode né de la volonté des studios américains de toucher un public de masse, impossibilité d’assigner au film un auteur dans une production collective. Mais un cinéma d’auteur existe, en marge du système hollywoodien et donc peu représenté aux États-Unis. Woody Allen, cinéaste américain indépendant des majors, est un cas à part : il a su préserver son autonomie artistique tout en usant de réseaux internationaux de diffusion pour s'assurer une véritable reconnaissance en France, grâce aux VOST et VD de ses films. Cinéma d'auteur et doublage sont pourtant antinomiques : l'un s'adresse à un public élitiste, l'autre s'avère ontologiquement lié à une diffusion de masse. Au cœur de ce paradoxe, la mise en français des films d'Allen doit osciller entre deux pôles, l’un tourné vers la parole de l’auteur, l’autre vers la facilitation du travail du spectateur. On étudie ici comment le doublage a pu négocier en diachronie les contradictions de cette situation et quelle place l’auteur occupe encore en VD. L’approche se fonde sur les théories de la réception et les concepts d’Auteur et Spectateur Modèle qui permettent d’appréhender le fonctionnement des diverses instances en jeu dans le contrat de spectature. Basée sur un corpus de 9 comédies couvrant différents genres abordés par Allen en 30 ans, cette étude descriptive et contrastive compare les VO des films, les traductions éditées en français et les VD en utilisant les outils traductologiques de la théorie bermanienne des tendances déformantes. / Dubbing is the most common AVT technique in France but few scientific studies have beenconducted on the subject, due to everal factors: the difficulty in understanding oral speech, the cultural devaluation of a mode of translation initiated by the American studios to target the masses or the impossibility of assigning an author to a collective production.Nonetheless, a Cinéma d’auteur exists, far from Hollywood studios, and thus quite rare inthe American film system. Woody Allen, an American director independent from theMajors, is a unique example: he has been able to preserve his artistic autonomy while using international distribution channels. They have brought him a real fame in France, thanks tosubtitled and dubbed versions of his films. Cinéma d’auteur and dubbing can however beregarded as an antinomy as the former is supposed to address an elite and the latter isontologically tied to mass media. The « Frenchification » of Allen’s films lies at the veryheart of that paradox and demands a balance between two poles, one leading towards theauthor’s speech, and the other towards the facilitation of the spectator’s work. This dissertation seeks to understand how dubbing has negotiated the contradictions at the veryheart of this situation, and what room is ascribed to the author in the dubbed versions,between the Model Author and Addressee as defined by the reception theories. Based onexamples taken from nine of Allen’s comedies over a 30-year period, this descriptive diachronic and comparative study contrasts the original versions of the films with their translations in French editions and their dubbed versions, using Berman’s theory of « deforming tendancies ».