This thesis focuses on the transfer of Czech linguistic and cultural characteristics through English subtitles. Using four Oscar-nominated Czech films, it endeavours to explain to what extent English subtitles can influence and assist the understanding and artistic values of a Czech feature film when screened to a foreign audience. The paper is of a theoretical- empirical nature. Firstly, the parameters of audiovisual translation are described, together with the technical and linguistic features of subtitling, followed by a definition of culture-bound references categories. As part of the research, Western understanding and appreciation of Czech artistic heritage is summarised. The empirical part presents an analysis of culture- bound references transfer. Excerpts are taken from the Czech films The Wild Bees (Divoké včely), Up and Down (Horem pádem), Divided We Fall (Musíme si pomáhat) and I Served the King of England (Obsluhoval jsem anglického krále). The results of the analysis are contrasted with a survey on the reception of The Wild Bees film conducted with native speakers of English. Keywords audiovisual translation (AVT), subtitling, ideological and aesthetic reception, culture-bound references, Oscar, Czech feature film

Le droit à la culture devrait être universel, puisqu’il est essentiel au développement personnel de l’individu et à l’enrichissement de sa qualité de vie. De nos jours, les médias audiovisuels jouent un rôle majeur au sein de la culture. Dans une société visant un idéal d’inclusion sociale, l’audiodescription (AD) se révèle d’une grande utilité puisqu’elle garantit au public malvoyant l’accès à l’immense partie de la culture que représentent les médias audiovisuels. Le but de ce mémoire est de promouvoir l’accessibilité des médias en observant les différences de pratique entre le Royaume- Uni, l’Espagne, la France et l’Allemagne, puis en les classifiant selon leur origine. Ce travail interdisciplinaire relève des domaines de la traductologie, de la linguistique cognitive et de l’étude cinématographique. Il vise à définir des critères de qualité applicables aux quatre pays concernés et à faciliter la traduction de scripts d’AD. L’analyse contrastive du corpus multimodal quadrilingue composé des trente-trois premières minutes d’AD du film britannique The King’s Speech en anglais, allemand, français et espagnol permet de définir les principales similitudes et différences entre les quatre versions. Les analogies constatées sont considérées comme les indicateurs d’un degré élevé de neutralité. Les divergences entre les versions peuvent quant à elles être attribuées à trois facteurs : l’adaptation du texte audiovisuel cible à la culture cible, l’application ou le non-respect des directives en vigueur dans le pays de culture cible et enfin la subjectivité du descripteur. Cette dernière catégorie regroupe la majorité des différences entre les quatre versions. Le corpus analysé ici semble désigner la neutralité de l’AD comme un critère de qualité majeur permettant d’éviter de trop grandes divergences entre l’AD d’un même film dans différentes langues.

[pt] O mercado de tradução para legendagem de programas de TV sofre com a carência de profissionais, constatação que se baseia numa experiência pessoal de doze anos de atuação nessa área. A presente dissertação busca investigar os motivos dessa carência e propor as bases para um curso de formação de legendadores, a partir de uma perspectiva polissistêmica e descritivista da tradução e de uma visão pós-estruturalista do ensino. A proposta aqui apresentada fundamentou-se em um levantamento das competências e habilidades que todo tradutor para legendas precisa desenvolver, elaborado a partir de entrevistas realizadas com importantes atores do polissistema de tradução para legendagem, bem como na análise das normas, coerções e mecanismos de controle com os quais o legendador se vê obrigado a lidar em sua atividade. A reflexão desenvolvida contempla questões metodológicas e de conteúdo e aborda as peculiaridades que caracterizam a tradução para legendas, procurando oferecer uma alternativa que contraponha uma ênfase na formação ao caráter de treinamento que costuma estar associado à maioria dos cursos atualmente disponíveis. Pretende-se, dessa forma, garantir a maior aproximação e interação entre academia e mercado de trabalho, o que deverá redundar em benefício para ambos. / [en] The television subtitling market suffers from a shortage of professionals, as has been attested by twelve years of personal experience in the industry. The purpose of this research was to investigate the reasons behind this shortage and suggest the basis for implementing a course program on subtitling for TV from a descriptive and polysystemic perspective on translation and a poststructuralist view on education. The proposal presented was based on a list of competencies and abilities every subtitle translator must develop, elaborated from interviews with important actors in the translation for subtitles polysystem, and on the analysis of the norms, constraints and control mechanisms with which the subtitler must deal in his or her professional capacity. The considerations brought forth contemplate methodological and content issues and tackle the peculiarities of subtitling, aiming to offer an alternative to the emphasis on training rather than on education which is usually associated with most courses currently available. Thus, this dissertation intends to guarantee a greater interchange between university and industry, which should bring about benefits for both.

nÃo hà / BjÃrk extravasa criatividade com sua arte singular e, assim, tem inovado e influenciado setores midiÃticos importantes, como os da indÃstria fonogrÃfica, da arte fotogrÃfica e digital e de video making. Com o seu Ãlbum mais recente, Vulnicura (BJÃRK, 2015n), a artista islandesa exprime um forte sentimento de dor que atinge seu Ãpice em Black Lake (2015c), quarta faixa do disco. A partir do texto poÃtico, composto pela letra dessa mÃsica, investigo como ocorreu a transmutaÃÃo da subjetividade de BjÃrk atravÃs da traduÃÃo intersemiÃtica desse texto-signo para trÃs polissistemas distintos: mÃsica, imagem e vÃdeo. Para tanto, proponho um diÃlogo, dentre outros, com os estudos de Jakobson (1992), Plaza (2003) e Pierce (2000), que tÃm trabalhos importantes sobre esse tipo de traduÃÃo, para compor a primeira parte da fundamentaÃÃo teÃrica desta investigaÃÃo. Ademais, baseio-me nas pesquisas de KÃhl (2008), Barthes (1977) e Goodwin (1992), que tratam, respectivamente, de traduÃÃes midiÃticas para mÃsica, imagem e vÃdeo, para compor os elementos especÃficos de anÃlise do corpus em estudo e, juntamente com outros autores, poder analisÃ-lo a partir de um referencial teÃrico mais heterogÃneo. Os resultados apontam para a maestria de BjÃrk, refletida na evidÃncia de sua capacidade artÃstica de transmutar singularmente a sensaÃÃo de dor â e, por extensÃo, transcriar-se a si mesma â para as trÃs dimensÃes sÃgnicas supracitadas, aguÃando esse elemento em suas traduÃÃes. Conclui-se, portanto, que a presente pesquisa se faz relevante para o fomento dos Estudos da TraduÃÃo e, mais especificamente, para proporcionar melhor compreensÃo sobre fenÃmenos concernentes à traduÃÃo intersemiÃtica. / BjÃrk goes beyond creativity with her unique art and thus has innovated and influenced important media sectors, such as the music, the photographic and digital art, and the video making industries. With her latest album, Vulnicura (BJÃRK, 2015n), the Icelandic artist expresses a keen sense of pain that reaches its apex in Black Lake (2015c), the fourth track of the disc. From the poetic text, composed by the lyrics of that song, I investigate how the transmutation of BjÃrkâs subjectivity happened through the intersemiotic translation of that text-sign to three different polysystems: music, image and video. Therefore, I propose a dialogue, among others, with the studies of Jakobson (1992), Plaza (2003) and Pierce (2000), who have important works on intersemiotic translation, to compose the first part of the theoretical foundation of this research. In addition, I ground it in the investigations of KÃhl (2008), Barthes (1977) and Goodwin (1992), who deal, respectively, with media translations to music, image and video, to compose the specific elements of analysis of the corpus here studied and, along with other authors, to be able to analyze it from a more heterogeneous theoretical framework. The results point to the mastery of BjÃrk by evidence of her artistic ability to uniquely transmutate the sensation of pain â and, by extension, to transcreate her own self â to those three sign dimensions, reinforcing such an element in her translations. It follows, therefore, that this research is relevant to the development of the Translation Studies and, more specifically, to provide better understanding of phenomena concerning the intersemiotic translation.

"Les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual: descripció i representació lexicogràfica" aborda l'estudi de les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual de comèdies de situació originals i doblades de l'anglès al català. En la tesi es descriuen les interjeccions des de diferents perspectives i, després d'analitzar-ne la representació als diccionaris, es proposa una aplicació lexicogràfica electrònica bilingüe. / "Les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual: descripció i representació lexicogràfica", PhD studies interjections in an audiovisual corpus of sitcoms, both original and dubbed from English into Catalan. Interjections are described from different perspectives and, after analysing their representation in dictionaries, a bilingual electronic lexicographical tool is proposed.

This thesis investigates the use of the pragmatic particles (PPs) 'enfin' and 'écoute' in French film dialogue, and their translations in British English subtitles. Using a corpus of nine films and eight episodes drawn from two television series – all released in the UK between 2005 and 2015, and equating to approximately twenty-two hours – the study identifies tokens across a much wider range of contexts than has previously been possible using traditional corpora. The main contribution is an analysis of PP functions. The results for 'enfin' show a different functional distribution of the particle to other corpora, with corrective 'enfin' occurring significantly less frequently. The relatively large number of tokens of performative and emotional (or affective) 'enfin' allows for an elaboration of these two categories, and a tendency is observed for 'enfin' to appear as an apparent disagreement mitigator in discussions between peers. With regard to 'écoute', it is argued that écoute1 functions as a face-threat mitigator in unequal relationships and écoute2 as an FTA, although the particle is multifunctional and some tokens exhibit characteristics of both categories. Attention is given to combinations of 'enfin' and 'écoute' with other particles: while there is a clear tendency for disagreement-mitigating 'enfin' to co-occur with 'mais', and for the precision and restrictive subcategories of the corrective to co-occur with 'je veux dire', other previously documented combinations ('enfin bon' and 'ben écoute') are not frequently occurring in the present corpus. The thesis also makes a significant contribution to the field of Audiovisual Translation (AVT). The English subtitles show high rates of omission for both particles consistent with previous research, with disagreement-mitigating 'enfin' particularly vulnerable to omission. However, the analysis reveals a surprising pattern regarding 'écoute': a clear division of labour between ‘look’ (used to translate more confrontational tokens) and ‘listen’ (more conciliatory and socially distant). The study includes an experimental analysis of the subtitles relative to their character limits, demonstrating a potential new approach for researchers wishing to investigate the impact of various subtitling constraints.

Submitted by WALKIRIA FRANÇA VIEIRA E TEIXEIRA null (walkiriateixeira@bol.com.br) on 2016-03-15T14:26:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado-WalkiriaTeixeira.pdf: 7185012 bytes, checksum: cde9f5b330243bb444a632477fa3b7bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-15T14:58:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_wfv_dr_sjrp.pdf: 7185012 bytes, checksum: cde9f5b330243bb444a632477fa3b7bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T14:58:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_wfv_dr_sjrp.pdf: 7185012 bytes, checksum: cde9f5b330243bb444a632477fa3b7bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a manutenção do humor no texto midiático, a partir da compilação e análise de três corpora paralelos das legendas em inglês e de suas respectivas traduções para o português dos episódios de três temporadas de cada uma das sitcoms Seinfeld, Friends e The Simpsons. Buscamos analisar elementos que pudessem contribuir para desencadear o humor nas sitcoms, e levantar se as ocorrências de humor seriam recorrentes aos diferentes tipos de sitcoms. Abordamos os estudos sobre humor desenvolvidos por Raskin (1979, 1985), Attardo e Raskin (1991), Attardo (1994, 2002, 2008) e Vandaele (1999b, 2010); os estudos sobre a Tradução do Humor Audiovisual feitos por Gottlieb (1992, 1998, 2005), Martinez-Sierra (2003, 2004), Carvalho (2005), Díaz-Cintas e Sánchez (2006), Díaz-Cintas e Remael (2007) e Veiga (2006, 2009). Apoiamo-nos na abordagem interdisciplinar adotada por Camargo (2007, 2008), a qual se fundamenta no arcabouço teórico-metodológico dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus lançados por Baker (1993, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2004), para a investigação de ocorrências dos vocábulos, além da metodologia da Linguística de Corpus adotada por Berber-Sardinha (2004). Contamos com o auxílio dos programas computacionais WordSmith Tools e Align Assist para auxiliar no levantamento dos dados. Os resultados apontaram que a frequência de Advérvios de Negação, Intensificadores e Interjeições presentes nas legendas das sitcoms podem se caracterizar como elementos constitutivos do humor. / The objective of this study was to analyze the maintenance of humor in the media text, starting from the compilation and analysis of a parallel corpus of English subtitles and their translations into Portuguese, from the episodes of three seasons of each sitcoms: Seinfeld, Friends and The Simpsons. We analyze the elements that could contribute to trigger the humor in the sitcoms, searching if the occurrences of humor would be recurring to the different types of sitcoms. We based our research in the studies of humor developed by Raskin (1979, 1985), Attardo and Raskin (1991), Attardo (1994, 2002, 2008) and Vandaele (1999b, 2010); the studies of Audiovisual Humour Translation made by Gottlieb (1992, 2001, 2005), Martinez-Sierra (2003, 2004), Carvalho (2005), Díaz-Cintas and Sánchez (2006), Díaz-Cintas and Remael (2007) and Veiga (2006, 2009). We rely on the interdisciplinary approach adopted by Camargo (2007, 2008), which is based on the theoretical and methodological framework of Corpus-Based Translation Studies proposed by Baker (1993, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2004), as well as the Corpus Linguistics methodology adopted by Berber-Sardinha (2004), in order to investigate vocabulary occurrences. We rely on the assistance of computer softwares WordSmith Tools and Align Assist to help with data collection. The results pointed that the frequency of Denial Adverbs, Intensifiers and Interjections present in the sitcoms subtitles’ can be characterized as humor elements’ constituents.

The master's thesis deals with simultaneous film interpreting and pre-prepared electronic subtitles at film festivals in the Czech Republic. Simultaneous film interpreting used to be a widespread mode of audiovisual translation at film festivals. However, today it has been mostly replaced with subtitles; these are often pre-prepared electronic subtitles manually projected under the film screen by a so-called subtitle launcher. These types of audiovisual translation are generally characterized in the theoretical part of the thesis. In the empirical part, the research first focuses on film interpreting at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. As films are no longer interpreted at the festival, the research method of interviews with the then interpreters was chosen. Based on the information obtained from the interviews, it is described how films were interpreted and what working conditions interpreters had. General information on film interpreting was also gathered during the interviews. The second chapter of the empirical part deals with pre-prepared subtitles: first with the process of subtitle launching and subtitle launchers' working conditions, and then with the audience's opinion, which was elicited in a questionnaire survey at the Summer Film School Uherske Hradiste. The questionnaire...

This thesis will examine interlingual subtitles for online media. The research takes place within the descriptive translation studies paradigm. The source material consists of subtitles for a selection of webcasts found on the video sharing platform YouTube. The analysis will examine how the original dialogue has been translated as well as the form that the subtitles are presented in. An analysis of norm governed subtitles for television programs that follow established subtitling norms will also be made for comparison. Online media and broadcast media are divided into a dynamic and static category respectively in order to treat webcasts as an individual form of media. Dynamic media is defined as digital media created for the Internet, and static media is defined as media created for televised broadcasts. The results do not include qualitative assessments but have shown that subtitles for webcasts do not follow subtitling norms and display a wide range of unconventional approaches. The determining factor that illustrates the nature of webcast subtitles is attributed the diverse group of people writing them.

Voices and Silences: Exploring English and French Versions at the National Film Board of Canada, 1939-1974 Abstract The National Film Board of Canada (NFB) is unique as a state-sponsored filmmaking institution for its bilingualism: it has consistently produced and distributed films in English and French and made versions of some of those films in the opposite language. This doctoral thesis fills a gap in existing literature on the NFB and in translation studies by taking the versions as its object of study. The corpus is drawn from the vast body of audiovisual productions made by the NFB between 1939 and 1974, when voice-over was the preferred mode of audiovisual translation. Voice-over can refer to either the translated narration that replaces the original voice of narration-led documentaries, or to the audiovisual voice-over of documentaries built around interviews and spontaneous speech. Against the backdrop of asymmetrical language relations between English and French in Canada, this thesis offers a retelling of the NFB’s early history that emphasizes the intertwining threads of English and French production and identifies several approaches to version making. From 1939 to the mid-1950s, with English-language production dominant at the NFB and little original production in French, versions from English to French were a central element of film in Quebec. They bear witness to an interventionist approach to translating, whereby the original film is treated as raw material that can be shaped to appeal to local audiences. Subsequently, an increase in French original production, reflecting changing documentary aesthetics and growing nationalism in Quebec, led to a correspondingly higher number of French-to-English versions. These versions adopted a mediating approach by adding a narrator’s voice in English to originals that eschewed narration, bringing the innovative French films into conformity with the traditional model. The period from 1967 to 1974 is one of fragmentation and is characterized by a high level of non-translation, whether of the Challenge for Change/Société nouvelle films or those of Studio D. The few films that were versioned, however, showed great sensitivity to language. Non-translation of a different kind can be found in many Aboriginal films produced at the NFB. The NFB’s long-standing commitment to translation makes it a valuable site for studying audiovisual translation practices and changing language relations in Canada. Voix et silences : Une exploration des versions anglaises et françaises produites par l’Office national du film du Canada, 1939-1974 Résumé L’Office national du film du Canada (ONF), institution financée par l’État pour la création d’œuvres cinématographiques, se distingue par son bilinguisme, car il a toujours produit et distribué ses films en anglais ou en français tout en prenant soin de fournir une version dans la langue opposée. La thèse se penche sur ces versions et vient combler un vide dans les recherches sur l’ONF ainsi qu’en traductologie. Le corpus à l’étude provient d’une vaste production audiovisuelle réalisée entre 1939 et 1974, époque où le mode de traduction privilégié des documentaires était la voix hors-champ. Ce terme désigne autant la narration traduite qui remplace la voix originale que la voix en surimposition utilisée pour les entrevues et le discours spontané. La thèse relate les débuts de l’ONF dans le contexte des relations asymétriques entre l’anglais et le français au Canada et porte un regard neuf sur les liens entre les studios anglophones et francophones en plus de décrire certaines tendances dans la production de versions. De 1939 jusqu’au milieu des années 1950, lorsque l’anglais dominait, par rapport aux rares films produits originalement en français, les versions françaises traduites de l’anglais contribuèrent substantiellement à la cinématographie québécoise. Elles témoignent d’une stratégie de traduction interventionniste, par laquelle le film original est considéré comme une matière première que l’on peut manipuler afin d’accrocher le public local. Par suite d’un changement dans l’esthétique du documentaire et de la montée du nationalisme québécois, les originaux en langue française s’accrurent et entraînèrent une augmentation des versions du français à l’anglais. Celles-ci usèrent d’un mode de médiation qui consistait à rajouter une voix narrative anglophone aux films novateurs en français, du fait qu’ils avaient évacué la narration, soumettant ainsi les créations originales au modèle traditionnel. La période de 1967 à 1974 en est une de fragmentation se caractérisant par un nombre élevé de films non traduits, tels que ceux produits dans le cadre du programme Challenge for Change/Société nouvelle ou par le Studio D. Les quelques productions qui furent traduites, cependant, connurent des versions d’une grande sensibilité linguistique. Un phénomène de non-traduction, mais d’un autre ordre, s’observe par ailleurs dans certains films autochtones. Depuis longtemps, l’ONF s’est engagé à traduire ses productions; c’est ce qui en fait un site riche pour l’étude des pratiques de la traduction audiovisuelle et du changement des relations entre les langues au Canada.