Värdet av ett konstverk på auktionsmarknaden kan bestämmas av ett antal faktorer såsom marknad, trender, smak mm. Även begreppen aura och konstnärens kanonisering kan spela en stor roll för värdet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att ge en inblick i hur aura och kanonisering kan påverka värdet av konst. Det är troligt att det inte finns någon tidigare forskning i större utsträckning som har inriktat sig på detta specifika problem. Tillvägagångssättet är att uppsatsen inleds med en genomgång av begreppen aura och kanonisering samt en kort analys av hur konstvärdering går till i praktiken. Därefter analyseras tre verk, som har sålts till ett lågt pris på kvalitetsauktion i Stockholm, med avseende på konstnärens kanonisering och verkets aura för att försöka utröna hur detta har påverkat värderingen. De tre verken är Carl Johansson, Strandlandskap i aftonljus, Dirck van Baburen (hans efterföljare) Dryckesbroder samt Edv. Stengel, Hamnbild i månsken. Kanon har här definierats som en "kändislista" över väl etablerade konstnärer. Den klassiska kanon bygger på tanken att kvaliteten hos konst objektivt kan bestämmas. Det finns emellertid ett högst subjektivt element i konsten som kan beskrivas som verkets aura. Denna kan beskrivas som det element som finns i ett original men inte i en kopia, dess historia, slitage mm. Till detta hör även konstnärens uttryck av något sinnligt och estetiskt som förmedlar en upplevelse när man betraktar verket. Slutsatsen är att de tre analyserade verken med låg aura och låg kanonisering har sålts till ett förhållandevis lågt pris. Ett av de analyserade verken hade en kanoniserad konstnär (Carl Johansson) men det räckte inte till för att ge en högre värdering.

It is the moment for another extraordinary improvement of photography technology. With the great development of digital technology, some characteristics which are the main reason why photography is photography confront challenges. I question this situation and try to trace back the ¡§genie¡¨ of photography. Therefore, this thesis start the discussion of core elements of photography in phenomenology way, and try to realize the most important characteristics that make photography to be photography from these basic elements. Then the discussions expand out to several phenomenon between people and photo apparatus, including contradictions inside the apparatus and different situations of photographers and models. These topics last from the age of traditional photography to digital photography. At last, this thesis try to analyzes the appearance of digital world, and combine these analyses with the photography characteristics which are just discussed above, makes several classification for the works of digital photography. Above all, this thesis realizes that the most important influence of digitalization to photography is ¡§after¡¨ it. That is, most of the changes is happening in the phase of post-production but the process of photoing. Digitalization increase the way of photography, however, it¡¦s not mean that traditional photography is fading away. In addition, photos can be exist in ¡§pixel¡¨ way by digitalization technology. It also riches the usage and quantity of photo images. In this situation, it seems that these two different symbol systems, images and words, are about to meet each other in digital age.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Hist. lang. et litt. anc.--Bordeaux 3, 2000. / Bibliogr. p. 408-418. Index. Notes bibliogr.

Mannu Bhandari is a critically-acclaimed author in contemporary India. The two stories from Trishanku Aur Anya Kahaniyam (Trishanku and Other Stories), "Trishanku" and "Darar Bharne Ki Darar" ("The Rift of Filling in the Rift"), are presented translated from the original Hindi into English. These stories, written from the viewpoint of adolescent female narrators, explore the concept of rebelling against long-established tradition in India, seen from the standpoint of young persons seeking maturity. Each contains a 'story within a story' wherein a marriage is highlighted: one a non-traditional 'love-marriage,' and the other a traditional, arranged marriage which is unhappy. In addition, there is a commentary in which facets of Mannu Bhandari's literary skill and implications of the above-mentioned themes are considered, and various problems of translating from the Hindi language into English while trying to do justice to a consummate artist are discussed.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2002. / Adviser: Lee Edelman. Submitted to the Dept. of English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 197-212). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

D´ALMEIDA, José Artur Costa. Estudo da ação da toxina botulínica do tipo A na profilaxia da migrânea sem aura. 2004. 94 f. Tese (Doutorado em Farmacologia) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza, 2004. / Submitted by denise santos (denise.santos@ufc.br) on 2012-06-13T13:49:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_tese_jacd'almeida.pdf: 454966 bytes, checksum: b174374f74e8e3b17e2a9fdc594ce2ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Nascimento(elienegvn@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-13T16:51:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_tese_jacd'almeida.pdf: 454966 bytes, checksum: b174374f74e8e3b17e2a9fdc594ce2ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-13T16:51:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2004_tese_jacd'almeida.pdf: 454966 bytes, checksum: b174374f74e8e3b17e2a9fdc594ce2ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the use of botulinum toxin type A in the prophylactic treatment of Migraine is presented. Migraine is a common type of primary, benign, episodic headache. It is characterized by pain usually unilateral and throbbing. Other associated symptoms are nausea, sensitivity to light and sound, or irritability. The pain is usually worsened by physical activity. There are also motor, sensitive, or visual neurological alterations, denominated aura. The physiopathology of migraine is not still perfectly understood but it could involve liberation of vasoactive neuropeptides as Substance P, Neurokinine A, and Calcitonin gene-related peptide, promoting an inflammation. Migraine, then, would be the result of a complex process that would involve the brainstem and induce local inflammation of cranial blood vessels. In spite of the therapeutic options (analgesics, steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, triptans, neuroleptics, ergot derivatives, and opioids) only about one third of patients is satisfied with the treatment. The preventive treatment is appropriate for those that have frequent crises. It was observed that the patients using botulinum toxin for aesthetic treatment of wrinkles of the face, or dystonia presented a reduction in the amount of migraine crises. The botulinum toxin is a potent neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The action of the toxin is to inhibit the acetylcholin liberation from the nerve terminal. It acts also inhibiting the liberation of vasoactive neuropeptides. Therefore, Botulinum Toxin would act exactly in the core of the physiopathologic process of the disease. With the objective of testing possible analgesic effects of botulinum toxin in migraine without aura bearers, we performed a double-blind, controlled, and randomized study. The pain level was measured by scales and by the amount, and number of days of pain in a week, before and after botulinum toxin’s injection in muscles of the face. The placebo group received saline injection. The patients were followed for three months. At the end it was concluded that there was not statistic difference in intensity nor in frequency of the headache of the patients that used botulinum toxin in relation to the people that used placebo (saline). / Estuda através de ensaio duplo cego, controlado, randomizado o efeito da Toxina Botulínica do tipo A na profilaxia de crises de migrânea sem aura. A migrânea é um tipo comum de cefaléia primária, benigna, episódica, e recorrente que se caracteriza por dor geralmente hemicrânica e pulsátil, e que é agravada pela atividade física. Existem outros sintomas associados como náuseas, fotofobia, fonofobia, ou irritabilidade. Na migrânea com aura podem também ocorrer alterações neurológicas motoras, sensitivas, ou visuais denominadas de aura. A migrânea, cuja fisiopatologia ainda não é perfeitamente compreendida, seria o resultado de um processo patológico complexo que envolveria o tronco cerebral e levaria à inflamação local de vasos sangüíneos cranianos através da liberação de neuropeptídeos vasoativos como Substância P (SP), Neurocinina A (NA), e Peptídio Relacionado ao Gene da Calcitonina (PRGC). Apesar das várias opções terapêuticas (analgésicos simples, antiinflamatórios hormonais e não hormonais, triptanos, antipsicóticos, derivados ergotamínicos, e opióides) para tratamento da crise ou para tratamento preventivo, somente cerca de um terço dos pacientes fica satisfeito com o tratamento. Foi observado que pacientes utilizando toxina botulínica para tratamento estético de rugas da face ou distonias apresentavam uma redução na quantidade de crises de migrânea. A toxina botulínica é uma potente neurotoxina produzida pela bactéria Clostridium botulinum. A ação da toxina é impedir a liberação de acetilcolina nos terminais nervosos. Ela também age inibindo a liberação de neuropeptídeos vasoativos. O uso da toxina botulínica nos faria agir exatamente no cerne do processo fisiopatológico da doença. Com o objetivo de testar esse possível efeito analgésico nos pacientes portadores de migrânea sem aura, realizou-se um estudo duplo-cego, controlado, e randomizado. Mediu-se o nível de dor através de escalas para quantificar a intensidade e o número de dias com dor na semana antes e após a injeção de Toxina Botulínica em músculos da face. O grupo controle recebeu SF como placebo. Os pacientes foram seguidos durante três meses. Ao final concluiu-se que não houve diferença estatística na intensidade nem na freqüência da dor de cabeça nos pacientes que usaram a toxina botulínica em relação aos que usaram placebo (SF).

Die Auslöser der Migräne sind weitgehend unbekannt. Eine Cortical Spreading Depression, das pathophysiologische Korrelat der Migräne Aura, führt im Tierexperiment zur Aktivierung des trigeminalen Schmerzsystems. Hieraus resultieren verschiedenste Veränderungen in der Dura mater, zu denen ein verzögerter Blutflussanstieg in der A. meningea media und die Extravasation von Plasmaproteinen gehören. Diese Ereignisse sind mit der Genese von Kopfschmerzen vereinbar. Die Infusion von Nitroglycerin führt zu der Entwicklung einer meningealen Inflammation, welche als Korrelat der verzögerten Migräneattacke nach Nitroglycerin Infusion in Patienten angesehen werden könnte. Die repetitive Gabe von Sumatriptan und Zolmitriptan hat keinen funktionell relevanten Einfluss in experimentellen Paradigmen zur Wirksamkeit von Triptanen. Zudem wird die Expression von Serotonin (5-HT1) Rezeptor mRNA in Geweben mit Relevanz zur Migräne nicht entscheidend verändert. Diese Untersuchungen zeigen neue Pathomechanismen in der Genese der Migräne auf und identifizieren damit bisher unbekannte Ziele, die zur Entwicklung innovativer medikamentöser Strategien zur Behandlung der Migräne dienen können. / The pathophysiological events which initiate a migraine attack are largely unknown. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is supposed to be the pathophysiological correlate of the migraine aura. CSD is able to activate the ipsilateral trigeminal nerve system thereby leading to a series of events within meninges consistent with the notion of headache. In particular, CSD leads to a delayed increase of meningeal blood flow and the extravasation of plasma proteins. In an experimental animal model the infusion of glyceryl trinitrate causes delayed meningeal inflammation. The latter serves as the correlate of delayed migraine attacks after glyceryl trinitrate infusion in susceptible individuals. Protracted administration of sumatriptan and zolmitritpan does not alter the outcome in functional assays that are used to determine the efficacy of triptans. Moreover, the expression of serotonin (5-HT1) receptor mRNA is not significantly attenuated in tissues related to migraine pathophysiology. In summary, these studies shed light on the mechanism leading to migraine headache and thereby identify novel targets for the development of new anti-migraine drugs.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:43:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina Boari Caraciola.pdf: 2530992 bytes, checksum: a4d22054f3ae11364c5b4a48056888c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-19 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Through an interdisciplinary analysis of elements belonging to the fields related to the art and the history of the culture, this study seeks to investigate the interaction among art, publicity and luxury. From understanding the theory related to the de-aureateness of the artwork, proposed by Walter Benjamin - thinker of the School of Frankfurt - we have as a scope to scan in what measure and in what form the publicity takes part in the merchandise aureateness process. In order to achieve this purpose, we elected as a research object the advertising campaign of the brand Louis Vuitton (spring / summer 2007), being drawn, from the luxury market research, from the brand’s history, as well as from the historical scenario where it has been developed, the context necessary for analyzing the said campaign and for understanding the role of publicity in the process of de-aureateness related to the artwork and consequent aureateness of the merchandise. / Por meio de uma análise interdisciplinar de elementos pertencentes aos campos da arte e da história da cultura, o presente estudo busca investigar a interação entre arte, publicidade e luxo. A partir do entendimento da teoria da desauratização da obra de arte, proposta por Walter Benjamin - pensador da Escola de Frankfurt - tem-se como escopo esquadrinhar em qual medida e de que forma a publicidade participa do processo de auratização da mercadoria. Para alcançar esse objetivo, elegeu-se como objeto de pesquisa a campanha publicitária da marca Louis Vuitton (primavera/ verão 2007), traçando-se, a partir do estudo do mercado do luxo, do histórico da grife, bem como do cenário histórico em que esta se desenvolveu, o contexto necessário para a análise da referida campanha e para a compreensão do papel da publicidade no processo de desauratização da obra de arte e conseqüente auratização da mercadoria.

Este trabalho propõe-se à reorganização e releitura de textos benjaminianos que se referem direta ou indiretamente à questão da percepção. Objetiva levar à maturação e sistematização de elementos para uma teoria da percepção benjaminiana que se encontra dispersa em alguns de seus diversos estudos. Aborda o conceito de percepção colocando-o em situação constelacional com outros conceitos como Estética, comentário, critica, percepção ótica, percepção tátil. Discute sobre o conceito de percepção em alguns momentos da tradição filosófica. Reflete sobre os regimes escópicos da modernidade. E discute sobre a compreensão benjaminiana da percepção como leitura. Aborda uma questão fundamental no pensamento benjaminiano sobre os meios audiovisuais que é o conceito de aura. Intenta situar os termos da discussão controversa sobre o declínio da aura e discorre sobre a forma de percepção que predominaria na recepção cinematográfica: a percepção de choque. Avalia a legibilidade da cidade, através de uma reflexão sobre a flânerie e a visão surrealista, entendidas como práticas sociais inspiradoras da original reflexão de Benjamin sobre a percepção. / The present thesis aims to show the result of Walter Benjamins theory of perception texts organization edited in several publishing. Thus, the general concept of perception is divided into other concepts such as Aesthetics, Comment, Criticism, optical perception and Philosophical perception, presenting the scopic regimes of modernity. Besides, it highlights Benjamins concept of perception meaning the same as reading. It also covers a fundamental subject in his thoughts on visual arts: the aura concept. In addition to these aspects, this thesis has the intention to spot not only the claim about the decline of aura, but also the way of perception that predominates in the movies reception: the shock perception. Finally, it evaluates the legibility of city through a reflection on flânerie and the surrealistic vision seen as social practices which inspired Benjamin original reflection on perception.

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