Why is trait self-control associated with successful goal progress? Existing research has attempted to answer this question by focusing on individual differences in the process of goal pursuit. Herein, we propose and test a novel mechanism suggesting that self-control facilitates goal attainment not only by affecting the process of goal pursuit but also the type of goals peo- ple select in the first place. Three studies showed that high (vs. low) self- control individuals are more likely to report successful goal attainment and this association was mediated by their tendency to select the goals that reflect their true/authentic self. These results were obtained using cross-sectional and longitudinal designs and were robust against controlling for previously established mechanisms of the effect of trait self-control on goal attainment (habit strength, experiences of goal-conflicting desires). Overall, there findings contribute to the literatures on self-regulation, authenticity and goal management.

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the declining direction that brand trusthas taken, throughout the past years in the Swedish market. Analyzing the present situation tobe able to build a picture of future solutions that brands could use in trying to build trust. By investigating the cause and then through these defined methods and tools be able to break this trend. Method: With a qualitative method consisting of semi-structured interviews with 7 communication- and marketing agencies within in southern part of Sweden. With the aim of getting an expert view of the problem´s past and present, to be able to build an assumption about the future of brand trust in this market. Theory: A theoretical framework consisting on the definition of brand trust, with a description of the micro- and macro perspectives. With theories about factors behind brand trust and also the markets mistrust of such. Some of which, authenticity, communication, satisfaction and customer loyalty arise as needed to build and uphold trust. These factors are described with the help of models, developed for this paper´s comprehension. Conclusion: The result has indicated that the decline is due to digitization, expectations/satisfaction and confusion for the consumer. Moreover, the result in the long termperspective is to build authenticity and genuineness, choose the right target groups, communicate the right expectations, dare to participate in public topics and build the brand with a purpose. Blockchain has also been located as a possible future solution.

Thesis advisor: Arthur Madigan / The human self and society in general have always been in transition and transformation. Our senses of ourselves and of our society are in dialectical relation with our sense of whether or to what degree we feel part of important dimensions such as religion and politics, which are both an expression of our identity and factors that may sometimes change our identity. In modern western society it seems that identity has shifted from what Charles Taylor calls "embeddedness" in religion to a mode of life where religion is, to a great extent, expected to be a personal matter and even a personal choice. This is not impossible to understand, and historical work shows us that there are important continuities between the modern reason that rejects religion and the religion that it rejects. In this complicated process there is no mistaking the emergence of a democratic politics that rests to a significant degree on the rational project of modernity. We might even say that the success of that politics is one of the most important signs of the success of modern reason. In any case, we see in the west the development of a political system that has made society increasingly secular and religion increasingly private. This is not the case everywhere in the world. In may other places outside the "west" religion and its expressions are more public and individuals consider religion as a significant factor in defining their self-identity. In these places, many people are found expressing and promoting an identity that they consider meaningful in a world that is not fundamentally defined--or only defined--by the sort of secular political system that restricts religious beliefs and practices to the private domain. In these places, there is somewhat less difficulty with the sort of dilemma that we find in many liberal secular parts of the modern west, where even public expressions of religious beliefs are protested or challenged even though the right to such expressions are constitutionally guaranteed for all citizens. The dialectics of religion and politics and their importance in defining human self-identity is the central domain for my research, though I need many detours into other cultural factors in order to substantiate my claims. Bouncing back and forth between western and eastern religious, philosophical, and political perspectives, I finally found some points of contacts in Charles Taylor and Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. They became my focus of this research. Still, I felt it necessary to offer a preliminary account of secularism, as our present context, in order to set the background of my exploration of the works and, in some important respects, the lives of Taylor and Gandhi. Hence, my first chapter is an overview of the sources of secularism in the West and in India. The second chapter deals with the Taylorian understanding of diversity, authenticity, and holistic identity. My third chapter is on Gandhi's understanding of diversity, authenticity, and holistic identity. My fourth and final chapter brings to light my own sense of our prospects for an integral understanding of religion, politics, and self-identity within the contexts of post-religious, post-secular, and post-metaphysical thinking. While claims for secular humanism and secular politics have always been somewhat convincing to me, I was not sure why religion should be necessarily so `problematic' for such a program. In fact, the pathologies of both reason and religion have become more explicit to us today. Secularism seems to repeat the exclusivism of the anti-secular stance of some religions by becoming anti-religious itself. Indeed, among secularists and even atheists there is a general trend to consider religions as intrinsically "anti-humanistic" in nature. It is true that secular humanism has sometimes helped religions to explore how deeply "humanistic" they are at heart, in their revelations and traditions. So perhaps, it is possible to have comprehensive frames and theories of humanism and secularism from within the boundaries of religions themselves without negating or diminishing either the spiritual or the secular. A dialogue between Taylor and Gandhi can be useful for us today especially as pointers toward such a humanistic approach to self, religion and politics. This dialogue between these western and the eastern thinkers can enlarge, enrich, and enlighten each other. What we then see, on the one hand, is the limit of a purely secular politics that is lacking a proper metaphysical foundation to guarantee the religious needs of humanity; and on the other hand, we also see the hesitation and struggle of religions to accommodate the demands of secularism. In both cases, we have reason to hope for a new `metaphysics of diversity and authenticity' which in turn might validate a role for religion, and perhaps also the ethical principles that it yields. Still, this is an incomplete and inconclusive dialectic and in that sense only a contribution to ongoing debate. I thank for your attention to my narrative and my proposals. Let me conclude now, so that I can listen to your stories, because you too help me to define myself. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

A presente dissertação expõe uma investigação histórica, conceitual e filosófica a respeito da prática de reelaboração musical. O objetivo desse estudo é revelar diferentes perspectivas através das quais podemos tratar a obra musical nessa atividade. Procuramos discutir o equilíbrio entre a criatividade e a relação de fidelidade/autenticidade estabelecida com o original, considerando a personalidade do intérprete/reelaborador. Para tal, construímos um panorama histórico das práticas de reelaboração: transcrição, orquestração, redução, arranjo, adaptação e paráfrase, e as definimos segundo seus propósitos e o grau de transformação de seus materiais musicais. Por fim, analisamos os conceitos de score compliance, werktreue, obra musical e interpretação, além de estabelecermos um paralelo com a tradução literária, a fim de estimular a crítica e compreender melhor a forma como essa atividade foi exercida ao longo da história e como podemos compreendê-la na atualidade. / This thesis presents a historical, conceptual and philosophical research about the practice of musical reworking. The aim of this study is to reveal different perspectives through which we can treat the musical work in this activity. We seek a balance between creativity and the relationship of fidelity/authenticity established with the original, considering the performer\'s personality. To this purpose, we will build a historical overview of reworking practices: transcription, orchestration, reduction, arrangement, adaptation and paraphrase, and we will define them according to their purpose and the degree of transformation of its musical material. Finally, we will analyze the concepts of score compliance, werktreue, musical work and interpretation. In addition, we will offer a parallel to the literary translation in order to stimulate a critical understand of how this activity was exercised throughout history and how we can understand it today.

Esta tese de doutoramento tem como objetivo a discussão do uso do conceito de autenticidade na preservação do patrimônio edificado. Ao se observar o caráter eurocêntrico e o sentido tradicional, a ideia de autenticidade foi relativizada em razão de sua dimensão cultural, na atualidade. Um relativismo, no entanto, que poderia significar risco para a preservação da materialidade dos artefato s, tendo em vista o debate contemporâneo acerca do sentido imaterial da autenticidade. Ao supor que a autenticidade não pode ser reduzida ao substrato material do patrimônio, apesar de sua importância para a preservação de seus atributos, foram definidos dois estudos de caso, com vistas a elucidar a questão: os paradigmas de Ouro Preto e Brasília, ambos reconhecidos como patrimônio da humanidade. O primeiro, por enquadrar-se no sentido tradicional de autenticidade; o segundo, por envolver aspectos próprios da cultura material e imaterial. / This doctoral thesis affirms the necessity to discuss the usage of the existing concept of authenticity in the built heritage preservation. By considering its Eurocentric character and traditional meaning, the idea of being authentic is presently utmost important due to the cultural dimension of this concept and its relativism. A relativism that could be risky to the artifacts materiality preservation, since the immaterial value of authenticity is becoming part of the contemporary debate. Supposing the authenticity can\'t be reduced to the material substrate of cultural heritage, despite of its importance to preserve the artifact\'s attributes, two study cases were selected to discuss and further examine the posed question: the paradigms of Ouro Preto and Brasilia, both sites nominated as World Heritage. The first one because it refers to the traditional meaning of authenticity, and the second in view of the fact that it involves the material and immaterial dimensions of the concept.

C’est à partir du XIXème siècle, qui signe l’avènement de la conception romantique de l'artiste, que l'authenticité devient la qualité première de l’oeuvre d’art. Conditionnant la valeur de l’oeuvre sur les plans économique et artistique, l’authenticité apparaît toutefois comme difficile à définir dans la mesure où elle repose sur une réalité complexe. Elle est en outre mal aisée à prouver, l’incertitude étant le propre de l’histoire de l’art. Amené à composer avec ces contraintes, c’est principalement via l'erreur sur les qualités essentielles et le droit de la responsabilité civile que le droit des obligations appréhende la question de l’authenticité. Les solutions qu’il apporte, satisfaisantes en terme de protection des contractants, manquent toutefois de pertinence face aux nouvelles formes de création et à la réalité du travail de l’expert. / As a consequence of the romantic conception of artists, the intense interest in authenticity of works of art is relatively recent. Being the key to the determination of both their economic and artistic values, authenticity is hard to define as it is based on a complex reality. It is also uneasy to prove, as art history remains uncertain in many aspects. As it is currently defined in french contract and tort law, authenticity is meant to ensure parties’ consent. However, this conception might not be relevant in the light of contemporary forms of art and art authentication.

The goals of the current study were to document the effects of leaders’ relational authenticity on follower impressions, and to explore gender as a boundary condition of the positive effects of this leadership quality. Authentic leadership theory outlines the individual and organizational benefits that result from leaders who judiciously process information through a filter of self-knowledge, and who bring their authentic selves to their actions and relationships. However, research on gender stereotypes demonstrates that as opposed to approaching leadership roles with authenticity, female leaders may need to engage in a certain amount of acting in order to attain legitimacy in spaces traditionally inhabited by men. This work reconsidered authentic leadership theory, and specifically relational authenticity, to take the gender dynamics within existing organizational structures into account. Leader relational authenticity and leader gender were experimentally manipulated in order to test whether some advantages of authentic leadership, in this case favorable impressions and evaluations, apply equally to male and female leaders. Results indicated that those who led with relational authenticity were viewed as more likeable and desirable as a boss than those who did not, and were perceived as more trustworthy for their benevolence and integrity than those who did not. Results of moderated mediation models revealed that relational authenticity can hinder evaluations of women leaders, and that the source of adverse consequences is the enhanced association with gender stereotypes that occurs when women lead with relational authenticity. This was demonstrated by a penalty in judgments of competence and ability exacted from female but not male leaders who were relationally authentic. Further research is required to understand the complex interaction of leaders’ relational authenticity and gender to influence followers’ impressions and outcomes.

Essa pesquisa versa sobre a noção de autenticidade a partir da perspectiva construtivista semiótico cultural em psicologia. A busca pela compreensão dessa noção que permeia as ciências humanas se assenta em diversas razões: em primeiro lugar, a noção de autenticidade é polissêmica, possuindo variados significados em nosso campo cultural; em segundo lugar, a noção de autenticidade tem sido usada com frequência pelos profissionais da psicologia, particularmente da psicoterapia, embora sua conceituação usualmente não esteja aprofundada, confundindo-se com os sentidos adotados pelo senso-comum; em terceiro lugar, o tema da autenticidade permanece contemporâneo, caracterizando-se como uma questão instigadora. A diversidade e a nebulosidade em torno da noção de autenticidade demonstraram a existência de lacunas sobre as quais essa pesquisa pôde se desdobrar. O objetivo da pesquisa é, portanto, construir uma compreensão para a noção de autenticidade a partir da emergência das lacunas que se formaram do diálogo entre inquietações (Simão, 2003) da pesquisadora e dois autores: o filósofo hermenêuta Charles Taylor e o psicólogo cultural Ernst Boesch. Como metodologia da pesquisa foram feitos exame e análise de textos selecionados, por meio do qual puderam emergir algumas compreensões. A discussão dos resultados foi feita em diálogo com textos de Clarice Lispector, pertinentes ao tema da pesquisa. Do processo dialógico que se buscou estabelecer pode-se depreender que: a autenticidade é um constructo constitutivo da identidade do homem contemporâneo; há uma profunda articulação entre as noções de autenticidade e identidade, embora elas não coincidam; a autenticidade implica em abertura da identidade para a futuridade, ou seja, ao vir a ser; a empatia entendida tanto como aproximação afetiva, quanto como distanciamento reflexivo, é condição primordial para a construção de identidades em devir; e, ainda, a tensão e a inquietação, fruto dos desencaixes decorrentes do contato com a alteridade, também são elementos fundamentais da autenticidade, tal como entendida nessa pesquisa / This research is about the notion of authenticity from a semiotic-cultural constructivist perspective in psychology. The search for the understanding of such notion pervading human sciences rests upon several reasons: first, the notion of authenticity is polysemic, possessing various meanings within our cultural field; second, the notion of authenticity has been frequently used by psychology professionals, especially psychotherapists, even though its conceptualization is seldom deepened, confusing itself with the word senses adopted by common sense; third, the topic of authenticity remains contemporary, being characterized as a thought-provoking matter. The diversity and nebulosity around the notion of authenticity have demonstrated the existence of gaps over which this research could unfold. The objective of the research is thus to create an understanding of the notion of authenticity from the emerging gaps that have taken form within the dialogue between the researchers disquiets (Simão, 2003) and two authors, the hermeneutic philosopher Charles Taylor and the cultural psychologist Ernst Boesch. As a research methodology, a review and an analysis of selected texts were performed, through which some understandings could emerge. A discussion about the results was developed in a dialogue with texts by Clarice Lispector, pertinent to the topic of the research. From the dialogical process that was sought to be established, one can infer that: authenticity is a constitutive construct of the identity of contemporary man; there is a profound articulation between the notions of authenticity and identity, even though they do not coincide; authenticity implies openness of identity to futurity, that is, to the coming to be; empathy, understood both as affective closeness and reflexive distancing, is a prerequisite for the construction of identities in becoming; yet, tension and disquiet, a result of the ruptures resulting from the contact with otherness, are also fundamental elements of authenticity, as understood in this research

Essa pesquisa versa sobre a noção de autenticidade a partir da perspectiva construtivista semiótico cultural em psicologia. A busca pela compreensão dessa noção que permeia as ciências humanas se assenta em diversas razões: em primeiro lugar, a noção de autenticidade é polissêmica, possuindo variados significados em nosso campo cultural; em segundo lugar, a noção de autenticidade tem sido usada com frequência pelos profissionais da psicologia, particularmente da psicoterapia, embora sua conceituação usualmente não esteja aprofundada, confundindo-se com os sentidos adotados pelo senso-comum; em terceiro lugar, o tema da autenticidade permanece contemporâneo, caracterizando-se como uma questão instigadora. A diversidade e a nebulosidade em torno da noção de autenticidade demonstraram a existência de lacunas sobre as quais essa pesquisa pôde se desdobrar. O objetivo da pesquisa é, portanto, construir uma compreensão para a noção de autenticidade a partir da emergência das lacunas que se formaram do diálogo entre inquietações (Simão, 2003) da pesquisadora e dois autores: o filósofo hermenêuta Charles Taylor e o psicólogo cultural Ernst Boesch. Como metodologia da pesquisa foram feitos exame e análise de textos selecionados, por meio do qual puderam emergir algumas compreensões. A discussão dos resultados foi feita em diálogo com textos de Clarice Lispector, pertinentes ao tema da pesquisa. Do processo dialógico que se buscou estabelecer pode-se depreender que: a autenticidade é um constructo constitutivo da identidade do homem contemporâneo; há uma profunda articulação entre as noções de autenticidade e identidade, embora elas não coincidam; a autenticidade implica em abertura da identidade para a futuridade, ou seja, ao vir a ser; a empatia entendida tanto como aproximação afetiva, quanto como distanciamento reflexivo, é condição primordial para a construção de identidades em devir; e, ainda, a tensão e a inquietação, fruto dos desencaixes decorrentes do contato com a alteridade, também são elementos fundamentais da autenticidade, tal como entendida nessa pesquisa / This research is about the notion of authenticity from a semiotic-cultural constructivist perspective in psychology. The search for the understanding of such notion pervading human sciences rests upon several reasons: first, the notion of authenticity is polysemic, possessing various meanings within our cultural field; second, the notion of authenticity has been frequently used by psychology professionals, especially psychotherapists, even though its conceptualization is seldom deepened, confusing itself with the word senses adopted by common sense; third, the topic of authenticity remains contemporary, being characterized as a thought-provoking matter. The diversity and nebulosity around the notion of authenticity have demonstrated the existence of gaps over which this research could unfold. The objective of the research is thus to create an understanding of the notion of authenticity from the emerging gaps that have taken form within the dialogue between the researchers disquiets (Simão, 2003) and two authors, the hermeneutic philosopher Charles Taylor and the cultural psychologist Ernst Boesch. As a research methodology, a review and an analysis of selected texts were performed, through which some understandings could emerge. A discussion about the results was developed in a dialogue with texts by Clarice Lispector, pertinent to the topic of the research. From the dialogical process that was sought to be established, one can infer that: authenticity is a constitutive construct of the identity of contemporary man; there is a profound articulation between the notions of authenticity and identity, even though they do not coincide; authenticity implies openness of identity to futurity, that is, to the coming to be; empathy, understood both as affective closeness and reflexive distancing, is a prerequisite for the construction of identities in becoming; yet, tension and disquiet, a result of the ruptures resulting from the contact with otherness, are also fundamental elements of authenticity, as understood in this research

A presente dissertação expõe uma investigação histórica, conceitual e filosófica a respeito da prática de reelaboração musical. O objetivo desse estudo é revelar diferentes perspectivas através das quais podemos tratar a obra musical nessa atividade. Procuramos discutir o equilíbrio entre a criatividade e a relação de fidelidade/autenticidade estabelecida com o original, considerando a personalidade do intérprete/reelaborador. Para tal, construímos um panorama histórico das práticas de reelaboração: transcrição, orquestração, redução, arranjo, adaptação e paráfrase, e as definimos segundo seus propósitos e o grau de transformação de seus materiais musicais. Por fim, analisamos os conceitos de score compliance, werktreue, obra musical e interpretação, além de estabelecermos um paralelo com a tradução literária, a fim de estimular a crítica e compreender melhor a forma como essa atividade foi exercida ao longo da história e como podemos compreendê-la na atualidade. / This thesis presents a historical, conceptual and philosophical research about the practice of musical reworking. The aim of this study is to reveal different perspectives through which we can treat the musical work in this activity. We seek a balance between creativity and the relationship of fidelity/authenticity established with the original, considering the performer\'s personality. To this purpose, we will build a historical overview of reworking practices: transcription, orchestration, reduction, arrangement, adaptation and paraphrase, and we will define them according to their purpose and the degree of transformation of its musical material. Finally, we will analyze the concepts of score compliance, werktreue, musical work and interpretation. In addition, we will offer a parallel to the literary translation in order to stimulate a critical understand of how this activity was exercised throughout history and how we can understand it today.