CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente trabalho propÃe uma forma de apresentaÃÃo aos alunos do ensino bÃsico alguns conceitos associados ao conjunto dos nÃmeros inteiros tais como, divisibilidade, MDC,MMC, congruÃncias e somas de quadrados de uma maneira mais pragmÃtica e menos abstrata. Apresentando-os atravÃs de formas visuais ou de problemas contextualizados com nossa realidade fÃsica mais imediata, favorecendo o melhor entendimento dos axiomas, operaÃÃes e propriedades por aqueles alunos como tambÃm novos mÃtodos de conduta para os professores a fim de que suas tarefas nos processos ensino-aprendizagem se tornem mais fÃceis. / This paper proposes a way of presenting to primary pupils some concepts associated with the set of integers such as divisibility, GCD, LCM, congruences and sums of squa-res in a more pragmatic and less abstract way. Presenting them through visual forms or contextualized problems with our physical reality more immediate, favoring a better understanding of the axioms, operations and properties for those students as well as new methods of conduct for teachers so that their work processes teaching become easier.

Este trabalho tem como foco a dobradura em sala de aula, auxiliando o professor em sua prática docente. Com dobras simples de serem realizadas a dobradura pode auxiliar o aluno a desenvolver a concentração, estimular a criatividade, concretizar uma ideia ou pensamento no momento em que surge a foma no papel e, consequentemente, o aluno interioriza o aprendizado desejado. Os tópicos estudados versam sobre a construção dos principais polígonos regulares e de um sólido espacial, o tetraedro. São também estudadas algumas aplicações aritméticas, como divisão de segmentos e raízes quadradas e cúbicas. / This work aims to study the activity of paper folding in the classroom as an auxiliary resource for the teacher. The folders are quite simple and will improve the students skills on concentration, creativity, and the ability to realize on paper his/her thoughts and ideas. The covered topics range from the construction of the main regular poligons, a spatial solid (tetrahedron), through some arithmetic applications, like division of a segment and square and cubic roots.

Este trabalho é um estudo realizado em torno das principais curvas cônicas estudadas por alunos do ensino básico: parábola, elipse e hipérbole. A ideia central do trabalho é a autosuficiência, pois apresentamos todas as ferramentas matemáticas necessárias para o entedimento desses entes e suas aplicações, desde os axiomas iniciais da geometria plana até as definições formais das cônicas e demonstrações de suas propriedades. Espera-se que uma pessoa não especializada em matemática, ao ler o trabalho, entenda toda a matemática no entorno das aplicações dessas cônicas. / This work is a study carried out around the main conic curves studied by elementary school students: parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. The main idea of this work is to be self-contained, starting from the basic axioms from the geometry and after we present formal definitions, properties and applications of conics in the everyday life. It is expected that a person that is not a specialist in mathematics, are able to read and understand all the mathematics in the surroundings of the applications of these conics.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-01T17:10:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brasilioalvesfreitas.pdf: 747431 bytes, checksum: 36ffb6103af8abbc9cfff08d7d2cd820 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T03:47:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brasilioalvesfreitas.pdf: 747431 bytes, checksum: 36ffb6103af8abbc9cfff08d7d2cd820 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T03:47:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brasilioalvesfreitas.pdf: 747431 bytes, checksum: 36ffb6103af8abbc9cfff08d7d2cd820 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Por conhecer a grande dificuldade dos alunos de Ensino Médio, da rede pública Estadual de Minas Gerais, em relação aos conceitos, demostrações e deduções básicas da Geometria Euclidiana plana, foi elaborado um pequeno roteiro de estudo dos axiomas que regem esses conteúdos e também uma introdução às construções geométricas básicas, utilizando os instrumentos euclidianos e o software gratuito GeoGebra. O desenvolvimento do trabalho trouxe como objetivo dotar os alunos do Ensino Fundamental, cursando oitavo ano (antiga sétima série), de uma compreensão gradual e intuitiva da geometria euclidiana plana, buscando, de forma fundamentada fixar os aspectos conceituais básicos que são extremamente necessários para estudos mais aprofundados em cursos posteriores. As atividades propostas no capítulo 4 foram criadas com o intuito de que o aluno, percorrendo os conceitos mostrados no capítulo 2, tenha oportunidade de abstrair-se literalmente e ou com recursos algébricos em um processo de demonstração das propriedades de diversas figuras geométricas. / Knowing the great hardship high school students of Minas Gerais public school system have concerning the basic concepts, demonstrations and deductions of the Euclidean Geometry, a small study guide of the axioms that rule these contents was made, and also an introduction to the basic geometry constructions using the Euclidean instruments and the free software GeoGebra. The work’s development brought as a goal to endow the middle school students, attending the eight year (the old seventh grade), a gradual and intuitive understanding of the Euclidian Geometry, trying to fix the basic conceptual aspects that are deeply necessary for further studies. The proposed activities on chapter four intend to give the student, going trough the concepts shown on chapter two, the opportunity to abstract on a descriptive way and/or use algebraic resources in a process of demonstration of many geometrical forms.

Partout présentes au cœur de la jurisprudence européenne des droits de l'homme, les valeurs fondamentales des sociétés démocratiques constituent un sujet d'étude pertinent pour apprécier dans quelle mesure ces valeurs sont mobilisées et si elles participent d'une interprétation axiologique de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme. Simple rappel rhétorique ou véritable outil argumentatif, le recours aux valeurs dans la jurisprudence de la Cour EDH mérite ainsi d'être analysé au travers du prisme de l'interprétation de la Convention. A côté de l'interprétation téléologique, des interprétations évolutive et consensuelle, aucune étude n'a jusqu'alors recherché à systématiser la référence aux valeurs des sociétés démocratiques pour tenter d'en déduire une interprétation axiologique. Mais alors que le juge européen multiplie les références aux valeurs dans ses décisions, il y a néanmoins lieu de constater que l'utilisation de ces valeurs est concurrencée par d'autres politiques jurisprudentielles plus contemporaines et soucieuses des attentes actuelles des populations, de la revendication libertaire individualiste de plus en plus prégnante, et du nécessaire respect du principe de subsidiarité. Phénomènes qui s'accommodent difficilement d'une protection conservatrice de valeurs communes aux Etats parties à la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme. / Everywhere in the legal precedents of the European court of human rights (ECHR), fundamental values of democratic societies are a relevant study subject to understand in which part the values are used and if they participate of a specific interpretation of the European convention based on axioms defense's. Simple rhetoric use or true argumentative tool, values resort's in the legal precedents of the ECHR need to be appreciated as an isolate interpretation method. Next to teleologic, evolutive, and consensual interpretative methods, none study try until then to systematize the resort of fundamental values of democratic societies by the judge and deduct of the European court case law the existence of a specific interpretation based on values defense's. If the European judge multiplies the resorts of values in case law, we have to notice that utilization of values competes with others interpretative methods, more contemporary, and respectful of actual societal expectations, individual claims and to enforce the subsidiarity principle. All social facts and jurisdictional necessities which are difficult to conciliate with requirement of a conservative protection of common values of the contracting States.

Automated theorem provers can be modified in order to use external sources of axioms. This was recently searched in combination with saturation based theorem prover SPASS-XDB. It sends queries to external sources and receives answers during its saturation loop. Lean theorem provers are based on semantic tableau calculus. That's why they need to use different approach. An idea that proving is separated from communication is beeing introduced by this work. Prover generetes so called schematic proof which is later checked if it can be filled with external data so the proof can be completed. This work demonstates this idea on modified version of LeanCoP.

No description available.

The approach to a theory of non-finitary matroids, as outlined by the author in [20], is here extended to the case in which the relevant closure operators are defined on arbitrary complete Boolean algebras, rather than on the power sets of sets. As a preliminary to this study, the theory of derivatives of operators on complete Boolean algebras is developed and the notion, having interest in its own right, of an analytic closure operator is introduced . The class of B-matroidal closure operators is singled out for especial attention and it is proved that this class is closed under Whitney duality. Also investigated is the class of those closure operators which are both matroidal and topological. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p> It has been argued for some time that tabular representations of formal specifications can help in writing them, in understanding them, and in checking them. Recently it has been suggested that tabular representations also help in breaking down large verification and refinement conditions into a number of smaller ones.</p> <p> The article [32] developed the theory, but the real proof in terms of an implementation is not provided. This project is about formalizing tables in a theorem prover, Simplify, defining theorems of [32] in terms of functions written in the OCaml programming language, and conducting some case studies in verifying and refining realistic problems.</p> <p> A parser is designed to ease our job of inputting expressions. Pretty-print is also provided: all predicates and tables of the examples in our thesis are automatically generated.</p> <p> Our first example is a control system, a luxury sedan car seat. This example gives us an overall impression on how to prove correctness from tabular specification. The second example specifies a visitor information system. The design features of this example involve modeling properties and operations on sets, relations and functions by building self-defined axioms. The third example illustrates another control system, an elevator. Theorems of algorithmic refinements, stepwise data refinements, and the combination of algorithmic abstraction and data abstraction are applied correspondingly to different operations.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The distance between how much normalized in the legal order and what, in fact, is materialized by the apparatus of Brazilian criminal prosecution is a serious problem to be faced. It is necessary to delimit the activity of criminal investigation, with the aim, at the same time, to ensure efficiency in the elucidation of alleged criminal acts and the observance of the rights of Brazilian citizens, removing the false idea that respect for the rights of the target of the system of criminal prosecution means impetus to impunity. Such a situation will be faced with the creation of axioms, true filters for state action during the police investigation, that allow the correct collection of evidence, capable of triggering a process free of wrongdoing. In this way, the investigation that intends to strictly follow what is outlined by the Federal Constitution and the regulative legislation must be created by law, must be presided over by impartial, impartial and disinterested authority, can only be triggered with just cause freedom, to the detriment of incarceration), must be collected and based on lawful evidence, should only admit mitigation of individual rights if it proves effective necessity, must have a strictly investigative purpose (should not serve unambiguous objectives) and should guarantee minimum internal advertising (investigated / indicted science) and external (right to information society). / A distância entre o quanto normatizado no ordenamento jurídico e o que, de fato, é materializado pelo aparelho de persecução penal estatal brasileiro é problema sério a ser enfrentado. É preciso delimitar a atividade de apuração criminal, com o fito de, a um só tempo, garantir a eficiência na elucidação dos fatos supostamente criminosos e a observância dos direitos dos cidadãos brasileiros, afastando a falsa ideia de que o respeito dos direitos do alvo do sistema de persecução penal significa estímulo à impunidade. Tão situação será enfrentada com a criação de axiomas, verdadeiros filtros para atuação estatal durante o inquérito policial, que possibilitam a correta coleta de provas, aptas a deflagrar um processo livre de ilicitudes. Nesta senda, a investigação que pretende seguir estritamente o quanto delineado pela Constituição Federal e pela legislação de regência deve ser criada por meio de lei, deve ser presidida por autoridade impartial, imparcial e desinteressada, só pode ser deflagrada com justa causa (primando-se pela liberdade, em detrimento do encarceramento), deve colher e ser baseada em provas lícitas, só deve admitir mitigação de direitos individuais caso se demonstre efetiva necessidade, deve ter finalidade estritamente investigativa (não deve servir a objetivos escusos e inconfessáveis) e deve garantir mínima publicidade interna (ciência do investigado/indiciado) e externa (direito de informação da sociedade). / São Cristóvão, SE