SANTOS, Tyssia Nogueira Maciel dos. Avaliação genética da curva de lactação de cabras saanen utilizando modelos de regressão aleatória. 2014. 51 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia. Fortaleza-CE, 2014. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T13:21:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_tnmsantos.pdf: 879224 bytes, checksum: 96fe44313df6f0e17fee9e748d618407 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T13:31:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_tnmsantos.pdf: 879224 bytes, checksum: 96fe44313df6f0e17fee9e748d618407 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T13:31:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_tnmsantos.pdf: 879224 bytes, checksum: 96fe44313df6f0e17fee9e748d618407 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The aim of this study was to perform a genetic-quantitative evaluation of the lactation curve up to 305 days of Saanen goats, fitting different random regression models to the best fit on the fixed and random trajectories of this curve and thus estimate the (co) variances and genetic parameters associated to this period. 11,018test-day milk yieldof 950 goats belonging to herds supported by the Dairy Goats Breeding Program (Capragene®) were used. The fixed effects used in the analysis were contemporary group, sex of offspring, type of milking and management. 18 models with different orderswere evaluated, to verify the simultaneous best fit of the regressions for the fixed and random trajectories (direct additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual effects). Ordinary orthogonal polynomials and Legendre polynomials, of second order were used to fit the fixed regression. Ordinary polynomials, orthogonal Legendre polynomials and B-spline functions, ranging from second to fourth order, were used for fit the random regressions. The model with orthogonal Legendre polynomials of second order to the fixed part and the b-spline function of fourth order for the random part was the most suitable for the fitting of the data analyzed. In fixed path, this model estimated peak lactation between 52-61 days, with an average of 2.378 kg of milk / day. The curve began with an average yield of 2.298 kg / day, ending 305 days with an average yield of 0.758 kg / day. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.294 ± 0.135 to 0.794 ± 0.075. Greater genetic variability was estimated for the intermediate test-day yields in the trajectory of the lactation curve, between 79 and 180 days, with higher heritability estimates. Genetic correlations among the test-day yields ranged from 0.551 ± 0.125 and 0.998 ± 0.001, with higher values between milk yield in the next and subsequent days, and becoming smaller as the distanceamong the test-day yield increase. The estimated genetic variability indicates that it is possible to modify the lactation curve of Saanen goats of the study population. The selection should be performed between 79 and 180 days of lactation, after the peak of lactation, however where the greatest heritabilities were observed period. The selection on this point will change the curve as a whole on the basis of correlated genetic responses. / O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma avaliação genético-quantitativa da curva de lactação até 305 dias de cabras da raça Saanen, avaliando distintos modelos de regressão aleatória para o melhor ajuste das trajetórias fixa e aleatórias desta curva, e assim estimar as covariâncias e parâmetros genéticos associados a este período. Foram utilizados 11.018 controles leiteiros de 950 lactações de cabras pertencentes a rebanhos associados ao Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Caprinos Leiteiros (Capragene®). Os efeitos fixos utilizados nas análises foram de grupo de contemporâneos, sexo das crias, tipo de ordenha e manejo. Foram avaliados 18 modelos, com diferentes ordens, para verificar o melhor ajuste simultâneo das regressões para as trajetórias fixa e aleatórias (efeitos genéticos aditivos diretos, de ambiente permanente e residual). Para ajuste da regressão fixa, foram utilizados os polinômios ordinários e os polinômios ortogonais de Legendre, de segunda ordem. Para as regressões aleatórias, foram utilizados os polinômios ordinários, os polinômios ortogonais de Legendre e as funções b-spline, variando da segunda a quarta ordem. O modelo com os polinômios ortogonais de Legendre de segunda ordem para a parte fixa e as funções b-spline de quarta ordem para a parte aleatória foi o mais adequado para o ajuste dos dados analisados. Na trajetória fixa, este modelo estimou o pico de lactação entre 52-61 dias, com valor médio de 2,378 kg de leite/dia. A curva iniciou-se com uma produção média de 2,298 kg/dia, encerrando aos 305 dias com uma produção média de 0,758 kg/dia. As estimativas de herdabilidade variaram de 0,294 ± 0,135 a 0,794 ± 0,075. Maior variabilidade genética foi estimada para os controles leiteiros intermediários na trajetória da curva de lactação, entre 79 e 180 dias, com maiores estimativas de herdabilidade. As correlações genéticas entre os controles variaram entre 0,551 ± 0,125 e 0,998 ± 0,001, como maiores valores para produções de leite em dias próximos e subsequentes, e tornando-se menores à medida que os controles se distanciavam. A variabilidade genética estimada indica que é possível modificar por seleção a curva de lactação das cabras Saanen da população estudada. Esta seleção deve ser realizada entre 79 e 180 dias de lactação, período posterior ao pico de lactação, entretanto onde se observaram as maiores herdabilidades. A seleção neste ponto permitirá alterações na curva como um todo, em função das respostas genéticas correlacionadas.

Este trabalho apresenta uma ferramenta flexível e eficiente para o campo de projeto e desenho preliminar de cascos de embarcações. O estado da arte de projeto de cascos de embarcações consiste em um processo iterativo onde, primeiramente, definem-se parâmetros geométricos, de estabilidade, e hidrodinâmicos. Em seguida, o casco é modelado através de curvas paramétricas. submetido a uma análise de desempenho, e, após isso, é feita a tomada de decisão para otimizar os parâmetros iniciais. O ciclo se repete até que se atinja o resultado desejado. O que será apresentado cumpre com a parte de modelagem paramétrica, e é capaz de gerar de forma automática e otimizada curvas que compõem o projeto de uma embarcação de recreio. A ferramenta recebe parâmetros de alto nível, como razões adimensionais, coeficientes de forma e restrições, e desenha tridimensionalmente um casco intrinsecamente suave, de forma que todos os parâmetros especificados sejam atendidos. Uma metodologia de projeto de cascos de veleiros é utilizada em conjunto com curvas B-Splines, submetidas a um algoritmo de otimização, em cuja função objetivo se empregam critérios de suavidade (\"fairness criteria\"). O problema de otimização de curvas B-Splines é não linear, pela própria formulação da função objetivo e suas restrições. Para tal, utiliza-se um método de Programação Quadrática Seqüencial. Para a otimização dos parâmetros principais do casco, utiliza-se uma metodologia de baixo custo, baseada na técnica de Superfície de Resposta, que otimiza uma função de mérito, no caso, a resistência residual, variando-se dois parâmetros do casco. A interface com softwares CAD é desenvolvida com o objetivo de se realizar outras análises, como de curvatura da superfície, além do projeto do restante da embarcação. Neste também pode ser gerado o bloco sólido para integração com softwares de CAM para a usinagem e fabricação do mesmo. / This article presents a flexible and efficient tool to the field of ship project and preliminary design by using an approach of parametric modeling of hull forms. The state of the art of design of hulls consists in an iterative process where, first, geometric, stability and hydrodynamic parameters are defined. After that, the hull is modeled through parametric curves, simulated in a performance analysis software, and, after that, it is taken the decision to optimize the initial parameters. The cycle repeats until it reaches the desired result. This work deals with the part of parametric modeling, and is capable to generate, in an automatic way, optimized curves that compose the design of the hull of a yacht. The tool receives high level parameters, such as non-dimensional ratios, coefficients and restrictions, and draws a three-dimensional hull, intrinsically fair, fulfilling all the specified parameters. A methodology for the design of sail-boats is presented together with B-Splines curves, submitted to an optimization algorithm, using fairness criteria as the objective function. The optimization problem of B-Splines curves is not linear, because of its mathematical formulation, the objective function and constraints adopted. Therefore, a method of Sequential Quadratic Programming is used. For the optimization of the main parameters of the hull, a cost-effective methodology, based on the Surface Response Method, is proposed, optimizing a merit criterion, such as, the residuary resistance, changing two parameters of the hull. The interface with CAD software is implemented in order to allow other analyses, such as surface curvature, and the design of the other parts of the boat. The drawing also can be transformed into a solid model, and integrated with a CAM software to be ready for itsmanufacturing.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma avaliaÃÃo genÃtico-quantitativa da curva de lactaÃÃo atà 305 dias de cabras da raÃa Saanen, avaliando distintos modelos de regressÃo aleatÃria para o melhor ajuste das trajetÃrias fixa e aleatÃrias desta curva, e assim estimar as covariÃncias e parÃmetros genÃticos associados a este perÃodo. Foram utilizados 11.018 controles leiteiros de 950 lactaÃÃes de cabras pertencentes a rebanhos associados ao Programa de Melhoramento GenÃtico de Caprinos Leiteiros (CaprageneÂ). Os efeitos fixos utilizados nas anÃlises foram de grupo de contemporÃneos, sexo das crias, tipo de ordenha e manejo. Foram avaliados 18 modelos, com diferentes ordens, para verificar o melhor ajuste simultÃneo das regressÃes para as trajetÃrias fixa e aleatÃrias (efeitos genÃticos aditivos diretos, de ambiente permanente e residual). Para ajuste da regressÃo fixa, foram utilizados os polinÃmios ordinÃrios e os polinÃmios ortogonais de Legendre, de segunda ordem. Para as regressÃes aleatÃrias, foram utilizados os polinÃmios ordinÃrios, os polinÃmios ortogonais de Legendre e as funÃÃes b-spline, variando da segunda a quarta ordem. O modelo com os polinÃmios ortogonais de Legendre de segunda ordem para a parte fixa e as funÃÃes b-spline de quarta ordem para a parte aleatÃria foi o mais adequado para o ajuste dos dados analisados. Na trajetÃria fixa, este modelo estimou o pico de lactaÃÃo entre 52-61 dias, com valor mÃdio de 2,378 kg de leite/dia. A curva iniciou-se com uma produÃÃo mÃdia de 2,298 kg/dia, encerrando aos 305 dias com uma produÃÃo mÃdia de 0,758 kg/dia. As estimativas de herdabilidade variaram de 0,294  0,135 a 0,794  0,075. Maior variabilidade genÃtica foi estimada para os controles leiteiros intermediÃrios na trajetÃria da curva de lactaÃÃo, entre 79 e 180 dias, com maiores estimativas de herdabilidade. As correlaÃÃes genÃticas entre os controles variaram entre 0,551  0,125 e 0,998  0,001, como maiores valores para produÃÃes de leite em dias prÃximos e subsequentes, e tornando-se menores à medida que os controles se distanciavam. A variabilidade genÃtica estimada indica que à possÃvel modificar por seleÃÃo a curva de lactaÃÃo das cabras Saanen da populaÃÃo estudada. Esta seleÃÃo deve ser realizada entre 79 e 180 dias de lactaÃÃo, perÃodo posterior ao pico de lactaÃÃo, entretanto onde se observaram as maiores herdabilidades. A seleÃÃo neste ponto permitirà alteraÃÃes na curva como um todo, em funÃÃo das respostas genÃticas correlacionadas. / The aim of this study was to perform a genetic-quantitative evaluation of the lactation curve up to 305 days of Saanen goats, fitting different random regression models to the best fit on the fixed and random trajectories of this curve and thus estimate the (co) variances and genetic parameters associated to this period. 11,018test-day milk yieldof 950 goats belonging to herds supported by the Dairy Goats Breeding Program (CaprageneÂ) were used. The fixed effects used in the analysis were contemporary group, sex of offspring, type of milking and management. 18 models with different orderswere evaluated, to verify the simultaneous best fit of the regressions for the fixed and random trajectories (direct additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual effects). Ordinary orthogonal polynomials and Legendre polynomials, of second order were used to fit the fixed regression. Ordinary polynomials, orthogonal Legendre polynomials and B-spline functions, ranging from second to fourth order, were used for fit the random regressions. The model with orthogonal Legendre polynomials of second order to the fixed part and the b-spline function of fourth order for the random part was the most suitable for the fitting of the data analyzed. In fixed path, this model estimated peak lactation between 52-61 days, with an average of 2.378 kg of milk / day. The curve began with an average yield of 2.298 kg / day, ending 305 days with an average yield of 0.758 kg / day. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.294  0.135 to 0.794  0.075. Greater genetic variability was estimated for the intermediate test-day yields in the trajectory of the lactation curve, between 79 and 180 days, with higher heritability estimates. Genetic correlations among the test-day yields ranged from 0.551  0.125 and 0.998  0.001, with higher values between milk yield in the next and subsequent days, and becoming smaller as the distanceamong the test-day yield increase. The estimated genetic variability indicates that it is possible to modify the lactation curve of Saanen goats of the study population. The selection should be performed between 79 and 180 days of lactation, after the peak of lactation, however where the greatest heritabilities were observed period. The selection on this point will change the curve as a whole on the basis of correlated genetic responses.

Avec l’arrivée de l’Analyse IsoGéométrique (IGA), le calcul de coque est devenu possible en utilisant la géométrie exacte pour des maillages grossiers. Pour cela, les polynômes de Lagrange sont remplacés pour l’interpolation par des fonctions NURBS (technologie la plus courante en conception assistée par ordinateur). De plus, ces fonctions possèdent une continuité supérieure ce qui offre une meilleure précision qu’un calcul éléments finis à nombre de degrés de liberté égal. L’IGA a déjà été développée pour les formulations coques. Elle n’a été cependant que très peu étudiée pour les modèles massifs coque. Pourtant, cette deuxième approche est très utilisée par l’ingénieur car elle permet de calculer des structures minces à l’aide d’éléments continus 3D, c’est-à-dire en faisant intervenir uniquement des inconnues en déplacements. La difficulté en calcul de coque est de faire face au verrouillage qui conduit à une forte dégradation de la convergence de la solution. Le cadre NURBS ne permet pas lui-même de résoudre ce problème. La meilleure efficacité de l’approximation NURBS ne peut donc être atteinte sans le développement de techniques particulières pour supprimer le verrouillage. C’est le but de cette thèse dans le cadre des éléments massifs coque. Le premier travail a consisté, sur un problème de poutre courbe, à étendre les méthodes sans verrouillage habituelles au contexte NURBS. Deux nouvelles stratégies ont alors été développées pour les NURBS : la première est basée sur une technique d’intégration réduite tandis que la seconde fait appel à une projection B-bar. Le formalisme général des méthodes B-bar semblant plus adapté, c’est celui-ci que nous avons développé ensuite pour les éléments massifs coque. Plus précisément, nous avons mis en place une formulation mixte de laquelle nous avons pu dériver la projection B-bar équivalente. Cette démarche constitue d’un point de vue théorique le résultat principal du travail : une méthode systématique pour construire une projection B-bar consistante est de passer par une formulation mixte. D’un point de vue mise en œuvre, l’idée principale pour traiter le verrouillage des éléments massifs coque a été de modifier l’interpolation de la moyenne dans l’épaisseur de la coque des composantes du tenseur des contraintes. Un contrôle de hourglass a aussi été ajouté pour stabiliser l’élément dans certaines situations. L’élément obtenu est de bonne qualité pour une interpolation de bas degrés et des maillages grossiers : la version quadratique semble plus précise que des éléments standards NURBS de degré 4. La méthode proposée conduit à une matrice de rigidité globale de petite taille mais pleine. Ce problème est inhérent aux NURBS. Il a pu être limité ici en utilisant une procédure de type moindres carrés locaux pour approcher la projection B-bar. Finalement, l’élément mixte a été étendu avec succès en non linéaire géométrique ce qui témoigne du potentiel de la méthode pour mener des simulations complexes. / With the introduction of IsoGeometric Analysis (IGA), the calculation of shell has become possible using the exact geometry for coarse meshes. In order to that, Lagrange polynomials are replaced by NURBS functions, the most commonly used technology in Computer-Aided Design, to perform the analysis. In addition, NURBS functions have a higher order of continuity, which leads to higher per-degree-of-freedom accuracy of the shell solution than with classical Finite Elements Analysis (FEA). IGA has now been widely applied in shell formulations. Nevertheless, it has still rarely been studied in the context of solid-shell models. This second shell approach is, however, very useful for engineers, since it enables to calculate thin structures using 3D solid elements, i.e. involving only displacements as degrees of freedom. The difficulty in shell analysis is to deal with locking which highly deteriorates the convergence of the solution. The NURBS framework does not enable to solve the problem directly. Then, to really benefit from NURBS in shells, specific strategies need to be implemented to answer the locking issue. This is the goal of the thesis in the context of solid-shell elements. The first work has consisted, on a curved beam problem, in extending the locking-free methods usually encountered in FEA to the NURBS context. The study resulted in the development of two new strategies for NURBS: the first one is based on a selective reduced integration technique and the second one makes use of a B-bar projection. The global formalism offered by the B-bar method appearing more suitable for NURBS, it has then been investigated for solid-shell elements. More precisely, a mixed formulation has first been elaborated from which, it has been possible to derive the equivalent B-bar projection. From a theoretical point of view, this strategy constitutes the most important result of this work: a systematic method to construct a consistent B-bar projection is to write a mixed formulation. With regards to the implementation, the main idea to treat locking of the solid-shell elements has been to modify the average of the strain and stress components across the thickness of the shell. Hourglass control has also been added to stabilize the element in particular situations. The resulting element is of good quality for low order approximations and coarse meshes: the quadratic version seems to be more accurate than basic NURBS elements of order 4. The proposed method leads to a global stiffness matrix of small size but full. This problem is inherent to NURBS functions. It has been limited here by using a local least squares procedure to approach the B-bar projection. Finally, the mixed element has been successfully extended to geometric non-linearity which reflects the ability of the methodology to be used in complex simulations.

Molts sistemes mecànics existents tenen un comportament vibratori funcionalment perceptible, que es posa de manifest enfront d'excitacions transitòries. Normalment, les vibracions generades segueixen presents després del transitori (vibracions residuals), i poden provocar efectes negatius en la funció de disseny del mecanisme.El mètode que es proposa en aquesta tesi té com a objectiu principal la síntesi de lleis de moviment per reduir les vibracions residuals. Addicionalment, els senyals generats permeten complir dues condicions definides per l'usuari (anomenats requeriments funcionals). El mètode es fonamenta en la relació existent entre el contingut freqüencial d'un senyal transitori, i la vibració residual generada, segons sigui l'esmorteïment del sistema. Basat en aquesta relació, i aprofitant les propietats de la transformada de Fourier, es proposa la generació de lleis de moviment per convolució temporal de polsos. Aquestes resulten formades per trams concatenats de polinomis algebraics, cosa que facilita la seva implementació en entorns numèrics per mitjà de corbes B-spline. / Many mechanical systems have a vibratory behavior, functionally noticeable, which can be raised when transient excitations happen. Usually, such generated vibrations remain in the system after this transient (residual vibrations), and may imply negative effects in the mechanism's intended function.The method proposed in this thesis has as main objective, the synthesis of excitation signals for mechanical systems in order to reduce residual vibrations. In addition, generated signals are able to achieve two conditions defined by the user related to function of the mechanism (called functional requirements). This method is based on the relationship between the frequency contents of the transient signal and the residual vibration generated, depending on the system damping. From this relation, and taking advantage of the Fourier transform properties, motion laws are generated through the pulses' time convolution. Resultant laws are made up of algebraic polynomial pieces linked together, which makes them very suitable for implementation with numerical calculus through B-spline curves.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this work is to develop a method of curve fitting using closed B-spline closed for application on reconstruction of cross-sections of objects. For this study specifically where the sections are closed curves, it has been implemented a method to close the curve B-spline curve, in such way that the curve is smooth on the closing point. The developed method is based on least squares approximation with weights, which defines that the curve should be as close as possible to the real curve. The weights in this case are responsible for the tightness of the approximation to each data points, whose points represent the coordinate of the object section that will be rebuild. Moreover, adjustments and impositions on the curve have been proposed so that it has a better result and represent more accurately the desired cross section. Particular characteristics of the curve were used to help enforce and define the settings. For the analysis, B-spline curves using the developed method, were obtained showing good results. / O objetivo desse trabalho é desenvolver um método de ajuste de curvas B-spline fechada para a aplicação na reconstrução de seções transversais de um objeto. Por especificamente nesse trabalho as seções serem seções fechadas, foi implementado um método para o fechamento da curva B-spline, de modo que a mesma possuía suavidade no seu fechamento. O método desenvolvido e utilizado foi baseado na aproximação por mínimos quadrados com pesos, que define que a curva obtida deva ser mais próxima possível da curva real. Os pesos nesse caso são responsáveis pela aproximação ou afastamento da curva em relação aos pontos dados, pontos esses que melhor representam as coordenadas da seção do objeto que se deseja reconstruir. Além disso, foram desenvolvidos ajustes e imposições na curva para que ela tivesse um melhor resultado e representasse de forma mais fiel a seção transversal desejada. Para a imposição e definição dos ajustes foram utilizadas características particulares da curva. Para a análise, curvas B-spline utilizando o método desenvolvido, foram traçadas e foram constatados os resultados desejados. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Construire une surface lisse d'un objet 3D est un problème important dans de nombreuses applications graphiques. En particulier, les méthodes de subdivision permettent de passer facilement d'un maillage discret à une surface continue. Un problème général résultant de la subdivision de deux maillages initialement connectés le long d'un bord est l'apparition de fissures ou de trous entre eux. Ces fissures produisent non seulement des formes indésirables, mais induisent aussi des difficultés pour les traitements ultérieurs. Il faut donc réparer ces défauts de sorte que la surface obtenue soit lisse et puisse être subdivisée ou modifiée. Nous proposons de nouvelles méthodes pour relier deux maillages avec des résolutions différentes en utilisant une transformée en ondelettes B-splines et une approximation locale ou une interpolation locale à l'aide de fonctions de base radiales (RBF). Ces procédés génèrent un maillage de connexion où la continuité est contrôlée. La résolution du maillage est ajustable pour respecter le changement de résolution entre les zones grossières et fines. En outre, nous présentons des méthodes pour combler les trous à n-côtés, et le raffinement des maillages grâce à un schéma de subdivision adaptative. Nous avons conçu, implémenté et testé les algorithmes en MatLab pour illustrer nos méthodes et montrer des résultats expérimentaux. Ces algorithmes sont mis en oeuvre sur de nombreux modèles d'objets 3D avec des formes complexes. En outre, nous avons fourni des approches différentes pour chaque problème. Ainsi, les résultats des différentes approches sont comparés et évalués afin d'exploiter les avantages et les inconvénients de ces approches. / Constructing a smooth surface of a 3D object is an important problem in many graphical applications. In particular, subdivision methods permit to pass easily from a discrete mesh to a continuous surface. A generic problem arising from subdividing two meshes initially connected along a common boundary is the occurrence of cracks or holes between them. These cracks not only produce undesired shapes, but also bring serious trouble for further mesh processing. They must be removed or filled so that the produced surface is smooth and can be further subdivided or edited. In order to remove cracks, we propose new methods for joining two meshes with different resolutions using a Lifted B-spline wavelet transform and a local approximation or radial basis function (RBF) local interpolation. These methods generate a connecting mesh where continuity is controlled from one boundary to the other and the connecting mesh can change gradually in resolution between coarse and fine areas. Additionally, we introduce methods for filling n-sided holes, and refining meshes with an adaptive subdivision scheme. We have designed, implemented, and tested the algorithms in MatLab to illustrate our proposed methods and show experimental results. These algorithms are implemented on many 3D object models with complex shapes. Additionally, we have provided some different approaches for each problem. Thus, results from the different approaches are compared and evaluated to exploit the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches.

Este trabalho apresenta uma ferramenta flexível e eficiente para o campo de projeto e desenho preliminar de cascos de embarcações. O estado da arte de projeto de cascos de embarcações consiste em um processo iterativo onde, primeiramente, definem-se parâmetros geométricos, de estabilidade, e hidrodinâmicos. Em seguida, o casco é modelado através de curvas paramétricas. submetido a uma análise de desempenho, e, após isso, é feita a tomada de decisão para otimizar os parâmetros iniciais. O ciclo se repete até que se atinja o resultado desejado. O que será apresentado cumpre com a parte de modelagem paramétrica, e é capaz de gerar de forma automática e otimizada curvas que compõem o projeto de uma embarcação de recreio. A ferramenta recebe parâmetros de alto nível, como razões adimensionais, coeficientes de forma e restrições, e desenha tridimensionalmente um casco intrinsecamente suave, de forma que todos os parâmetros especificados sejam atendidos. Uma metodologia de projeto de cascos de veleiros é utilizada em conjunto com curvas B-Splines, submetidas a um algoritmo de otimização, em cuja função objetivo se empregam critérios de suavidade (\"fairness criteria\"). O problema de otimização de curvas B-Splines é não linear, pela própria formulação da função objetivo e suas restrições. Para tal, utiliza-se um método de Programação Quadrática Seqüencial. Para a otimização dos parâmetros principais do casco, utiliza-se uma metodologia de baixo custo, baseada na técnica de Superfície de Resposta, que otimiza uma função de mérito, no caso, a resistência residual, variando-se dois parâmetros do casco. A interface com softwares CAD é desenvolvida com o objetivo de se realizar outras análises, como de curvatura da superfície, além do projeto do restante da embarcação. Neste também pode ser gerado o bloco sólido para integração com softwares de CAM para a usinagem e fabricação do mesmo. / This article presents a flexible and efficient tool to the field of ship project and preliminary design by using an approach of parametric modeling of hull forms. The state of the art of design of hulls consists in an iterative process where, first, geometric, stability and hydrodynamic parameters are defined. After that, the hull is modeled through parametric curves, simulated in a performance analysis software, and, after that, it is taken the decision to optimize the initial parameters. The cycle repeats until it reaches the desired result. This work deals with the part of parametric modeling, and is capable to generate, in an automatic way, optimized curves that compose the design of the hull of a yacht. The tool receives high level parameters, such as non-dimensional ratios, coefficients and restrictions, and draws a three-dimensional hull, intrinsically fair, fulfilling all the specified parameters. A methodology for the design of sail-boats is presented together with B-Splines curves, submitted to an optimization algorithm, using fairness criteria as the objective function. The optimization problem of B-Splines curves is not linear, because of its mathematical formulation, the objective function and constraints adopted. Therefore, a method of Sequential Quadratic Programming is used. For the optimization of the main parameters of the hull, a cost-effective methodology, based on the Surface Response Method, is proposed, optimizing a merit criterion, such as, the residuary resistance, changing two parameters of the hull. The interface with CAD software is implemented in order to allow other analyses, such as surface curvature, and the design of the other parts of the boat. The drawing also can be transformed into a solid model, and integrated with a CAM software to be ready for itsmanufacturing.

L'analyse isométrique s'est révélée être un outil très prometteur pour la conception et l'analyse. Une tâche difficile consiste toujours à faire passer l'IGA de concept à un outil de conception pratique pour l'industrie et ce travail contribue à cet effort. Ce travail porte sur l'implémentation de l'IGA dans le solveur explicite Altair Radioss afin de répondre aux applications de simulation de crash et d'emboutissage. Pour cela, les ingrédients nécessaires à une intégration native de l'IGA dans un code éléments finis traditionnel ont été identifiés et adaptés à l'architecture de code existante. Un élément solide B-Spline et NURBS a été développé dans Altair Radioss. Les estimations heuristiques des pas de temps élémentaires ou nodaux sont explorées pour améliorer l'efficacité des simulations et garantir leur stabilité. Une interface de contact existante a été étendue afin de fonctionner de manière transparente avec les éléments finis NURBS et de Lagrange. Un raffinement local est souvent nécessaire pour la bonne représentation de champs non linéaires tels que les champs de déformations plastiques. Une analyse est faite en termes de compatibilité pour l'analyse et de mise en oeuvre pour plusieurs bases de fonctions Spline telles que les Hierarchical B-Splines, les Truncated Hierarchical B-Splines, les T-Splines et les Locally Refined B-Splines (LR B-Splines). Les LR B-Splines sont implémentés. Un schéma de raffinement est proposé et définit un sous-ensemble de raffinements adapté à leur utilisation au sein de Radioss. Le processus de raffinement d’un maillage initialement grossier et régulier est développé au sein du solveur. Il permet à l’utilisateur d’établir du raffinement local par un ensemble d’instructions à fournir dans le jeu de donnée de la simulation. La solution globale est validée sur des cas tests industriels, pour des cas de validation classiquement utilisés pour les codes industriels comme l'emboutissage et les tests de chute. / IsoGeometric Analysis has shown to be a very promising tool for an integrated design and analysis process. A challenging task is still to move IGA from a proof of concept to a convenient design tool for industry and this work contributes to this endeavor. This work deals with the implementation of the IGA into Altair Radioss explicit finite element solver in order to address crash and stamping simulation applications. To this end, the necessary ingredients to a smooth integration of IGA in a traditional finite element code have been identified and adapted to the existing code architecture. A solid B-Spline element has been developed in Altair Radioss. The estimations of heuristic element and nodal stable time increment are explored to improve the accuracy of simulations and guarantee their stability. An existing contact interface has been extended in order to work seamlessly with both NURBS and Lagrange finite elements. As local refinement is needed for solution approximation, an analysis is made in terms of analysis suitability and implementation aspects for several Spline basis functions as Hierarchical B-Splines (HB-Splines), Truncated Hierarchical B-Splines (THB-Splines), T-Splines and Locally Refined B-Splines (LR B-Splines). The LR B-Spline basis is implemented. An improved refinement scheme is introduced and defines a set of analysis-suitable refinements to be used in Radioss. The refinement process of a regular coarse mesh is developed inside the solver. It allows the user to define a local refinement giving a set of instructions in the input file. The global solution is validated on industrial benchmarks, for validation cases conventionally used for industrial codes like stamping and drop test.

In this work we explored and proposed flexible models to analyze hierarchical and overdispersed data in agriculture. A semi-parametric generalized linear mixed model was applied and compared with the main standard models to assess count data and, a combined model that take into account overdispersion and clustering through two separate sets of random effects was proposed to model nominal outcomes. For all models, the computational codes were implemented using the SAS software and are available in the appendix. / Nesse trabalho, exploramos e propusemos modelos flexíveis para a análise de dados hierárquicos e superdispersos na agricultura. Um modelo linear generalizado semi- paramétrico misto foi aplicado e comparado com os principais modelos para a análise de dados de contagem e, um modelo combinado que leva em consideração a superdispersão e a hierarquia dos dados por meio de dois efeitos aleatórios distintos foi proposto para a análise de dados nominais. Todos os códigos computacionais foram implementados no software SAS sendo disponibilizados no apêndice.