A instituição escolar depara-se com outras e novas demandas formativas, nesse cenário de transformações, também se percebe mudança significativa na atividade docente. Nesse sentido, é necessário administrar os conflitos e adversidades, o que ocasiona desgaste físico e afetivo. Nem sempre valorizada no trabalho pedagógico, a dimensão afetiva docente pode assumir múltiplos sentidos e diversos significados nas relações humanas - o que deve ser considerado na dinâmica das interações e a partir do contexto que se produzem e são produzidas, pois os acontecimentos da vida têm significados e sentidos diferentes para cada sujeito, que concebe o seu modo de ser-no-mundo. Nesse sentido, foi proposta pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, fundamentada na perspectiva histórico-cultural do desenvolvimento humano de Vigotski. Assim, a abordagem privilegiou a profundidade e o alcance das informações, o que permitiu não somente descrever, mas interpretar os dados, tendo a linguagem como um dos principais recursos para conhecer a essência dos fenômenos, em consonância com o conceito de promoção da saúde. Objetivou-se, então, analisar como os professores da Educação Básica compreendem sua afetividade em sala de aula e como a relacionam à sua saúde. Para tal, participaram 10 professores que, à época, lecionavam no 6º ano de uma escola pública do interior paulista. Como ferramenta para construção dos dados, foi adotada a entrevista narrativa; os dados foram submetidos à Análise Temática proposta por Braun e Clarke (2006), focalizando os aspectos expressados e palavras presentes no discurso (material linguístico), considerando o campo da subjetividade, das necessidades e motivos dos sujeitos, para dar luz à forma do processo de significação da afetividade dos professores e como a relacionam com a sua saúde. A análise do material resultou na organização de quatro temas: 1. Desafios da profissão: os afetos que afetam a sala de aula; 2. as relações na e para além da sala de aula: as semânticas dos vínculos; 3. as vicissitudes dos afetos do professor: do desejo à frustração, da satisfação ao desgosto; 4. os afetos que afetam a saúde do professor: o adoecimento e as estratégias de enfrentamento. Espera-se que, com os resultados deste estudo, surja um novo olhar para a experiência afetiva do professor, uma compreensão integral, buscando outro entendimento da concepção da afetividade e seus impactos na saúde do professor em sala de aula, não apenas atrelada à relação ensino-aprendizagem ou saúde-doença, mas suas explicitações e consequências como aspecto das interações em sala de aula, e do próprio trabalho docente / The school institution faces other and new formative demands, in this scenario of transformations, it is also noticed a significant change in the teaching activity. For this, it is necessary to manage the conflicts and adversities, which causes physical and affective exhaustion. Not always appreciated in the pedagogical work, the affective dimension of the teacher may assume multiple senses and different meanings in human relations. This dimension, therefore, must be considered in the dynamics of interactions, from the context that has been produced and produces, since the events of the life have different meanings and senses for each person, who conceives his/her way of being-in-the-world. In this sense, a qualitative research was proposed, based on the historical-cultural perspective of Vygotsky\'s human development. Thus, the approach privileged the depth and the scope of the information, which allowed not only to describe but to interpret the data, having the language as one of the main resources to understand the essence of the phenomena, in accordance with the concept of health promotion. The purpose of this study was to analyze how teachers of Basic Education understand their affectivity in the classroom and how they relate it to their health. For that, 10 teachers participated, who, at the time, was teaching in the 6th year of a public school in the interior of São Paulo. As a tool for data construction, the narrative interview was adopted; the data were submitted to the Thematic Analysis proposed by Braun and Clarke (2006), focusing on the expressed aspects and words present in the discourse (linguistic material), considering the field of subjectivity, the needs and motives of the subjects, to give light to the form of the process of teachers\' affectivity and how they relate it to their health. The analysis of the material resulted in the organization of four themes: 1. Challenges of the profession: the affects that affect the classroom; 2. relations in and beyond the classroom: the semantics of links; 3. the changes of the teacher\'s affections: from desire to frustration, from satisfaction to disgust; 4. The affects that affect the health of the teacher: illness and coping strategies. With the results of this study, it is hoped that a new perspective emerges for the teacher\'s affective experience. Then, this integral comprehension will seek another understanding of the conception of affectivity and its impacts on the health of the teacher in the classroom, not only linked to the relation teaching-learning or health-disease, but its explanations and consequences as aspect of the interactions in the classroom, and of the teaching work itself

Ao longo dos anos a implementação das políticas de saneamento básico no Brasil foram evoluindo gradativamente, porém as metas de universalização não serão alcançadas até 2030. Os piores índices historicamente se concentram nas regiões norte e nordeste, sendo mais acentuados nas áreas rurais. O Amapá é o estado mais preservado do país, abrange em seu território diversas modalidades de áreas protegidas e comunidades tradicionais, dentre elas a comunidade Água Branca do Cajari, localizada na Reserva Extrativista do Rio Cajari, objeto de estudo desta Dissertação, que consistiu na formulação e avaliação de alternativas para suprir a demanda de água potável e ao encaminhamento seguro dos esgotos sanitários. Para o alcance dos objetivos, foram realizadas duas campanhas de campo, com o intuito de conhecer o perfil social, econômico e ambiental da comunidade, através da aplicação de questionários e observação in situ, avaliação da qualidade das águas destinadas ao consumo humano, através de análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas e estimativas da geração de esgoto. A proposição das alternativas foi feita a partir do dimensionamento e avaliação dos custos de instalação, operação e manutenção ao longo do horizonte de planejamento de 20 anos. Os orçamentos foram elaborados a partir de dados disponíveis na literatura técnica e a composição dos custos por pesquisas de preço e fontes oficiais como o SINAPI. Treze poços freáticos são utilizados pela população que reside na parte alta da comunidade, enquanto os que moram na parte baixa, retiram diretamente do rio, adicionam polímero que adquirem informalmente para a clarificação das águas, em média 95% da população afirma realizar a desinfecção com hipoclorito de sódio, sendo que 41,1% da população tem acesso ao mínimo estabelecido pela ONU e 7,6% abaixo do recomendado. Estavam em não conformidade, de acordo como o que estabelece a Portaria n° 2.914/2011 do Ministério da Saúde, 75% das amostras analisadas para o parâmetro pH, 62,5% para turbidez, 90% para coliformes totais/Escherichia coli. Cerca de 82,3% do esgoto séptico gerado é encaminhado a fossas negras, e 13% das unidades domiciliares não dispõe de banheiro. O custo total dos sistemas foi de: sistema de bombeamento fotovoltaico 430.644,97 R$ (0,18 R$/hab.dia); aproveitamento de água de chuva de 432.236,72 R$ (0,19 R$/hab.dia); filtro lento domiciliar 7.326.27 R$; sistema de desinfecção solar (SODIS) 9.768,54 R$ e para o tratamento de esgoto sanitário unifamiliar, fossas sépticas \"Imhoff\" e sumidouro 434.371,32 R$ ou 0,19 R$/hab.dia. Portanto, verificou-se que as alternativas avaliadas são viáveis economicamente e operacionalmente. A efetividade da implantação das tecnologias de tratamento de água e esgoto em comunidades isoladas ou de difícil acesso na Amazônia devem ser precedidas de estudos socioeconômicos, ambientais e culturais. / In the world, about 748 million of people do not have access to a potable water, more than 30% of the world population do not have appropriate installations and 1 million of people do their physical necessities in open areas, of theses, nine out ten are in rural areas. The policies about basic sanitation in Brazil gets better long of the years, but the marks for universalization cannot be touched until 2030. The indications get worst in north and northeast, especially in the countryside. Amapá is the most preserved state of Brazil, that has in its territory many spaces of protected areas and traditional communities, one of them is Àgua Branca do Cajarí, located in an extractive reserve, and is the focus of this issue, whose objective is propose and estimate better ways to get a high quality of water and sanitary wastewaters. To get better results, it was necessary to visit at these areas to know the community social, economic and environmental profile through questionnaires and in situ observation, beside doing physic-chemical and microbiological analyzes. The proposition of the best alternatives was made by starting from the estimative of installation and conservation along of 20 years, getting the present prizes. Those estimative were based on technical literature, prizes researched and official sources as SINAPI. Thirteen phreatic wells are used by people who live on the higher part of the community while people that live on the lowest part need to take water right from the river, put some polymer that is taken informally to clarify the water. About 95% of people say that use sodium hypochlorite in water, but just 41% has the least required by UNO and 7.6% is low from what is demanded. According with the governmental decree N. 2914/2011, 75% of the sample that were analyzed showed to the pH parameter; 62.5% for turbidity; 90% for total coliforms/ Escherichia coli. About 82.3% of the septic sewer created is sent to black cesspool and 13% of the houses do not have a bathroom. The total cost of the systems was about R$ 430,644.97 for a photoelectric system (0.18 R$/resident.day). The perforation and preservation of the wells were not considered; R$ 432,236.72 if use rain water (0.19 R$/resident.day). R$ 7,326.27 for slow domiciliary filter. R$ 9,768.54 for solar disinfection system and R$ 434,371.32 for unifamilial sanitary sewer treatment, septic tank \"imhoff\" and escape hole (0.19 R$/resident.day). Therefore, it was possible to see that the alternatives analyzed were economically and operationally possible. The implementation of water and sewer treatment technologies in isolated communities of by difficult access in Amazonia must be followed by socioeconomic, environmental and cultural studies.

Orientador: Fausto Berzin / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T01:58:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mahn_PauloAngelo_M.pdf: 5681289 bytes, checksum: f695708a626e978545eeb4dd6f1490fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / Resumo: O propósito deste trabalho foi de realizar um estudo eletromiográfico para comparar a atividade elétrica entre tenistas e não tenistas nos músculos trapézio (porção superior), deltóide (porção anterior), deltóide (porção posterior), bíceps do braço (cabeça longa), peitoral maior (porção esterna1) e grande dorsal nos movimentos básicos do tênis, que são o forehand, backhand e saque. Cada movimento foi dividido em três fases: início, aceleração e término. Vinte voluntários (10 tenistas e 10 não tenistas), com idade entre 20 e 30 anos, destros, foram analisados através de um eletromiógrafo (VIKING TI) de 8 canais utilizando-se de mini- eletrodos de superficie tipo Beckman, onde cada voluntário realizou três vezes o mesmo movimento. A análise dos resultados foi efetuada através de software específico, o SISDIN, que forneceu os dados numéricos em RMS (Raiz Quadrada da Média), expressos em microvolts (p. V). Foi utilizado um metrônomo para indicar com precisão o tempo exato das três fases de cada movimento. O método estatístico utilizado foi a Análise de Variância (ANOVA). Os resultados mostraram que independentemente dos movimentos e das fases os tenistas apresentaram atividade elétrica maior do que os não tenistas nos músculos trapézio (porção superior), deltóide (porção posterior), bíceps do braço (cabeça longa), peitoral maior (porção esternal) e grande dorsal. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os tenistas e não tenistas no músculo deltóide (porção anterior). O músculo que apresentou maior atividade elétrica foi o músculo trapézio (porção superior) e o músculo que apresentou menor atividade elétrica foi o músculo grande dorsal. O músculo que apresentou a maior diferença de atividade elétrica entre tenistas e não tenistas foi o músculo peitoral maior (porção esternal). A maior atividade elétrica apresentada pelos tenistas em relação aos não tenistas, é devido à melhor adaptação e maior intensidade aplicada aos movimentos realizados / Abstract: The purpose of this work was to study by electromyography, the electric activity between tennis players and non-tennis players in the trapezius (upper fibers), pectoralis major (sternocostal portion), deltoide (anterior and.posterior portion), biceps branchii (long head) and teres major muscles in the basic movements of tennis which are: the forehand, the backhand and the serve. Each movement was divided in three phases: beginning, acceleration and end. Twenty young volunteers (10 tennis players and 10 non-tennis players), aged 20 to 30 years dextrous, were studied by using a electromyographyc equipment with eight channels. The electromyographyc signals were captured by surface minielectrodes (Beckman Type), where each volunteer has performed the same movement three times. The signals were analysed by a specific software the SISDIN, which supplied the numerical data in RMS (Root Mean Square), expressed in microvolts (J.! V). A was used to indicate the accuracy of the exact time of the three phases of each movement. The statistic method used was the variance analysis (ANOVA). The results revealed that regardless of the movements and the phases, the tennis players have presented greater electric activity than the non-tennis players in the trapezius (upper fibers), pectoralis major (stemocostal portion), deltoide (anterior and posterior portion), bíceps branchii (long head) and teres major muscles. There was no significant statistic difference between the tennis players and non-tennis players in the muscle deltoide (anterior portion). The muscle which has presented the greater difference in the electric activity was the muscle trapezius (upper fibers), and the muscle which has presented the lowest electric activity was the teres major. The muscle which has presented the greater difference in the electric activity between tennis players and non-tennis players was the muscle pectoralis major (stemocostal portion). The greater electric activity presented by tennis players, compared to the non-tennis players is due to the best adaptation and greater intensity applied to the movements / Mestrado / Anatomia / Mestre em Biologia e Patologia Buco-Dental

Orientador: Solange L'Abbate / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T11:40:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amorim_EmmanuelaMendes_M.pdf: 2268705 bytes, checksum: 88c8af07cc1dbd8ea7d180a8885206c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esse trabalho buscou analisar a inter-relação entre a estratégia de Saúde da Família e o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial - CAPS no cuidado a sujeitos com transtornos mentais em Campinas-SP. Teve como objetivos específicos: caracterizar o sistema de saúde mental de Campinas-SP, no que se refere à estrutura da rede de assistência (aspectos físicos, organizacionais e recursos humanos) e da população usuária desse serviço; identificar junto aos profissionais desses serviços os sentimentos de medo e angústia, bem como as expectativas e avaliações dos mesmos em relação ao cuidado a portadores de transtornos mentais; e compreender a inter-relação e as estratégias de ação em saúde mental criadas entre profissionais desses serviços. Para tanto, utilizaram-se as perspectivas teórico-conceituais da Análise Institucional, os conceitos de Núcleo/ Campo e arranjos de apoio matricial/equipes de referência, tecnologias de trabalho e de psicopatologia do trabalho, que orientou na análise dos dados de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa encontrados. Os dados de natureza quantitativa foram provenientes de informações sobre estrutura e produção dos CAPSIII do município, que orientaram, por sua vez, a escolha dos dois serviços participantes dessa pesquisa. Em seguida, procedeu-se à coleta de dados nas unidades participantes (2 CAPS e 1 UBS), onde se realizou observação e entrevistas com os profissionais desses serviços. Os resultados apontam que há dificuldades dos CAPS com as ferramentas de produção desses serviços. Com relação ao cuidado aos portadores de transtornos mentais, em ambos os serviços revelou-se a importância do papel da enfermagem para mediar demandas clínica e/ou psiquiátricas desses sujeitos. Contudo, é apenas por estratégias de ações interdisciplinares que se produz um cuidado integral, quais sejam reuniões de equipe, supervisão e apoio matricial. Esse último é um arranjo que, juntamente com as equipes de referência, ajudam a fazer a inter-relação entre os diferentes profissionais desses serviços que fazem esse cuidado. Percebeu-se que há muito que se avançar no cuidado a portadores de transtornos mentais, porém através de ações interdisciplinares e intersetoriais, que venham a formar uma rede de cuidado, parece ser a estratégia mais indicada para superar esse desafio. / Abstract: This work sought examine the interrelationship between the strategy of the Family Health and the Center of Pyscholsocial Attention - CAPS in the care of subjects with mental disorders in Campinas-SP. It had as specific objectives: to characterize the system of mental health of Campinas-SP, in structure of the network of assistance (physical aspects, organizational and human resources) and in user population of this service; identify with the professionals in service the feelings of fear and anguish, as well as the expectations and evaluations of them about the care of the bearers of mental disorders, and to understand the inter-relationship and the action strategies on mental health that the professionals created between these two services. For this, the outlook is used theoretical and conceptual of Institutional Analysis, the concepts of Core / Field and arrangements to support matrix/ teams of reference, technology working and psychopathology of work, which targeted in the analysis of data and quantitative in nature qualitative found. The data were derived from nature quantitative information on structure and production of CAPSIII the council, which guided, in turn, the choice of two services participants of this research. Then proceeded with the collection of data in the participating units (2 CAPS and 1 UBS), which was held observation and interviews with professionals such services. The results indicate that there are difficulties of CAPS with the tools of production of these services. With respect to care for people with mental disorders in both services proved to be a importance of the role of nursing to mediate demands clinical or psychiatric these subjects. However, it is only by strategies for interdisciplinary activities which produces a full care, which are meetings of staff, supervision and support matrix. The latter is an arrangement which, along with the teams of reference, help make the interrelationship between the different professionals such services that make this care. Percebeu that there is much that is moving in the care bearers of mental disorders, but through interdisciplinary and intersectoral action, which will form a network of care, seems to be the most appropriate strategy to overcome this challenge. / Mestrado / Saude Coletiva / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

Orientador: Evely Boruchovitch / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T10:54:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_NataliaRodovalho_M.pdf: 1658191 bytes, checksum: 98e1e4f067eccf2126bb541363091fa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As atribuições de causalidade para o sucesso e o fracasso escolar dizem respeito às interpretações individuais sobre as causas do desempenho acadêmico. Por sua vez, a resiliência é compreendida como a capacidade dos seres humanos de enfrentar positivamente as situações adversas. No campo educacional, o estudo desses construtos é relevante, pois apresentam relações com fatores importantes referentes à aprendizagem autorregulada e de qualidade. Assim, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivos identificar as atribuições de causalidade para o sucesso e o fracasso escolar e a resiliência em estudantes do Ensino Fundamental, verificar as relações desses construtos com as variáveis demográficas e a correlação existente entre as atribuições causais e a resiliência, na amostra. Buscou-se também conhecer as dificuldades encontradas pelos participantes no ambiente escolar e as estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas para superá-las. A amostra foi composta por 275 alunos matriculados nos 5º, 6º, 7º, 8º e 9º anos, de ambos os sexos, de uma escola pública da cidade de Monte Carmelo - MG. Os dados foram coletados por meio da aplicação de questões abertas sobre as dificuldades no ambiente escolar, de uma Escala de Avaliação das Atribuições de Causalidade para Sucesso e Fracasso Escolar, e de uma Escala de Resiliência para Crianças e Adolescentes. As questões abertas foram avaliadas por meio da análise categorial; e os dados objetivos foram analisados de acordo com os procedimentos da estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados mostraram que os alunos relataram como principais dificuldades enfrentadas na escola as relacionadas à aprendizagem e ao relacionamento interpessoal e mencionaram o uso de diversas estratégias de enfrentamento para superá-las, tais como: utilização de boas estratégias de estudo e de aprendizagem e investimento nas relações interpessoais. No que concerne às atribuições causais, a maioria dos participantes disse acreditar que causas internas e controláveis são responsáveis pelo sucesso e pelo fracasso escolar. Quanto à resiliência observou-se que uma quantidade expressiva dos estudantes reportou as características que facilitam a superação das adversidades. Foram encontradas correlações significantes, positivas e negativas, entre atribuição de causalidade e resiliência e também entre esses construtos e as variáveis demográficas. Espera-se que o presente estudo possa contribuir para melhor compreensão das atribuições causais e das características da resiliência em alunos da Educação Básica. Tem-se a expectativa de que esta pesquisa possa colaborar para a ampliação do conhecimento na área e que instigue novos estudos. Pretende-se, ainda, que este trabalho possa trazer importantes implicações educacionais, especialmente sobre a prática docente, no sentido de promover nos alunos uma reflexão sobre as causas do desempenho escolar e estimulá-los em direção ao desenvolvimento de características individuais que facilitem a superação das adversidades. / Abstract: The causal attributions for success and failure in school refer to individual interpretations about the causes of academic performance. In turn, resilience refers to the ability of humans to cope positively with adverse situations. In the educational field, the study of these constructs is relevant, because have related to important factors about the self-regulated learning process and quality. This study aimed to identify the causal attributions for success and failure in school, as well as resilience in elementary school students. It also aimed to examine the relationship between these constructs and the demographic variables along with the correlation between causal attributions and resilience in the sample. We also looked for information about the difficulties found by the participants and the coping strategies used to overcome these difficulties in the school environment. The sample involved 275 male and female students enrolled in 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th grades of a public school in the city of Monte Carmelo, in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data were collected through the application of open questions about the difficulties in the school environment, a Scale of Causality Attributions for Success and School Failure, and a Resilience Scale for Children and Adolescents. The open questions were evaluated through categorical analysis and the objective data were analyzed according to the procedures of descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that the major difficulties faced by students in the school environment were related to learning and interpersonal relationship. They also mentioned the use of various coping strategies to overcome these difficulties, such as the use of good study and learning strategies, and investment in interpersonal relationship. Regarding the causal attributions, most participants said they believe that internal and controllable causes are responsible for school success and failure. With respect to resilience, we observed that a significant number of students reported features that help them overcome the adversities. Positive and negative significant correlations were found between causal attribution and resilience, and also between these constructs and demographic variables. We hope that this study will contribute to a better understanding of causal attributions and characteristics of resilience in elementary education students. We expect that this research will contribute to the expansion of knowledge in the area and instigate further studies. With this study, we also intend to provide important educational implications, especially on the teaching practice, in order to help students reflect on the causes of school performance, and to encourage the development of individual characteristics that help them overcome adversities. / Mestrado / Psicologia Educacional / Mestra em Educação

Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka högskolestudenters erfarenheter av övergången från studier inom kemi på gymnasial nivå till högskolenivå för att se om det finns ett glapp i undervisningen. Undersökningen bestod av dels en enkätundersökning och dels svaren från tentamensfrågor av samma karaktär som enkätfrågorna. Resultatet visar att studenterna anser att det är en skillnad mellan att läsa kemi på gymnasial nivå och på högskolenivå och att den största skillnaden ligger i ett förändrat arbetssätt. Av studenternas svar på enkätfrågorna och tentamen kan slutsatsen dras att studenterna känner till termer och begrepp, men har svårt att använda dem för att förklara kemiska fenomen.

The aim of this examination project work was to develop one new sports drink for consumption during prolonged exercise. Most existing sports drinks contain carbohydrates and electrolytes but the drink developed during this project work aimed to contain protein/amino acids and other substances that potentially may help the athlete to perform better compared with sports dinks containing only carbohydrates and electrolytes. Since it is unclear if whole proteins, oligopeptides or free amino acids are preferred, three different sports drink where developed. All three sports drinks contain 25 mmol Na+/l, 5.5 mmol K+/l, 240 mg caffeine (per serving), high molecular weight glucose polymer (7%), aromas, beta-carotene and other substances supposed to improve the taste of the drinks. The three drinks contain different sources of amino acids: 0.47% branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in the BCAA-sports drink, 2% whey protein in the Whey protein-sports drink and 0.8% hydrolyzed casein (oligopeptides) in the Peptopro®-sports drink. The serving size of each sports drink is 0.75 l. As the drinks should taste well and be easy to drink during exercise blinded tasting tests were performed. During these tests prototypes and the final versions of all three sports drinks were compared to a placebo drink containing no amino acids or caffeine. The results from the taste-tests show that none of the test drinks or the placebo drink exhibited significantly better taste (p>0.05). However, the BCAA-sports drink, the Whey protein-sports drink and the placebo drink was shown to taste better than the Peptopro®-sports drink. To investigate the effects of the sports drinks on performance, two elite trained cyclists were supplemented with the test drinks and the placebo drink during interval-trials on a cycle ergometer equipped to measure power output during blinded tests. The power output was compared to the heart rate of each test participant. The placebo drinks contained 8% carbohydrates but no caffeine or amino acids. The results indicate that all three sports drinks either were considered equal, or improved the performance, as compared to the placebo drink. All drinks were considered to taste well during exercise. These findings indicate that the three sports drinks developed during this project work, improved performance and tasted well. However, it is desired to improve the taste of both the Peptopro®-sports drink and the Whey protein-sports drink. Alternative drinks containing no caffeine should be developed in order for the athlete to intake large quantities of the developed sports drinks during prolonged exercise / Sportdrycker är i regel kolhydratbaserade i syfte att skapa goda förutsättningar för idrottslig prestation. De sportdrycker som vid detta arbete utvecklats innehåller substanser utöver kolhydrater som möjliggör en förbättrad prestation vid långtidsuthållighetsidrott relativt kolhydratsbaserade sportdrycker. Sportdryckerna skulle vara välsmakande och lätta att konsumera i stora volymer under arbete. Syftet var att utveckla en sportdryck, innehållande en protein-/aminosyra-källa, men då det mot bakgrund av aktuell forskning var oklart om helprotein, oligopeptider eller fria aminosyror var att föredra, utvecklades tre olika sportdrycker. Detta resulterade i följande tre sportdrycker: BCAA-sportdrycken, som innehåller 0.47 % grenade aminosyror (BCAA), Vassleprotein-sportdrycken, som innehåller 2 % vassleprotein och Peptopro®-sportdrycken som innehåller 0,8 % hydrolyserat kasein (i form av oligopeptider). Alla tre har en serveringsstorlek på 0,75 l. Övrigt innehåll i sportdryckerna är 240 mg koffein (per servering), 25 mmol/l Na+, 5,5 mmol/l K+, 7 % glukospolymer av hög molekylvikt (Vitargo®) samt smakämnen och betakaroten. De tre sportdryckerna jämfördes vid enkelblindade tester relativt en etablerad sportdryck innehållande 8 % kolhydrater (Vitargo®), både genom smaktester utförda på tränad smakpanel och genom prestationstester utförda på unga elitcyklister. Även osmolalitet och pH mättes på färdiga drycker. Resultaten från smaktesterna visade att både BCAA-sportdrycken och Vassleprotein-sportdrycken var välsmakande, men att Peptopro®-sportdrycken ej var färdig smakmässigt. Ingen signifikant skillnad i smak uppmättes mellan sportdryckerna och kontrolldrycken (p>0,05). Resultaten från prestationstesterna indikerade att samtliga testdrycker var likvärdiga med eller förbättrade prestationen under tidsintervallen relativt kontrolldryck med annorlunda elektrolytsammansättning samt utan koffein och aminosyror. Samtliga drycker uppfattades här som välsmakande och lätta att konsumera under arbete. Sammanfattningsvis bedöms samtliga produkter vara såväl prestationsmässigt som smakmässigt bra alternativ till etablerade sportdrycker för uthållighetsidrottare. Ytterligare smakförbättringar är önskvärda för såväl Vassleprotein-sportdrycken som Peptopro®-sportdrycken. 2008:L1

Syftet med studien var att beskriva anhörigas upplevelser av hur sjuksköterskor på ett äldreboende gav information, lyssnade in och gav stöd gällande vårdtagaren. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ beskrivande intervjustudie, där urvalet gjordes genom bekvämlighetsurval. Deltagarna rekryterades från ett äldreboende i en mindre kommun i mellansverige. Författarna kategoriserade intervjumaterialet av sammanlagt åtta intervjuer, vilket gav fyra huvudkategorier: Bristande kontakt.  Kommunikation med underkategorierna; Hur sjuksköterskor informerar samt brister och förbättringar i vården. Att bli sedd och uppmärksammad. Trygghet. Resultatet visade att kontakten och informationen från sjuksköterska till anhörig var bra, dock brast den i kontinuitet. Anhöriga ansåg att sjuksköterskorna lyssnade samt uppmärksammade dem på ett tillfredställande sätt, genom små enkla medel. Trygghet för vården ansåg anhöriga bestod delvis av spontant stöd från sjuksköterskorna men att det i nuläget till viss del saknades. Det behövs tydligare riktlinjer för att involvera anhöriga då många anhöriga är en del av vårdtagarens liv, samt att ett förbättrat samarbete kan stärka förtroendet mellan sjuksköterska, anhörig och vårdtagare vilket i slutändan leder till trygg och god vård för vårdtagaren. / The aim of this study was to describe family members' experiences of how nurses in a nursing home provided information, listened in and gave support regarding the resident. The study was conducted as a qualitative descriptive interview study, where the selection was made through convenience sampling. The participants were recruited from a nursing home in a small municipality in central Sweden. The authors categorized the interview material of a total of eight interviews, resulting in four main categories; Lack of contact. Communication, with the subcategories; How nurses inform, and deficiencies and improvements in care. To be seen and acknowledged. Security. The results showed that the contact and information from nurses to family members was good, but lacked in continuity. Family members felt that the nurses listened and took note of them in a satisfactory manner, by small and simple means. Family members also felt that spontaneous support from the nurses would give a greater sense of security, but is currently partly missing. There is a need for more precise guidelines for how to involve family members, as they are a part of the residents’ life, and improved cooperation can strengthen the trust between nurse, family members and residents, which ultimately leads to a safe and proper care for the residents.

Syfte:Syftet med föreliggande arbete är att undersöka hur äldre personer och personal på ett vårdboende i Uppsala uppfattar kvalitéten på den mat som levereras färdig till boendet och sedan serveras. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ design och genomfördes genom intervjuer på fem äldre och fem personal på ett vårdboende. Intervjuerna analyserades genom en kvalitativ analysmetod. Resultat: I studien framkom att de äldre och personalen ofta hade samma uppfattning om vad bra mat var. De äldre hade dock kritik angående matens temperatur, doft, smaksättning och variation i större utsträckning än personalen. De äldre tyckte att serveringen kunde gå annorlunda till och att personalen skulle sitta med vid bordet mer ofta medan personalen tyckte att måltidsituationen var god. Slutsats: Konkluderat kan vi se att det finns likheter såväl som skillnader bland de äldres och personalens uppfattning gällande maten och måltidssituationen på vårdboendet. Både de äldre och personalen tyckte det var viktigt med smak, doft och utseende samt att maten var välbekant. Däremot hade de äldre kritik mot organisatoriska aspekter såsom bordsplacering, servering och personalens delaktighet vid måltiden. / The purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how elderly people and staff in a nursing home in Uppsala perceive the quality of the food that is delivered ready to the nursing home and then served. Method: The study has a qualitative design and was conducted through interviews of five elderly and five of the staff in a nursing home. The interviews were analyzed through a qualitative analysis. Results: The study revealed that the elderly and the staff often had the same idea of what good food was. The elderly, however, had criticism about the foods temperature, aroma, flavour and variety to a greater extent than the staff. The elderly thought that the service could go differently and that the staff should sit with them at the table more often, while the staff thought the meal situation was good. Conclusion: Concludes to similarities as well as to differences among the elderly and the staff´s perception regarding food and meal situation at the nursing home. Both the elderly and the staff thought it was important with flavour, scent and the appearance and that the food was familiar. In contrast, the early criticise of the organizational aspects such as seating at the table, service and how the staff participated in the meal situation.

The requirements of good quality and appetizing fast food increases continuously as a consequence of a community where food is always available. The crispiness of French fries is an issue that must be considered in this context, since it tends to decrease and give the fries a soft surface not appreciated by the consumer. To prolong the crispiness, the fries can be coated by a batter, a mix of starches. The batters used often consists of modified starches, e.g. cross-linked, acetylated and dextrinizated to increase and prolong crispiness, flour to stabilize the batter and sodium bicarbonate to make the batter “rise”. The cross-linked starch keeps the granules in a swelled state and prevents them from breaking when exposed to heat or processing: therefore, it delays the gelatinization and decreases the stickiness of the batter. The acetylated starch delays the retrogradation since it prevents amylose from packing when retrograded. It also stabilizes the batter. The dextrin added consists of heat and acid processed starch and decreases the gelatinization temperature of the batter. It also gives an appetizing color to the French fries. The aim of this project is to give further understanding of the ingredients´ functions, and to find alternative ingredients in a recipe already used, since the price of some ingredients has increased rapidly during the last few years. By studying an existing recipe and by doing a literary research some of the ideas were applied in the laboratory, followed by sensory and technical evaluations where color, appearance, crispiness, hardness and, to some degree, taste were evaluated. The viscosity of the starch solutions was measured since it indicates the pick-up (the amount of batter attached to the French fries). Pick-up and texture were also analyzed. Experiments confirmed the hypothesis that the acetylated starch was unnecessary and could be replaced by cross-linked starch. A high degree of cross-linking seemed to decrease the crispiness, which may depend on the prevented granule swelling. Replacing the cross-linked starch with native potato starch did not work since the batter became way too sticky. The flour could, to some degree, be replaced by native potato starch since the crispiness was very distinct. Too high concentrations of native starch made all batters very sticky, though, probably because of the early granule “explosion” caused by processing and high frying temperatures. Maize flour was an alternative to the flour currently used, since the color, appearance and crispiness of the French fries were very good according to the sensory evaluations. Although the difference between the batters seemed evident when evaluated sensory, statistics made sure that it was not significant. More research and tests needs to be done to assure the results of this project. It is also necessary to verify that the laboratory results are identical to those in industry. However, the study gave further understanding of the function of the ingredients and confirmed that there are several ways of improving an already good concept. / I takt med att allt större krav ställs på snabbmatsrestauranger och - producenter ökar också pressen att hitta livsmedel som lever upp till dessa. Stärkelsecoating av pommes frites används idag i många industrier i syfte att attrahera konsumenten genom en ökad krispighet och ett mer aptitligt utseende. Som namnet Clear-coat batter anger, ska battern inte synas utan används enbart i syfte att ge en förbättrad struktur. Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att hitta billigare ersättningar till de stärkelsevarianter som i dagsläget används i ett fungerande koncept, samt att öka förståelsen för de ingående komponenternas påverkan på slutresultatet. Arbetet tar sin början med en litteratursökning för att sedan fortsätta med appliceringsförsök och påföljande sensorisk och teknisk analys. De sensoriska analyserna, baserade på färg, utseende, krispighet och hårdhet hos pommes frites coatade med batter, stärkelseblandning, låg till grund för vidare försök och avgjorde vilka receptmodifieringar som skulle granskas ytterligare genom viskositets - pick-up - och texturmätningar. Den acetylerade stärkelse som används i referensreceptet hade inte någon tydlig påverkan på slutresultatet, utan kunde ersättas med tvärbunden stärkelse. Det framgick även att det rismjöl som används till viss del kunde ersättas med nativ potatisstärkelse, samt att majsmjöl gav ett mycket tillfredsställande resultat. Testerna visade att den tvärbundna stärkelsen var oumbärlig då klistrigheten blev för hög utan denna ingrediens. Det förelåg ingen signifikant skillnad mellan de olika recepten vid texturmätning, men fler försök behövs för att säkerställa denna slutsats.