This dissertation explores the construction of masculine identity at the intersection between early modern English drama and competitively violent entertainment. It argues that early modern Englishmen navigated a complex system of dangers and rewards associated with violent self-assertion, and that the playhouse represented a space uniquely suited to the embodying and interrogating of that system. Spaces used for performing plays frequently doubled as venues for cockfights, animal baitings, and fencing exhibitions, and the violence of such entertainments often appeared, either physically or rhetorically, in the period's drama. The project of the dissertation will be to provide a historicizing lens through which to view this violence "in play" in order to understand how early modern English drama refracted and participated in shaping the period's highly contested norms of violent self-assertion in the performance of male identity. Chapter One maps the cultural disruptions precipitated by the importation of the Italian rapier into late-sixteenth century England. It argues that the secretive exclusivity of rapier culture rendered its novel form of violent masculinity fundamentally "untheatrical" in comparison to more traditional male identities, leading playwrights to caricature the duelist as either a cowardly braggart or a treacherous assassin. Chapter Two examines Shakespeare's plays in light of the discourses described in Chapter One. Shakespeare's work consistently associates traditional weaponry with a threatened male honor culture while associating rapiers with the undermining of male identity through cowardice or treachery. Chapter Three considers the English hunt as a means of asserting a capacity for violence, focusing on attempts to use the wild boar as a means of restoring the hunt's fading masculine associations. The chapter ends with an extended reading of Thomas Heywood's Age plays, the English Renaissance theater's richest staging of hunting culture. Chapter Four offers an historically informed understanding of the interconnections between bearbaiting and theater by addressing the early modern image of the bear as both a terrifying representative of a threatening natural world and a figure of courageous self-defense in the face of overwhelming odds. / 2016-11-18T00:00:00Z

This thesis investigates how the Bear River marsh’s protection became a national interest and a cause for conservation in the Progressive Era. The thesis documents how the marsh declined because of irrigation development culminating with an outbreak of avian botulism in 1910, and traces the long process to protect the marshland. The research focused on examining local water development patterns of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, ornithological research in the 1910s, and the national sportsmen’s conservation movement of the 1920s. Upon examination of these events, it becomes clear that a coalition of ornithologists, sportsmen, and policy makers worked together to institute change that affected the marsh. Through showing how groups came together in the past to work for conservation, this research highlights the important role that a coalition of groups can have in reshaping how a landscape is viewed and managed.

The systematic status of whitefishes endemic to Bear lake, Utah-Idaho, has remained tenuous since their original description. Clarification of this problem was the major objective of the present study. The general approach was an integrated one, including examination of morphological, biochemical and ecological parameters; artificial hybrids were produced and compared with questionable groups from the natural population. Morphological analysis revealed five forms of Bear Lake whitefishes Prosopium gemmiferum (Bonneville cisco) and P. abyssicola (Bear lake whitefish) were well differentiated from other forms and were treated as originally described. The P. spilonotus (Bonneville whitefish) group, however, was found to be made up of two morphologically distinct populations, referred to as P. spilonotus (small form) and P. spilonotus (large form). The fifth group referred to as P. gemmiferum-like (represented by only five specimens) was intermediate between P. gemmiferum and either P. spilonotus (small form) or P. abyssicola and was hypothesized to be of hybrid origin. Multiple discriminant function analysis of the four major groups and P. williamsoni (mountain whitefish) (Logan River) confirmed morphological differentiation between forms. Hybridization studies among Bear Lake Prosopium and P. williamsoni involved 50 homo - and heterospecific crosses (17 combinations). Of 12 experimental hybrid combinations attempted, all those involving simultaneously ripe specimens of two groups (five crosses) showed maximum fertilization success equalling that of pure crosses. no evidence that interspecific crosses are less successful than conspecific crosses, with the possible exception of P. williamsoni ♀ x P. gemmiferum ♂ (W x G), was obtained. Culture methods were developed and morphological comparisons made. Origin of P. gemmiferum-like hybrids in the lake population was not consistently explained by morphological comparison of known P. spilonotus (small form) ♀ x P. gemmiferum ♂ (S x G) hybrids or P abyssicola ♀ x P. gemmiferum ♂ (A x G) hybrids; morphometric characters were more like S x G hybrids while meristic characters were more closely associated with A x G hybrids. Based on evidence available, no definitive statement could be made concerning the origin of P. gemmiferum-like hybrids except that they are hybrids among combinations of P. gemmiferum and either P. spilonotus (small form) or P. abyssicola. no known hybrid explained the origin of either group of P. spilonotus. Electrophoretic analysis of general proteins and several enzyme systems of various tissues showed much similarity among Bear Lake Prosopium; only P. williamsoni was totally unique. Biochemical evidence did not support or refute separate consideration of the two forms of P. spilonotus but did establish that neither were phenotypic variants of P. williamsoni. Ecological characteristics of Bear Lake Prosopium revealed important distinctions between forms. Growth histories of P. abyssicola, P. spilonotus (small form) and P. spilonotus (large form) showed pronounced differences. Distinct differences in growth and in age and size at maturity of forms of P.. spilonotus provided further evidence supporting their separate consideration. Spatial overlap of spawning activities was marked between forms of P. spilonotus and P. gemmiferum; P. abyssicola was well separated spatially. Temporally, slight overlap was observed between ripe females of one group and ripe males of the succeeding group to spawn. the only observation of the simultaneous occurrence of ripe females of two forms was between P. spilonotus (large form) and P. spilonotus (small form); in this instance, the number of ripe females of each form was extremely small. No evidence of mass hybridization among forms was observed. A combination of temporal, spatial and ethological premating isolating mechanisms are thought to be important in reproductive isolation of Bear lake whitefishes while postmating mechanisms are nonfunctional with the possible exception of hybrid sterility. Morphological and ecological analyses, combined with results of experimental hybridization, provided abundant evidence supporting separate recognition of the two forms of P,. spilonotus. Karyotypes of P. gemmiferum, P abyssicola and P. spilonotus (small form) have been determined (Booke, 1974) and are unique for each species. If the karyotype of P. spilonotus (large form) is found to also be unique, there should be no question that the two forms of P. spilonotus represent distinct species. Final clarification of the taxanomic status of these forms will not come until karyotype data is available; however, based upon present evidence, tentative recognition of a new species is recommended.

The fracture-dominated Tony Grove alpine karst system in the Bear River Range in north-central Utah, has caves ranging from 5m deep, consisting of solution-enlarged single fractures, to the large, 374m deep, Main Drain Cave, characterized by a series of vertical drops and horizontal passages. The caves int he Tony Grove area are developed throughout the 510m thick Fish Haven and Laketown Dolomites. The Swan Peak Formation, consisting of orthoquartzite and shale, underlies the dolomites. Surface fracture measurements (n=3502) yielded two distinctive sets of fractures. The northeast-southwest sets had a mean orientation of 41±0.7° and the northwest-southeast set with a mean of 133±5°. Of the sixteen caves surveyed for fractures and passages, fifteen were controlled by fractures, although some caves had both facture-and non-fracture-controlled passages. Only one cave was entirely non-fracture controlled, likely due to a change in lithology. Main Drain Cave, the only cave with long horizontal passages, was surveyed for both fracture and stratigraphic influences on horizontal cave development. Results indicate some sections are controlled by southeast-trending-fractures and other sections are controlled by southwest-dipping-bedding planes. Alternatively, parts of the down-dip-oriented sections may be influenced by southwest-oriented fractures. Stratigraphic control in this cave includes cherty layers that appear to hinder down-cutting of passages into lower stratigraphic units. Surface mapping determined that there is a southeast-oriented fold pair east of the Logan Peak Syncline, consisting of the Naomi Peak Syncline and the Cottonwood Canyon Anticline. The anticline merges with the Logan Peak Syncline near the head of Cottonwood Canyon. The Naomi Peak Syncline continues north-northeast through the Tony Grove area and may divert water from the Tony Grove area to Wood Camp Hollow Spring in Logan Canyon. The anticline acts as a divide between groundwater traveling southwest to Dewitt Spring and south-southeast to Wood Camp Hollow Spring. The Swan Peak Formation appears to act as a barrier to groundwater movement into the underlying formations, separating the Tony Grove system from underlying systems.

This paper presents new interpretations of two normal-slip, low-angle faults near Smithfield and Richmond, Utah. The faults have previously been interpreted as landslides, gravity slides, slide blocks, and depositional contacts. Recent work in the Basin and Range province allows new interpretations concerning the origins of the low­-angle faults. Working hypotheses used to interpret origins of the faults are classified as folded thrust fault, rotated high-angle normal fault, gravity slide, listric normal fault, and low-­angle normal fault Among these general categories are several subhypotheses. The evaluation of each hypothesis includes a description of the geologic requirements of the hypothesis, a comparison of field data to the requirements, and a conclusion regarding the hypothesis. Field maps, computer analyses of fault orientations, geophysical surveys, well logs, and published discussions of low-angle-fault origins provide the data base from which to derive conclusions. The data best fit a low-angle-normal-fault hypothesis which states that low-angle normal faults in the study area represent a pre-Basin and Range style of extensional tectonism in which principal stress axes were in a transitional state between compressional tectonism and modern Basin and Range extensional tectonism. The northern low-angle normal fault formed as early as the late Eocene, followed by the southern low-angle normal fault in the early to middle Miocene(?). Episodes of high­-angle normal faulting followed formation of the southern low-angle normal fault. The faulting history indicates that two distinct stress states existed resulting in two different styles of normal faults. Schematic cross-sectional reconstructions based on two other low-angle-normal­fault subhypotheses and the gravity-slide subhypothesis 2 indicated that these subhypotheses could be valid However, the two low-angle-normal-fault subhypotheses cannot account for transitional stress states, and the gravity-slide subhypothesis explains only the southern low-angle normal fault. On the basis of geologic simplicity, the best hypothesis should explain both low-angle faults because of their similarities in deformation, orientation, and age. The applicability of the low-angle-normal-fault model to the rest of the Basin and Range province is somewhat limited. Too many local variables are involved to allow one model to be regionally applied. (112 pages)

Near Logan, Utah, the Fish Haven Formation is a thick-bedded, dark-gray dolostone. The Laketown Formation, which rests on the Fish Haven, is a less resistant, medium-gray dolostone. The Ordovician-Silurian boundary has been placed locally at the top of the Fish Haven by stratigraphers, and in the lower Laketown Formation by paleontologists. Four sections of the Fish Haven and Laketown dolostones were measured near Logan, Utah. The samples from these four sections were examined using petrography, insoluble residue analyses, x- ray diffraction, quantitative and qualitative x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and statistical analysis. Petrography appears to be the best lab technique for distinguishing the two dolostones. This technique shows the grain size decreases in going from the Fish Haven Formation to the Laketown Formation. This decrease in grain size is also seen in the field. All other laboratory techniques show that the two dolostones are very similar and cannot, in general, be distinguished. To summarize, the percent insoluble residue and the percent of quartz and illite found in each formation are independent of formational boundaries. X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and statistical analysis all show that the two formations are geochemically similar. A comparison of dolostones shows that they may, in general, be divided into two categories of pure and impure. The Fe2O3 content of pure dolostones may be less than the Fe2O3 content of impure dolostones. Other than the change in Fe2O3 content dolostones tend to be the same geochemically. This suggests that the process of dolomitization tends to obliterate any differences which may have originally existed and make all dolostones essentially uniform in composition.

Zooplankton of the littoral and limnetic zones of Bear Lake, Idaho- Utah, were collected over a 17 -month period. Twenty-three species of zooplankton were recorded, as well as nine other species represented by both flora and fauna. At the time of sampling 17 physical and chemical parameters were a lso measured. Methods of analysis for the plankton and the environment are described and discussed. The objectives of this project were fourfold: To establish a record of the current zooplankton population before changes due to the increase o f organic nutrients occur. To compile a qualitative and quantitative standard against which future populations can be compared. To assess the source and the amount of present nutrients which are being contributed to the lake. To investigate the effect the present addition of nutrients is having on zooplankton productivity. The physical and chemical analysis of the Bear Lake waters showed a number of interesting trends. The measurement of total dissolved solids, when compared with previous investigations, showed a decline: i.e., it appears that a great dilution had taken place in the lake waters since 1912. The measurement of salinity revealed two chemical patterns in Bear Lake waters. First: chloride, sulfate, sodium, and potassium showed a decrease in concentration on a long-term basis. Second, calcium showed a slight rise with a leveling off, and magnesium showed a decline with a leveling off over the same period. Calcium is being precipitated as calcium carbonate, and the removal of sodium, potassium , sulfate, magnesium, and chloride is achieved through the pumping of lake waters outside the basin. Nitrogen was measured with respect to three of its forms--ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. Ammonia was comparatively evenly distributed throughout the water column at all depths. The cycling of ammonia appeared to follow that of known oligotrophic lakes. Generally, the nitrite was low in the limnetic and allochthonous waters and higher in the littoral zone. The littoral and limnetic water exhibited lower nitrate levels than the allochthonous sources. This is believed to be due to the prevailing land use patterns. The production of cattle and sheep and the cultivation of extensively fertilized crops appear to give the most plausible answer. The littoral waters appeared to be higher with respect to ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate, in the microhabitats that are natural, and in others that are man-made: i.e., harbors, breakwaters, and shore based homes. The distribution of phosphate-phosphorous in the waters varied little during the study. The mean values were quite similar for the littoral and limnetic waters. The allochthonous waters had approximately four times the phosphate concentration of the lake waters. The chemical analysis of the bottom muds revealed that phosphorous as phosphate and as P2O5 were significantly higher in concentration between the 50- and 200-foot contours than at lesser depths. The low levels of soluble phosphate and the slight variation encountered in the water column seem to be related to the orthograde nature of the oxygen curve found in the lake. Relationships between chemical analysis and the zooplankton associated within a particular station in the lake were completed by correlation and regression analysis. Associations between independent and dependent variables apparently defined various environmental preferences or requirements necessary for the maintenance of particular individual species. In light of the basic taxonomic considerations these proposals appear to be within reason. Individual correlation and regression analysis were completed for three lake zones investigated: littoral, limnetic, and the haptobenthos. Individual analysis of variances were completed within the three Bear Lake zones in order to assess the affect of habitat on the plankton population. The statistical analyses were compared to the means for these several stations within one zone, and biological and statistical explanations were made. Supplementary water quality analyses were conducted in order to explain some abnormal chem1cal and biological results. Bacteriological testing of the Bear Lake waters revealed that a large percentage of the littoral and allied limnetic zone presented definite problems with respect to water quality and public use.

The headwaters of the Bear River in the Uinta Mountains of Utah provide a good setting in which to examine the influence of geological materials on stream chemistry. Ionic contributions to the stream-water from soils, vegetation, and the atmosphere generally are sparse enough that they do not mask the geologic contributions. Samples from 37 sites on the four major headwater streams and several minor tributaries were examined geochemically. Data derived from the samples allowed the construction of a hydrogeochemical weathering model specific to the study area. A significant feature of this model is that carbonic acid is the dominant chemical agent involved in geochemical weathering. The aim of this study was to examine the geologic influences on river chemistry. However, atmospheric contributions dominate the hydrochemistry through at least the first 10 kilometers of stream length for the easternmost three of the four major headwater streams. Except for the atmospheric contribution, surface-water chemistry is dominated by the groundwater chemistry, which is indelibly marked by the lithology the groundwater passes through. Other geologic factors in the study area that appear to influence groundwater chemistry, and hence stream chemistry, are the glacial till and outwash deposits and a major zone of east-west trending high-angle thrust faults. A technique for estimating the hydrochemistry of the groundwater based on surface-water chemistry and flow measurements was developed in this study.

The Bear River Valley Co-op Association was described in terms of certain changes that have occurred in its history, and analysis was made of how these changes relate to changes in the degree of local control by officers and members of the organization. The method used in this study was content analysis of records of the organization. The main sources of data were: The Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws of the organization for 1947 and 1964, and the minutes of meetings from 1968 to 1977. The study shows that the Bear River Valley Co-op Association today, as compared to the early period of its formation, has grown and changed from small-scale to a larger scale organizational pattern. This change is evidenced by a greater degree of formality and bureaucracy in its present organization than existed in the early period. Additional evidence is reflected in the greater concern for business matters today that formerly. Correlated with this change has been a decrease in local control which previously appeared as a predominant characteristic of the organization. This decrease is evidenced in some reduction of concern for membership relations and in a reduction in efforts to encourage local neighborhood and community discussion and planning in regard to common problems and needs of members

Detailed geologic mapping and subsurface study of late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments in northern Bear Lake Valley show at least four episodes of deposition of fluvial, marsh, bay, and lacustrine sediments. from oldest to youngest, these are the Ovid, Liberty, Wardboro, and Lifton episodes. These episodes are substantially different than those proposed by previous investigators. The informal term Bear Lake Formation is formally redefined here as the Bear Lake Group, and includes the newly defined Ovid Formation, Liberty Formation, lanark Formation, and Rainb= Gravel. The overlying Wardboro Loess, also defined here, provides a probably age of 11,000 to 8,000 years B. P. for widespread post-Wisconsinan deposition of loess in northern Utah and southern Idaho. The Ovid Episode began prior to 27,400 years B. P ., d=ing a warm, dry, climatic interval. Sediments deposited during the early part of the Ovid Episode include marsh and bay deposits of the l=er part of the Ovid Formation in northern Bear Lake Valley , probably similar deposits of the lCN~er part of the lanark Formation west of the Bloomington Scarp (on the west side of Bear Lake Valley), and marshy deposits beneath Bear Lake in southern Bear Lake Valley. West-sloping pediments at the north end of Bear Lake Valley, between Bennington and Georgetown, Idaho, and old alluvial fans, also may have formed at this time. The northern outlet of the valley was near 5990 feet at this time . Downfaulting along the Bear L3ke fault zone on the east side of Bear L3ke Valley, and prol:able eastward tilting affected the central valley during the Ovid Episode. At this time, deposition of deep-water carbonates, beneath Bear L3ke, prol:ably began in southern Bear L3ke Valley. Later, cooler- and Jl'Oister clirratic conditions of a Late Pleistocene glacial interval (Pinedale?) resulted in a shall& extension of this lake into northern Bear L3ke Valley during the Liberty Episode. Progradational, shallow-water sand deposits of the Liberty Formation show that Bear Lake attained its most recent maximum areal extent at this time. Simultaneous deposition of the Rainbow Gravel at the entrance of the Bear River into the valley, near Dingle, Idaho, and of the sandy, deltaic upper part of the Lanark Formation along the west side of the valley, reflected the increased addition of sediments, probably due to glaciation and higher stream discharges. The valley outlet was at an altitude near 5945 feet. Downcutting of the valley outlet and waning moist climatic conditions led to exposure of lake beds, increased effectiveness of the wind, and deposition of the Wardboro Loess during the Wardboro Episode. This loess prol:ably is correlative with the Niter Loess in Thatcher Basin (Gem and Gentile valleys, Idaho). It is slightly more than 8,000 C14 years old, and probably less than 11,000 year old. Recurrent faulting along the east margin (Bear Lake fault zone) and west margin (Bloomington Scarp) of the valley at the onset of the Lifton Episode led to a brief re- expansion of Bear Lake, and then a recession southward to its present position near 5923 feet. During this time, a series of beach ridges, successively younger southward, and undifferentiated sediments of marsh, bay, and stream origin, formed in northern Bear Lake Valley. The present valley outlet is near 5873 feet.