本研究旨在比較不同背景和臨床因素的乳癌患者其因應策略、正向情緒和心理症狀的差異情形。本研究除了關注個體所採取的因應策略與情緒的關聯性；另一方面，研究者認為患者的情緒亦可能影響其因應策略之選擇，因此因應策略與情緒間的變化關係，亦為本研究目的之一。 本研究採立意取樣，並以中部某一教學醫學乳房中心初診斷之乳癌患者共計113位為研究對象，蒐集患者之｢基本資料表｣、｢短版因應策略量表｣、｢醫院版焦慮-憂鬱量表｣和｢情緒平衡量尺｣，並以術後3個月和6個月進行追蹤研究。 資料處理以相關分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析及階層迴歸分析等統計方法為主。由於本研究擬以Brief COPE作為臺灣乳癌病患因應壓力之測量工具，因此將採用探索性因素分析(Exploratory Factor Analysis；EFA)，探討此量表在初診斷乳癌患者身上的因素結構。 依據本研究問題與假設，主要發現摘述如下: 一、本研究以主成分分析法抽取Brief COPE量表因素，並以斜交轉軸進行因素轉軸，依據陡坡圖和平行分析結果抽取三個因素。此三因素的解釋總變異量為62.1%。研究者將因素I命名為｢趨近因應｣；因素II命名為｢情緒性因應｣和因素III命名為｢逃避因應｣。 二、教育程度、收入和有無職業與正向情緒呈正相關；現有小孩人數和年齡與正向情緒呈負相關；年齡和副作用與憂鬱具有正向關係，教育程度則與憂鬱呈負相關;副作用與焦慮呈正相關。有無結婚、有無職業、教育程度、收入、乳房重建與趨近因應呈正相關，期數和年齡則和趨近因應有顯著負相關；有無職業和情緒性因應呈正相關。 三、乳癌患者於術後3、6個月最常採用的因應策略為趨近因應，其次為情緒性因應，最少採用逃避因應。 四、焦慮對逃避和趨近因應有獨特的預測力，即焦慮程度愈高會愈使用逃避和趨近因應策略；憂鬱則對趨近因應有獨特的預測力，憂鬱程度愈高者，其趨近因應的使用愈少；在因應策略的部分，只有趨近因應可顯著預測正向情緒；正向情緒在趨近因應和焦慮的關係中並無法形成部份或完全中介之角色。 最後，根據研究結果與限制提出若干具體建議，以供臨床工作者及未來研究之相關人員參考。 / The purpose of this study is to explore the differences of coping strategies, positive affect and psychological symptoms among newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients in different sociodemographic backgrounds. Research has found that coping strategies predict psychological outcomes; however, a few studies have also reported that psychological symptoms could predict the use of coping strategies. Therefore, the relationship between coping strategies and psychological symptoms was the first aim of the current study. One-hundred and thirteen participants were recruited by purposive sampling. The data were draw from newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients in a breast center unit at a hospital in central of Taiwan. Demographic and clinical data were gathered at the first time point, and the Brief Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced scale (Brief COPE), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Positive Affect subscale of Affect Balance, and side effect checklists were gathered 2 times during the first 3- and 6-month after discharge respectively. Pearson product-moment correlation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, post Scheffe test and hierarchical regression analysis were applied. In an attempt to confirm the factor structure of the Brief COPE, the Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) were performed before those analyses. The major findings of the current study were as follows： 1.Using principal components factor analysis with oblique rotation, scree plot and parallel analyses revealed three factors for the Brief COPE were the best factor structure of the current sample: (1) approach coping, (2) emotional coping, and (3) avoidance coping. These 3 factors accounted for 62.1% of the total variance of the data. 2.Education, income and employment status were significantly correlated with positive affect. Number of kids and age were found to be inversely correlated with positive affect. Age and side effects were positively correlated with depression. Side effects were found to be correlated with anxiety. Marital status, employment status, cancer stage, education, income, age, breast reconstruction surgery were found to be correlated with approach coping. Meanwhile stage and age were found to be negatively correlated with emotional coping. 3.Approach coping was the most commonly used coping strategies, while avoidance coping was the least commonly used coping strategies. 4.Anxiety could reliably predict the use of avoidance and approach coping. High anxiety level predicted more use of avoidance and approach coping, whereas depression predicted the use of approach coping, high depressive mood predicted less use of approach coping. Approach coping predicted higher positive affect, but positive affect was fail to be the mediator between approach coping and anxiety. Implications for these results were discussed. The results can also serve as a helpful reference for healthcare professionals.

Les accords internationaux pour la réduction des émissions polluantes dans l’environnement imposent l’insertion de plus en plus importante d’énergies renouvelables intermittentes dans le réseau électrique. De plus, l’intégration de dispositifs de stockage est envisagée dans les réseaux électriques du futur afin de résoudre le problème de l’intermittence et d’optimiser la consommation des utilisateurs. Cependant, du fait des caractéristiques différentes des signaux électriques mis en jeu (courant continu pour les sources renouvelables et les batteries, courant alternatif pour le réseau électrique), les structures actuelles reposent sur plusieurs convertisseurs connectés en cascade. Ceci engendre un coût pour le convertisseur en termes de volume et de pertes. De plus, les différents niveaux de tensions (tensions du pack batterie, des sources de production renouvelables et du réseau électrique) ainsi que des contraintes en termes de sécurité nécessitent souvent l’utilisation de transformateurs pour assurer l’isolation galvanique et l’adaptation des tensions.Cette thèse se focalise sur la conception d’une structure innovante à trois ports permettant les échanges de flux de puissances entre une source de production renouvelable, un pack de batteries et le réseau électrique (monophasé ou triphasé) avec un seul étage de conversion. La structure de type TAB (Triple Active Bridge) a été choisie à cet effet en raison de ses nombreux avantages comme l’isolation galvanique, la commutation douce (ZVS) de tous ses ponts actifs (permettant de travailler à haute fréquence de commutation) et la possibilité de contrôler aisément l’échange de puissance entre les différentes sources. L’analyse réalisée se compose d’une méthodologie pour le dimensionnement, d’une structure TAB DC/DC, d’une structure TAB DC/AC monophasée, d’une structure TAB DC/AC monophasée avec un filtre actif mis en série afin de filtrer la puissance fluctuante et, finalement, d’une structure TAB DC/AC triphasée. / International agreements for the reduction of polluting emissions to the environment require the use of renewable energies in the electricity grid. In addition, the integration of storage devices is envisaged in the future electrical networks in order to solve the intermittence problems and to optimize the consumption of the users. However, due to the different characteristics of the electrical signals involved (DC current for renewable sources and batteries, AC current for the electrical network), the current structures consist on several cascaded converters. This results in a low energy density, higher costs and reduced efficiency for the system. In addition, the different voltage levels (battery voltages, renewable sources and power grid) and safety constraints often require the use of transformers to provide galvanic isolation and match the voltages.This thesis focuses on the design of an innovative three-port structure for the bidirectional power flows control between a renewable power source, a battery pack and the power grid (single phase or three-phase) with a single conversion stage. The TAB (Triple Active Bridge) structure has been chosen for this purpose, due to its many advantages such as galvanic isolation, soft switching (ZVS) in all of its active bridges (allowing to work at high switching frequency) and the possibility of an easy power flow control between the different sources. In this way, the analysis has established a methodology for the design of a TAB DC / DC structure, a single-phase TAB DC / AC structure, a single-phase TAB DC / AC structure with a series connected active filter in order to achieve a "single phase power decoupling" and finally, for the design of a three-phase TAB DC / AC structure.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta a proposta e análise de um Inversor Ponte Completa Bidirecional (IPCB) aplicado a microrredes CC (corrente contínua) no que tange ao seu desempenho na injeção de potência ativa na rede em corrente alternada (CA) e à regulação da tensão no barramento CC diante das inerentes intermitências observadas em geradores fotovoltaicos, as quais não devem provocar distúrbios nas cargas conectadas à Microrrede CC. A estratégia de controle digital é implementada a partir de um DSP (Digital Signal Processor) contando com um controlador do tipo Proporcional Ressonante (P+Res) aliado a um controle corretor de componentes harmônicas de ordem 3, 5 e 7 da corrente imposta na rede elétrica para os dois modos de operação do sistema, o que possibilita a adequação da qualidade de energia às normas internacionais IEEE 1547 (injeção) e IEC 61.000-3-2 (retificação). Por fim, faz-se a análise qualitativa e quantitativa do sistema proposto contendo ainda as especificações de projeto além dos resultados de simulação e experimentais obtidos com a construção de um protótipo de 2,2 kWp. / This work presents the proposal and analysis of a Bidirectional Full-Bridge Inverter (BFBI) applied to DC (direct current) microgrids in terms to its performance in active power injection into the AC (alternating current) grid and DC bus voltage regulation front of the inherent intermittences observed in photovoltaic generators, which should not cause disturbances in the dc loads. The digital control strategy is implemented from a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) with Proportional Resonant (P + Res) controller combined with 3th, 5th and 7th Harmonic Correction in the current imposed on the grid for the two modes of operation, which enables the adjustment in power quality to IEEE 1547 (injection) and IEC 61.000-3-2 (rectification) international standards. Finally, this work present the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the proposed system, still containing the design specifications, simulation and experimental results obtained with the construction of a 2.2 kWp prototype. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Les outils du système d‘information sont un support aux activités des acteurs de l‘organisation. Les entreprises remplacent leurs outils par de nouveaux à la recherche de l‘amélioration de la performance, de la qualité, etc. Néanmoins, l‘implémentation d‘un nouvel outil numérique est un processus d‘adaptation mutuelle entre l‘organisation et la technologie, qui comporte des changements sur plusieurs dimensions et à différents niveaux de granularité. L‘objectif de nos travaux est de contribuer à accompagner ces changements dans le but de favoriser l‘innovation organisationnelle. Nous proposons d‘appréhender la diversité des évolutions dans l‘organisation et des adaptations de l‘outil à travers la diversité des transformations « potentielles » et « effectives » des usages. Afin d‘identifier la diversité des transformations « potentielles » des usages, nous proposons de comparer la diversité des usages « effectifs » de l‘outil « à remplacer » et « potentiels » de l‘outil « à introduire ». Une fois identifiées, les transformations « potentielles » peuvent être maitrisées à travers des décisions sur les usages à délaisser, à conserver, à adopter, jusqu‘à l‘émergence de nouveaux usages. C‘est la mise en oeuvre de ces transformations « effectives » qui implique des évolutions dans l‘organisation et/ou des adaptations de l‘outil. Nous définissons un modèle d‘usage pour tenir compte de la diversité des usages. A partir de ce modèle, nous définitions des méthodes d‘exploration graduelle de la diversité des usages et de la diversité des transformations des usages, orientées organisation ou outil. Nous illustrons l‘application des méthodes proposées à travers le cas d‘étude d‘informatisation du dossier de soins dans une structure d‘hospitalisation à domicile. / Information system tools provide support for the activities of actors in an organization. Companies replace their tools by new ones in search of performance or quality improvements, etc. However, the implementation of a new digital tool is a process of mutual adaptation between the organization and the technology, which involves changes on several dimensions and on different levels of granularity. The aim of our work is to contribute to manage these changes in order to encourage organizational innovation. We propose to grasp the diversity of evolutions in the organization and of adaptations in the tool through the diversity of ―potential‖ and ―effective‖ transformations in usages. In order to identify diversity of ―potential‖ usages, we propose to compare the diversity of ―effective‖ usages of the tool ―to replace‖ and of ―potential‖ usages of the tool ―to introduce‖. Once identified, the ―potential‖ transformations can be managed through decision making on usages to abandon, to keep, to adopt, to the emergence of new usages. It‘s the implementation of these ―effective‖ transformations that involves evolutions in the organization and adaptations of the tool. We set a usage model to consider the diversity of usages. From this model, we define methods for gradual exploration of the diversity of usages and of usage transformations, organization- and tool-oriented. We illustrate the application of methods proposed through the case study of computerization of the patient care record in a home care structure.

Nesta tese, uma família de memórias associativas bidirecionais caóticas (família C-BAM) é proposta, implementada e testada com o objetivo de estender a relevância da presença e do estudo do fenômeno caótico a modelos de redes associativas. Na modelagem da família C-BAM, todos os neurônios da memória associativa bidirecional caótica (BAM), BAM com atraso e BAM exponencial (eBAM) foram substituídos por neurônios caóticos. Cada parâmetro do neurônio caótico na família C-BAM tem sua influência estimada através do planejamento de experimentos, em diferentes dinâmicas. Com base no planejamento de experimentos, valores de parâmetros são selecionados a fim de ilustrar a emergência de comportamentos dinâmicos como bifurcação, caos determinístico e crise. A existência de dinâmicas caóticas é confirmada pelo cálculo dos expoentes de Lyapunov. Experimentos empíricos mostraram que a dinâmica caótica modifica a acessibilidade à memória da família C-BAM. Ao invés de recuperar um único par, como a família BAM fazia, a versão caótica é capaz de gerar uma grande diversidade de padrões recuperados, envolvendo complexas transições entre os padrões armazenados, para algumas variações paramétricas. Tal comportamento permite à família C-BAM acessar padrões inacessíveis às redes BAMs originais. Além disso, a nova acessibilidade à memória, na qual seqüências de recuperação (com diferentes tamanhos) compostas de padrões treinados e não treinados têm emergido, pode ser usada para modelar a habilidade de um indivíduo saltar passos na solução de uma tarefa. Esta tese seleciona a rede C-BAM para ilustrar que a seqüência de recuperação da rede pode modelar a habilidade de um noviço ou a habilidade de um especialista executar uma tarefa. Embora a família C-BAM possa alcançar todos os padrões armazenados durante o comportamento caótico, ela não consegue convergir para um padrão específico. Duas estratégias de controle são propostas para permitir que as redes caóticas convirjam para a memória desejada: o método de controle por pinagem e um método de controle adaptativo. Conseqüentemente, os modelos C-BAM podem, de fato, realizar a hetero-associação de memórias antes inacessíveis, e a rede C-BAM pode estabilizar-se no estado final de uma tarefa, dado o primeiro estado / In this thesis, a family of bidirectional associative memories (C-BAM family) is proposed, implemented and tested to extend the study of chaotic phenomenon in associative models. In the C-BAM model, all the original neurons of bidirectional associative memory (BAM), BAM with delay and exponenetial BAM (eBAM) were substituted for chaotic neurons. Based on the experimental design, values of C-BAM family parameters are set to illustrate the emergence of a diversity of dynamic behavior, such as bifurcation, deterministic chaos and crisis. The existence of the chaotic dynamics is confirmed by calculation of Lyapunov exponents. Empiric experiments showed that the chaotic dynamics modifies the behavior of memory accessibility. Instead of recalling a single pair, as BAM did, its chaotic version yielded a wide diversity of recalled patterns, involving complex transitions via memorized patterns for some parametric variations. Hence, C-BAM family can access patterns that original BAM family cannot. Moreover, the new way of memory accessibility, in which several recall sequences (with distinct sizes) composed of trained and nontrained patterns have emerged, can be used to model the ability of skipping steps by an individual in a task solution. This thesis selected C-BAM network to illustrate that the retrieval sequence can model the ability of a novice or the ability of an expert to execute a task. There are also illustrated cases in which a novice recall can be transformed into an expert recall through parametric variation. Although C-BAM family can reach all stored patterns during the chaotic behavior, it can not converge towards a specific pattern, consequently a desired output is not produced. In this thesis, two control strategies are proposed in order to make the chaotic networks to converge towards the desired memory: the pinning control method and the adaptive control method. Consequently, the C-BAM models can effectively realize the correct heteroassociation to former non-accessible memories and the C-BAM network can quickly be stabilized in the final state of a task, given the first state

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This work presents the analysis, design example, simulations and experimental results on a soft-switching bidirectional isolated three-phase dc-dc converter using dual phase-shift control with variable duty cycle. The topology uses three single H-bridges in the primary side and a three-phase inverter in the secondary side. High-frequency isolation is ensured by using three single-phase transformers connected in open delta-wye configuration. The variation of both phase-shift (PS) angles between the H-bridge legs and/or primary and secondary sides allows controlling the power flow, while reduced reactive power flow is possible. The variable duty cycle is used to ensure a constant voltage bus and/or zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation. A detailed analysis is presented considering a model based on the fundamental components for the voltages and currents in the transformer and, aiming its validation, a second analysis from the operation stages of the converter has also been developed. Besides, the dynamic model of the converter, based on fundamental components and employing the gyrator theory has been developed. A design example with nominal values assumptions, stresses and specifications for components, discrete control system characterization and its FPGA programming are presented. Simulation and experimental results in steady state and closed-loop performance are presented and discussed to validate the proposed approach. / Este trabalho apresenta a anÃlise, exemplo de projeto, simulaÃÃes e resultados experimentais de um conversor CC-CC trifÃsico isolado bidirecional com comutaÃÃo suave, dual phase shift (DPS) e razÃo cÃclica variÃvel. A topologia utiliza trÃs pontes H monofÃsicas no lado primÃrio e um inversor trifÃsico no lado secundÃrio. A isolaÃÃo em alta frequÃncia à garantida utilizando-se trÃs transformadores monofÃsicos conectados em uma configuraÃÃo delta aberto/estrela. A variaÃÃo de ambos os Ãngulos de deslocamento de fase, entre os braÃos de uma ponte H e/ou entre os lados primÃrio e secundÃrio, permitem o controle do fluxo de potÃncia. Esta flexibilidade garante a obtenÃÃo de um baixo conteÃdo reativo na anÃlise de projeto da topologia. A razÃo cÃclica variÃvel à utilizada para assegurar um barramento constante e uma operaÃÃo dos interruptores com comutaÃÃo suave. Uma anÃlise matemÃtica da estrutura à apresentada considerando um modelo baseado em componentes fundamentais e, com o propÃsito de comprovar a validade deste modelo, uma segunda anÃlise a partir das etapas de operaÃÃo do conversor tambÃm foi desenvolvida. O modelo dinÃmico do conversor, baseado nas componentes fundamentais, tambÃm foi concebido com auxÃlio da teoria do gyrator. Um exemplo de projeto, com a obtenÃÃo de valores nominais, esforÃos e especificaÃÃes dos componentes, caracterizaÃÃo do sistema de controle discreto e sua programaÃÃo atravÃs de FPGA sÃo desenvolvidos. SimulaÃÃes e resultados experimentais do conversor operando em regime permanente e dinÃmico sÃo apresentados para validar o modelo proposto.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T15:39:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 josemanueldosreissalgueiro.pdf: 2203166 bytes, checksum: f8b3956073be411084e0f43bdfe9b5d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T13:24:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 josemanueldosreissalgueiro.pdf: 2203166 bytes, checksum: f8b3956073be411084e0f43bdfe9b5d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T13:24:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 josemanueldosreissalgueiro.pdf: 2203166 bytes, checksum: f8b3956073be411084e0f43bdfe9b5d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-24 / Este projeto objetiva propor diretrizes para formatação de um sistema integrado de gestão de normas educacionais para o estado do Rio de Janeiro, de forma a melhorar a qualidade do atendimento da Coordenação da Inspeção Escolar (CDIN), da Secretaria de Estado de Educação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SEEDUC/RJ). A despeito da abundância de recursos informatizados dedicados a subsidiar adequadamente o processo de gerenciamento e tomada de decisões, a CDIN, órgão responsável pela execução das atividades ligadas à inspeção escolar, não dispõe de um sistema que gerencie as normas educacionais, que são a principal ferramenta de trabalho de seus inspetores. Esta ausência provoca reflexos negativos e diretos no tempo consumido para acessar a norma pesquisada e, sem a efetiva garantia de que, quando encontrada, é ela a norma que se encontra em vigor. Isto concorre fortemente para elevar a probabilidade de tomada de decisões temerárias em relação ao fato educacional sob análise. Em decorrência é comum o inspetor valerse de consultas aos colegas, o que acaba por inibir pesquisas, estudos e reflexões sobre questões relevantes. Este processo restritivo certamente concorre para um tipo de unidade capaz de fomentar o chamado isomorfismo. Assim, pretende-se promover a discussão dos resultados das pesquisas, identificando as demandas dos profissionais da inspeção escolar, conjugá-las com a Teoria Institucional e com as recomendações encontradas na literatura sobre a área da Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), notadamente as proposições oferecidas por Sommerville (2004), em particular a rastreabilidade bidirecional, preconizada pela Engenharia de Requisitos. A partir daí foi elaborado um conjunto de diretrizes, com vistas à formatação de um sistema capaz de atender integralmente as necessidades dos inspetores, surgidas quando da apreciação de determinado fato educacional e a consequente tomada de decisão. Além das diretrizes, recomenda-se que a SEEDUC considere a possibilidade e a oportunidade da criação de uma Câmara Técnica de Aplicação das Normas Educacionais, com a atribuição de examinar e pacificar entendimentos divergentes no âmbito da CDIN/EAAs. / This project aims to propose guidelines for formatting an integrated management of educational legislation for the state of Rio de Janeiro, in order to improve the quality of care for Coordination of School Inspection (CDIN), of the State Department of Education of the State of Rio de Janeiro (SEEDUC / RJ). Despite the abundance of computerized resources devoted to adequately subsidize process management and decision making, the CDIN, the body responsible for carrying out activities related to school inspection, lacks a system to manage the educational laws, which are the main tool work of its inspectors. This absence causes direct and negative effects in the time taken to access the law who is being searched, and without the effective guarantee that, when found, it is the law that is in force. This contributes strongly to increase the probability of making rash decisions about the fact educational under review. Because of this is common the inspector resort draw on consultations with colleagues, which ultimately inhibit research, studies and reflections on relevant issues. This restrictive process certainly contributes to a certain type of unit that can foster called isomorphism. Thus, promoted up the discussion of research findings, identifying the demands of school inspection professionals, combining them with the Institutional Theory and the recommendations found in the literature on the area of Information Technology and Communication (ICT), especially the propositions offered by Sommerville (2004), in particular bidirectional traceability, advocated by Requirements Engineering. Thereafter was elaborate a set of guidelines, with a view to formatting a system capable of meeting fully the needs of inspectors, which arising when assessing determined educational fact and the consequent decisionmaking. Additionally to the directives, it is recommended to SEEDUC consider the possibility and desirability of establishing a Technical Board of Educational Application of Norms, with attribution to examine and pacify divergent understandings in the scope CDIN/EAAs.

This diploma thesis deals with various possible ways in which the formalized expression of emotions that is characteristic of the melodramatic mode can be reinterpreted in the context of experimental cinema, with the work of the director Werner Schroeter being used as a main (but not exclusive) example. The main argument is based on two interrelated ideas. First, the melodramatic mode as a genre-bending category offers a wide repertory of stylistic features designed to express extreme emotional states or situations which can be encompassed by the term "melodramatic excess". This type of excess manifests itself most visibly in moments of intense passion when the plot breaks down and freezes in a static or symbolic arrangement, either through close-up or tableau vivant. All attention is thereby focused on the heroes' gestures and poses which express their emotional state face to face with an intense situation for which they cannot yet find an adequate response. Second, certain experimental films manage to transform the melodramatic excess through "expressive and performative operations" with filmic space, time and bodies, turning the exterior representation of emotions into the immanent expression of affects. In this case, affect is understood as a certain variation of emotions which demonstrates the...

The rate at which the integration of distributed generation (DG) penetrates the public power supply has started to put various demands on the distribution system, since they are directly connected to the network. Distribution level protection is based on a time-overcurrent design. The design is to clear faults with as little impact and minimum time on the equipment and the customer. The increasing demands placed by grid services on the DGs, especially the PV types have a serious impact on the distribution system. For example, special protective devices are required to prevent the risk of danger in the event of mains interference. In this thesis, the main focus was on the contribution of fault currents to the distribution networks, and how the high penetration of DGs especially the renewable energy resources (R.E.S.) types affect the coordination of overcurrent (O.C.) protection. In view of the changes in the international regulations, the DGs are expected to stay connected and perform grid-related control functions, instead of shutting down at the first sign of a fault. This problem becomes more acute when the DGs stay connected during faults, known as voltage ride through (VRT). This thesis presented its findings on the impact of the DGs of various types of DGs (synchronous generator, asynchronous and power electronic) on the protection coordination by the high increase of fault currents, and the mitigation techniques of the impact of the inverter interfaced DGs (whose fault current contribution was not so high) on the overcurrent protection. The impact on system’s over-current protection coordination in such hybrid AC and DC microgrid, how the fault current changes by the high penetration of DGs in the hybrid microgrid and their effects on the protection over-current coordination were presented, as the name microgrid was adopted for networks having a point of common connection (PCC). The inverter interfaced-equipment were never in the conventional systems, the few that were there were all on the load side of the distribution system. The inverter interfacing DGs (PVs) and the synchronous types are the types of DGs that affect over-current protection of the distribution system and these were mitigated accordingly, considering the first few cycles of the fault events of the ride through capabilities. The analysis of the different penetration levels of the DGs in an existing 33kV in the Nigerian distribution network, (CocaCola-Challenge Industrial feeder) was thoroughly analysed, for less than 20%, more than 60% and 100% of the feeder load. Most of the DGs, presently existing in that network are the synchronous types, but they are only used as standby sources of power, and the renewables (RES) like the photovoltaics (PV), run of flow (RoF) Hydo and the wind turbine generators (WTG) are proposed additions. The objective of this thesis was to explain the fundamentals of distribution generation (DG) and especially the RES, in relation to distribution protection relay coordination to see why there should be urgency in carrying out the study especially in a developing environment where the grid is unstable, the load is rapidly expanding and RES is intermittent. The radial distribution system (DS) with high penetration of DG was introduced. The motive was to critically investigate protection coordination problems and the solutions to the problems. The main objective was to optimally recommend the type, size and location of the DG for an actual distribution feeder in an unstable environment where the grid supply is not steady. The effect of 100% and above of feeder load penetration on such feeders formed the objective of this research. The literature review which was for investigating in greater details the technical aspects of the operation and control of the high penetration of RES in the distribution system were thoroughly analysed. The review of the existing radial distribution protection system and the effects of high penetration of DG on the protective relaying were thoroughly investigated. The issues of power electronic based inverters and the protection coordination problems, were investigated. The protection coordination as regards to fault level changes and grounding, intentional and un-intentional islanding were major important aspects which were treated in the technical review.

La plupart des processus dans notre vie quotidienne sont des processus hors équilibre. Un exemple de système hors équilibre est la cellule biologique et le transport qui a lieu dedans. Dans cette thèse ce transport intracellulaire est modélisé par des processus stochastiques. Pour cela deux approches différentes ont été utilisées : d’une part une modélisation explicite de particules actives avec des degrés de liberté internes obtenus expérimentalement, d’autre part une description phénoménologique des effets collectifs, qui est réalisée au moyen de processus d’exclusion.Un des résultats principaux pour le modèle explicite est qu’il est crucial de prendre en compte les fluctuations des forces pour reproduire les caractéristiques principales du mou- vement. Un autre élément important est la prise en considération de l’environnement cellu- laire, qui peut produire des effets non-triviaux, comme par exemple une inversion du sens de déplacement moyen. Pour étudier les effets collectifs il est possible de représenter le mou- vement des particules d’une manière simplifiée, en utilisant un processus d’exclusion avec des particules ayant des états internes. Le désordre sur les taux de saut qui en résulte peut provoquer une condensation dépendant de la densité.Un autre modèle étudié est un processus d’exclusion sur un réseau à deux voies. On suppose que deux types de particules se déplacent dans une géométrie tubulaire, inspirée par les champignons filamenteux. Ces hypothèses définissent un modèle minimal qui présente une transition de phase d’une phase de basse densité vers une phase pulsante caractérisée par des oscillations de densité. / Most processes in our daily life are far from equilibrium. The prime example is a cell and the transport occurring within. In this thesis intracellular transport is modeled by means of stochastic processes. For this, two different approaches are applied: the explicit mod- eling of active particles with internal degrees of freedom with characteristics as they were determined experimentally. And secondly, the collective effects occurring in many particle systems are studied in a phenomenological way by means of exclusion processes.In the explicit model one important result is given by the fact that force fluctuations are essential to capture the relevant motion characteristics. Further, the influence of the cellular environment creates counter-intuitive effects, like a possible inversion of the bias. The motion characteristics can be represented in a coarse-grained manner as an exclusion process for particles with internal states. Due to the resulting disorder in the hopping rates a density-dependent condensation occurs.In a second part, a two-lane exclusion model is studied. Two species in a tubular geometry inspired by filamentous fungi are considered.This can be seen as a minimal model exhibiting a phase transition from a low density phase to an intriguing phase with periodically changing particle densities.