Submitted by SANDRA REGINA SILVA (sandra.silva@gmail.com) on 2016-02-05T18:05:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 (748958400) dissertação final.pdf: 2023229 bytes, checksum: 6b156b6549d0c51901eae509654c3b97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-05T19:26:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_sr_me_bauru.pdf: 2023229 bytes, checksum: 6b156b6549d0c51901eae509654c3b97 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T19:26:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_sr_me_bauru.pdf: 2023229 bytes, checksum: 6b156b6549d0c51901eae509654c3b97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-27 / A pesquisa de mestrado aqui apresentada permite identificação no plano teórico de algumas mudanças comportamentais e culturais individuais e coletivas, que são derivadas de uma mundialização quase plena da abrangência e dos usos de sistemas e dos dispositivos digitais de comunicação midiática. Em um contexto de globalização de mercados e das vagas de trabalho, o domínio de línguas estrangeiras tende a ser cada vez mais estratégico para os estudantes dos sistemas públicos brasileiros, cuja maioria é derivada das camadas trabalhadoras que também aspiram legitimamente a uma formação individual e profissional, que seja contemporânea, abrangente e emancipadora. Afinal, as novas gerações, independentes de suas origens socioeconômicas, estão inseridas em contextos culturais e sociais onde a realização de diversas atividades ou de vários tipos de relações interpessoais cotidianas serão sempre mais condicionadas ao acesso às redes e dependentes do uso de diversos tipos de dispositivos informáticos atualizados. Diante da constatação de uma influência crescente das mediações digitais no espaço escolar, a pesquisadora dedicou períodos seguidos para a observação dos cursos presenciais e on-line de língua estrangeira que são disponibilizados para estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio das escolas estaduais paulistas, no âmbito da cidade de Bauru. Os objetos de pesquisa e análise são os cursos de inglês Early Bird (madrugador) na E.E. Profª Marta Aparecida Hjertquist Barbosa, em Bauru (SP), os cursos de inglês e espanhol no Centro de Estudo de Línguas (CEL) Prof. Christino Cabral, na mesma cidade e os cursos on-lines de inglês e espanhol disponibilizados no site da Evesp (Escola Virtual de Programas Educacionais do Estado de São Paulo). Em ambas as modalidades, foi analisado se houve a utilização mais adequada das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) no ambiente escolar e das Tecnologias para a Aprendizagem e o Conhecimento (TAC), que são fundamentais para a construção dos conhecimentos e dos valores coletivos para o século XXI, que requer instituições escolares com características multiculturais, que atenda, as demandas da sociedade brasileira em uma época em que os contatos interpessoais e a convivência cultural, profissional e produtiva é cada vez mais planetária. / The master's research presented here allows us to identify in theory some cultural behavioral changes and individual or collective which are derived from an almost full globalization of the scope and use of systems and digital devices of media communication. In a context of globalization of markets and job openings, the command of foreign languages tend to be increasingly strategic for students of the Brazilian public systems, most of which is derived from the working classes, which also legitimately aspire individual training and professional that is contemporary, comprehensive and emancipatory. After all, the new generations, regardless of their socioeconomic backgrounds, are embedded in cultural and social contexts, where the implementation of various activities or various types of everyday interpersonal relations will be ever more dependent on access to networks and the use of updated computer devices. Before the finding of a growing influence of digital mediation at school, the researcher spent periods followed for observation of classroom courses and online foreign language courses, which are available to students from middle and high school of the São Paulo state schools, in the city of Bauru. The research and analysis objects are the English courses Early Bird in E.E. Teacher Marta Aparecida Hjertquist Barbosa school, in Bauru (SP) and the English and Spanish course in the Language Study Center (CEL) Teacher Christino Cabral, in the same city, beside the on-line English and Spanish course available on the Evesp (Virtual School of Education Programs of the São Paulo state) site. In both modes, it was examined whether there was a better use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) environment and Technology for Learning and Knowledge, which are fundamental for the construction of knowledge and collective values for the XXI century, which requires educational institutions with multicultural characteristics, which meets the demands of a brazilian society at a time when interpersonal contacts and cultural exchange, professional and productive are increasingly planetary.

Macroecology is the study of relationships between organisms and the environment at large spatial and temporal scales. This field of research examines patterns in species abundance, distribution and diversity. Understanding patterns in species distribution and richness can contribute significantly to our knowledge of community assembly and macroecological patterns, as well as to the effective conservation of threatened species and habitats. Although there have been a plethora of studies on birds in India over the years, there is a critical need to accurately delineate species distributions and understand patterns of richness. The focus of this study was to understand the factors (abiotic and biotic) that influence the distribution and composition of bird species in the Western Ghats, as well as to explore patterns in their geographic range sizes. The objectives of this study were addressed at the scale of the entire Western Ghats using a combination of field surveys, secondary data collection and species distribution modeling. The specific approaches to address these questions and the findings are outlined below. Chapter 2: Bird species in the Western Ghats – Patterns in composition and richness Fine-scale data on species presence and abundance are essential for exploring patterns in species distribution and richness. Despite the fact that birds have been extensively studied in the Western Ghats, systematic data collection and compilation of information over the entire mountain range has not been carried out, especially for the purpose of testing macroecological questions. This chapter describes patterns in bird species presence, abundance, composition and richness within the Western Ghats. The study area, site selection protocol and the sampling technique have also been described in detail. This dataset establishes a baseline of information about birds in the Western Ghats and subsets of this larger dataset will be used to address various questions in the following chapters. Chapter 3: Predicting bird species distribution in the Western Ghats Detailed knowledge of species’ ecological and geographical distributions is fundamental for conservation, as well as for understanding ecological and evolutionary determinants of spatial patterns of biodiversity. However, occurrence data for a vast majority of species are sparse, resulting in information about species distributions that is inadequate for many purposes. Species distribution models attempt to provide detailed predictions of distributions by relating presence or abundance of species to environmental predictors. In this chapter, we describe the usage of Maxent, a species distribution modelling technique based on presence-only data, to predict the distributions of bird species within the Western Ghats. For this purpose, we put together primary locations of bird species presence along with a published dataset. Using a number of important environmental layers, predicted species distribution maps were derived for 98 bird species, including 13 endemics, in the Western Ghats. Additionally, we calculated predicted range sizes for each of these species and obtained percentage contributions of important environmental predictors to each species’ distribution. This is the first study to develop species distribution models for bird species within the Western Ghats. Chapter 4: Patterns of range size among bird species Understanding large-scale patterns of variation in species geographic range size is fundamental to questions in macroecology and conservation biology. In general, range is believed to be influenced by a combination of environmental factors, evolutionary history and biotic interactions, mediated by species specific traits. These patterns need to be examined even for well-studied taxa like birds, especially within biodiversity hotspots faced by persistent degradation due to anthropogenic activities such as the Western Ghats. In this chapter, we use a dataset of 98 bird species within the Western Ghats to examine trends in range sizes, measured as latitudinal extent of occurrence and predicted range size from species distribution models. We show a significant relationship between latitude and range size for these bird species, supporting Rapoport’s rule. As far as we know, this relationship has never been tested at such low latitudes for birds. We also find that species traits such as body size, mean abundance and diet do not seem to show any discernable effect on patterns of range size. Additionally, we found that widely-used bird species range maps (in this case, from BirdLife International) are inaccurate representations of species ranges in comparison to the predicted species distribution maps that were derived in the previous chapter. We quantitatively demonstrated that these expert-drawn maps need to re-evaluated, especially since they are used to make conservation decisions. This is the first study to quantify species range sizes of birds within the Western Ghats and assess such range maps that are used to determine conservation status of species. Chapter 5: Environmental predictors of bird species distribution One of the major goals in ecology is to understand patterns and processes that determine species diversity. The drivers of global species richness gradients have been studied, especially in the case of birds, in terms of contemporary and historical factors. Such broad scale processes may not always reflect the processes affecting richness and distribution at smaller scales. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence individual species distributions is the first step towards this larger goal. In this chapter, we examined the environmental predictors that contributed to the predicted distribution of bird species observed in the Western Ghats, using the variable importance contribution values derived in Chapter 3. We found that a large proportion of the 98 bird species studied were influenced by normalized differential vegetation index, annual precipitation and elevation. The predictors did not differ among birds of different diet guilds and body size classes. Using Prinicipal components analysis, we observed that all 98 bird species are spread out across the environmental ordination space depicted by the PC axes 1 and 2. These axes are governed by measures of habitat heterogeneity and water-energy related variables, consistent with other tropical studies. The insectivorous guild seemed to occupy a variety of environmental niches across this space and other guilds seemed to be nested within the insectivorous guild. Similarly, larger sized birds were spread across the entire environmental ordination space, with species of smaller sizes nested within. This is the first step in trying to understand environmental predictors acting on birds in the Western Ghats. Further detailed studies need to be carried out to come to definite conclusions. Chapter 6: Relative roles of floristics and vegetation structure on bird species composition On the basis of the hierarchical model of habitat selection, it is known that birds select suitable habitats based on vegetation structure (physiognomy) at coarse biogeographic scales, and plant species composition (floristics) at more local scales. This chapter examines the relative influence of tree species composition and vegetation structure on bird species composition in the Western Ghats. These relationships were specifically assessed across the entire Western Ghats, within regions of the Western Ghats as well as within specific forest types. We found that floristics had a strong association with bird species composition across the Western Ghats and within evergreen and mixed deciduous habitat types. This association seems to be independent of the structural variation in the region. There was a decrease in association strength from the southern to the northern Western Ghats, in terms of both floristics and structure. We did not find an association between vegetation structure and insectivore composition, whereas phytophage composition did show a stronger association with floristics than structure. This is the first study at the scale of the entire Western Ghats to test the relative roles of floristics and vegetation structure. Taken as a whole, this dissertation examines large-scale macroecological questions regarding species distribution, range size and patterns of composition using primary data at the scale of the Western Ghats. The findings of this study have established a foundation that will help further our understanding of species distribution and richness in the Western Ghats, and aid in the decision making for conservation strategies in the future.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:20:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ordonezcamacho_ia_me_botfca.pdf: 520373 bytes, checksum: 23ac08ef7813218f5f74f2ab8cf30592 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A produção de bioetanol utilizando raízes de mandioca irá produzir um resíduo lignocelulósico que juntamente com o vinho esgotado nas colunas de destilação, constituem-se nos principais resíduos gerados no processo. Normalmente os resíduos líquidos seguem para tratamento em lagoas de estabilização enquanto que os resíduos sólidos são descartados no ambiente incorporando esta biomassa ao solo. A fim de se obter um melhor rendimento econômico na produção de etanol a partir das raízes de mandioca, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar a caracterização físico-química de resíduos sólidos gerados em dois tipos de processamento da matéria prima numa planta de fabricação de etanol e, verificar a possibilidade de sua inclusão em dietas formuladas para frangos de corte aproveitando os nutrientes remanescentes. O processamento das raízes de mandioca teve inicio com a lavagem e desintegração das raízes com adição de 20% de água até obter uma polpa que foi tratada em reator agitado adicionando enzima -amilase e temperatura de 90°C por 2 horas. Em seguida, ajuste de pH, abaixamento da temperatura para 60°C e adição de enzima amiloglucosidase com agitação por 14 horas para ser efetuada a fermentação. O hidrolisado obtido foi a fonte dos dois tipos de resíduo quais sejam: i) resíduo obtido da filtração do hidrolisado antes da fermentação e; ii) resíduo obtido da filtração do vinho alcoólico após fermentação do hidrolisado... / The elaboration of bioethanol using cassava roots, produces a lignocellulosic waste which along with the wine produced in the distillation columns, constitute the main kind of waste generated in the process. The liquid waste is treated in stabilization ponds, while the solid waste is disposed in the environment, incorporating such biomass to the soil. Aiming at to get the best advantage from the production of ethanol, from cassava roots, this work presented a physical-chemical characterization from two different kinds of waste obtained from two different kinds of such raw material processing, and developed a methodology for including this into fattening chicken diets in the early phase, getting the best possible from the carbohydrates. The processing of cassava roots began with the disintegration and washing the roots with the addition of 20% of water to obtain a pulp which was treated in stirred reactor adding enzyme -amylase and temperature of 90 ° C for 2 hours. Then, adjust the pH, lowering the temperature to 60 ° C and addition of enzyme amiloglucosidase and stirring for 14 hours. The hydrolyzate obtained was the source of two types of waste which are: i) type 1 solid residue obtained after filtration of the hydrolyzate and ii) solid waste type 2 obtained from filtering the wine after alcoholic fermentation of the hydrolyzate. The experimental design included both types of waste at levels of 5, 10 and 15% in diets for broiler chickens for a period of 21 days. The experiments showed that the inclusion of hydrolyzed cassava waste in the formulation of diets adversely affected the performance of the animals, while the inclusion of fermented residue doesn’t affected the performance in experiments.

A fragmentação florestal altera a estrutura das paisagens e as relações dos organismos com esta, sendo a movimentação um dos comportamentos mais afetado. Os indivíduos que se deparam com uma paisagem heterogênea, com áreas de habitat e de não-habitat (i.e., matriz), precisam cruzar as matrizes na procura por recursos. A opção de movimento é feita, então, através de uma avaliação dos custos e benefícios que cada área proporciona ao animal. Entre os maiores custos está o risco de predação, que pode variar conforme a estrutura de cada matriz (e.g. cobertura vegetal) e as características de cada espécie (e.g. capacidade de movimentação). Objetivando analisar o efeito de diferentes matrizes (pasto, milho e Eucaliptus) em relação ao risco de predação para a espécie Pyriglena leucoptera (Tamnophillidae) (1) verificamos se há diferenças entre as matrizes na quantidade de um dos principais predadores dessa ave, as aves de rapina, e (2) inferimos a percepção do risco de predação por meio da análise dos padrões de movimentação, realizando experimentos de translocação e monitoramento por radiotelemetria. Os resultados indicaram haver gradação de predadores nas matrizes estudadas: (milho=pasto)> Eucaliptus. O sucesso das aves em alcançar a mata foi mais alto no Eucaliptus, seguido pelo pasto e pelo milho. Os tempos médios de permanência nas matrizes também foram diferentes: (milho=Eucaliptus)>pasto. Os movimentos foram mais retilíneos no pasto e mais tortuosos no milho, enquanto o Eucaliptus mostrou uma situação intermediária. O milho provavelmente é a matriz mais arriscada para a Pyriglena leucoptera, tendo a maior densidade de aves de rapina, menor sucesso de chegada à mata e maior tortuosidade com maior tempo de permanência na matriz dos indivíduos (i.e. maior tempo de exposição ao risco). O pasto parece ser a matriz de risco intermediário, pois apresenta grande quantidade de aves de rapina, mas com animais menos tempo expostos, fazendo trajetos mais retilíneos, e o sucesso foi maior do que no milho. O Eucaliptus é a matriz de menor risco, teve a menor densidade de aves de rapina e o maior sucesso em chegar à mata. O maior tempo de permanência nessa matriz juntamente com a tortuosidade variada, e o maior sucesso de chegada à floresta, podem significar aproveitamento de recursos. Esses resultados ressaltam a importância dos estudos sobre os efeitos de diferentes matrizes no deslocamento das espécies por paisagens fragmentadas, o que afeta processos ecológicos essenciais ligados à permanência das espécies nestas condições. O manejo adequado das matrizes aparece como uma prioridade em projetos de conservação e restauração da biodiversidade nestas paisagens / Forest fragmentation alters landscape structure and its relationship with organisms, and movement is one of the most affected behaviors. Individuals who are faced with an heterogeneous landscape, composed of habitat and non-habitat areas (i.e., matrix), need to cross the non-habitat matrix in the search for resources. The choice of motion is then made by an evaluation of the costs and benefits that each area provides to the animal. Among major costs while moving through the matrix is the risk of predation, which may vary with the structure of each matrix (e.g., vegetation cover) and the behavioral characteristics of each species (e.g. movement capacity). Aiming to analyze the effect of different matrices (pasture, corn and Eucalyptus) in relation to risk of predation for the species Pyriglena leucoptera (Tamnophillidae) we (1) determined if there were differences between matrices in the density of one of the main predators of the bird, birds of prey, and (2) inferred the perceived risk of predation by performing translocation experiments with radiotelemetry monitoring to describe and analyze movement patterns in the matrix. Our results suggested a predation risk gradient in the studied matrices (corn = pasture)> Eucalyptus. The time birds spent in the matrix until reaching a forest patch was also different among matrices (corn = Eucalyptus) > pasture. Movements were straighter over the pasture matrix and more tortuous in the corn matrix, while in the Eucalyptus matrix movment showed an intermediate pattern. The success of birds to reach a forest patch was higher in the Eucalyptus matrix, followed by the pasture and corn matrix. Corn is probably the riskiest matrix for Pyriglena leucoptera, having the highest density of birds of prey, with most tortuous movement patterns and longest time spent in the matrix (i.e., longer exposure to risk) which resulted in less successful arrival to forest patches. The pasture seems to be the matrix of intermediate risk, because despite a large density of birds of prey, birds spent less time exposed to the risk, making more straight paths, which resulted in a higher success of reaching the forest than in the corn matrix. Eucalyptus was the matrix of lowest risk, had the lowest density of birds of prey and the greatest success in reaching the habitat. In this case, however, tortuosity of movement and the long time spent in this matrix did not result in decrease success of reaching a forest patch, this suggests that birds may be using resources (i.e. foraging) while moving through this less-risky matrix. This project highlights the importance of studies that quantify the effects of matrix type on the movement of organisms through fragmented landscapes, which affects essential ecological processes linked to the persistence of species in these conditions. The proper management of matrices appears as a priority for conservation and restoration of biodiversity in these human-modified landscapes

Orientador: Jacques Marie Edme Vielliard / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T14:01:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ueno_FabioYoshikazuCristofoli_M.pdf: 1262740 bytes, checksum: ca94d38fdf3e465329db3f7de7cd89f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A Arara-azul-grande Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus é uma ave ameaçada de extinção, portanto sua individualização em campo é de grande interesse. Suas características gregárias, ausência de dimorfismo sexual e monogamia criam uma disposição natural à existência de reconhecimento individual entre co-específicos. Para que haja reconhecimento individual é preciso que exista variação inter-individual. O grito de alerta em Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus se apresenta como valiosa fonte de estudos por sua ocorrência comum nas proximidades do ninho na época de reprodução. O grito de alerta da Arara-azul-grande Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus foi estudado através de três diferentes análises a fim de elucidar a presença ou ausência de variação inter-individual. Foram utilizadas a correlação cruzada, a análise de componentes principais e a análise de agrupamento hierárquico. Nenhuma delas elucidou a presença de variação inter-individual no grito de alerta. O grito de alerta em Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus detém a função de reconhecimento específico e possui grande variação intra-individual, que pode caracterizar o estado emocional da ave emissora, que varia da temerosidade à hostilidade / Abstract: The Hyacinth Macaw Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus is a threathened bird, hence its individualization in the field is of great interest. Its gregarious characteristics, absence of sexual dimorphism and monogamy create a natural disposition to individual recognition among conspecifics. The Hyacinth alarm call has a common occurrence on the nests surroundings, establishing it as a valuable object of study. . The Hyacinth alarm call was studied with three different analysis in order to elucidate the presence or absence of interindividual variation ¿ cross correlation analysis, principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Neither of them prove the presence of interindividual variation in that call. The Hyacinth alarm call carries the function of species-specific recognition and shows intraindividual variation. Intraindividual variation can describe the emotional state of the emitter, that vary from fear to hostility / Mestrado / Mestre em Multimeios

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-22T18:12:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Glauco Alves Pereira.pdf: 1130132 bytes, checksum: 7258bc95b8a2008a60fc96aa9552d311 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-22T18:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Glauco Alves Pereira.pdf: 1130132 bytes, checksum: 7258bc95b8a2008a60fc96aa9552d311 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the Caatinga the birds make relocations during the rainy periods and nearctic and austral migrations. Few studies correlate the rich abundance of birds with rainfall, principally in the Caatinga. Therefore the objectives of this work were to analyze the rich monthly abundance of birds that carry out movements within the region, correlating this data with the monthly rainfall and analyzing the diet of the species. The research was carried out from July 2010 to June 2011 in a forest fragment of the Caatinga in the Municipality of Altinho in the State of Pernambuco. 2,212 individuals were obtained with 43 species. The months with the greatest number of contacts and the richest variation of species were the months with most rain. 23 species carry out relocations, 3 are nearctic migrats and 26 are involved in austral migrations, although eleven are partial austral migrants. Only one species is regional migrant. These results show a positive correlation between the relocations of birds and the austral migration with the volume of rainfall, whereas the nearctic migration showed no correspondence because these species appeared in the months of low rainfall. During the months with most rain the most abundant guilds were the omnivorous, insectivorous and frugivorous, and in the months with less rainfall there was a small representativity of all the trophic guilds. At Porteiras the native vegetation is being lost to farming practices and this is a matter of concern regarding the conservation of the ecosystems which affect migrant birds and those which carry out seasonal relocations. It is therefore necessary to propose legal measures involving authorities so as to preserve the Caatinga in the municipality of Altinho. / Na Caatinga as aves realizam deslocamentos durante os períodos chuvosos, havendo também a migração neártica e a migração austral. Esta última pode ocorrer de forma parcial entre as populações de uma espécie. Poucos são os trabalhos que relacionam a riqueza e a abundância de aves com a precipitação pluviométrica, principalmente na Caatinga. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi de analisar a riqueza e abundância mensal das aves que realizam movimentações na região, relacionando esses dados com o índice pluviométrico mensal, e avaliar as dietas alimentares das espécies. O trabalho foi desenvolvido de julho de 2010 a junho de 2011, em um fragmento florestal de caatinga no distrito de Porteiras, município de Altinho, Pernambuco. Foram contabilizados 2212 indivíduos de 43 espécies. Os meses com maiores números de contatos e riqueza de espécies foram os de maiores precipitações pluviométricas. Vinte e três espécies realizam deslocamentos, 3 são migrantes neárticos e 26 realizam migração austral, dentre estes 11 são migrantes austrais parciais. Apenas uma espécie realiza migração regional. Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram uma correlação positiva entre os deslocamentos e migrações austrais com a precipitação pluviométrica, ao passo que a migração neártica não teve nenhuma correspondência com as chuvas. Durante os meses mais chuvosos, as guildas mais abundantes foram as dos onívoros, insetívoros e frugívoros, e nos meses de menor precipitação houve uma pequena representatividade em todas as guildas tróficas. Em Porteiras a vegetação nativa está dando lugar as práticas agropecuárias, o que é preocupante no que diz respeito à conservação dos ecossistemas pelas aves migrantes e que realizam deslocamentos, sendo recomendadas ações por parte dos poderes públicos para a conservação do Bioma no município de Altinho.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-17T15:49:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tayara Soares de Lima.pdf: 661004 bytes, checksum: 394941275bb7b66817180fc90b10f132 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T15:49:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tayara Soares de Lima.pdf: 661004 bytes, checksum: 394941275bb7b66817180fc90b10f132 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this study was to determine the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent corrected by nitrogen balance (AME) and the coefficient of apparent metabolizable crude energy (CMAEB) of the corn glucose for broilers from 1 to 7 days of age using four levels of substitution of the reference diet by the ingredient tested. Was conducted a metabolism trial, using 360 male broiler chicks of the lineage Cobb500 1-7 days old, allocated in metabolic cages in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates of 12 birds. The treatments consisted of a basal diet and four test diets with different levels of basal diet by replacing corn glucose (5, 10, 15 and 20%). Glucose corn used was produced by Corn Products Brazil and in its composition contained 81.39% dry matter and 3824 kcal / kg gross energy.Was used method of total excreta collection. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression at 5% probability. The corn glucose showed the highest energy when it was used 20% of the diet by replacing glucose, with 3550 kcal / kg DM, 3648 kcal / kg DM and 95.38% for AME, AME n and CMAEB respectively. Recommended the level of substitution of 20% glucose for the determination of their energy values for broilers 1 to 7 days. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) assim como o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade aparente da energia bruta (CMAEB) da glicose de milho para frangos de corte de 1 a 7 dias de idade utilizando 4 níveis de substituição da ração referência pelo ingrediente teste (glicose de milho). Para tanto, foi realizado um ensaio de metabolismo, utilizando 360 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb500 de 1 a 7 dias de idade, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 12 aves. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma ração referência e quatro rações testes com diferentes níveis de substituição da ração referência pela glicose de milho (5, 10, 15 e 20%). A glicose de milho utilizada foi produzida pela Corn Products do Brasil e continha em sua composição 81,39% de matéria seca e 3824 kcal/kg de energia bruta. Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão a 5% de probabilidade. A glicose de milho apresentou os maiores valores energéticos quando foi utilizado 20% de substituição da ração pela de glicose, sendo 3550 kcal/kg MS, 3648 kcal/kg MS e 95,38% para EMA, EMAn e CMAEB, respectivamente. Recomenda-se o nível de 20% de substituição da glicose para determinação dos seus valores energéticos para frangos de corte de 1 a 7 dias de idade.

Orientador: Clarice Weis Arns / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T13:48:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felippe_PauloAnselmoNunes_D.pdf: 7878570 bytes, checksum: bacb59d6d40fdf4e282eb9e5e89306a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O Brasil figura entre os maiores produtores e exportadores do mundo de carne de frango e ovos, o que confere a avicultura a capacidade de interferir na construção do PIB nacional. Estes índices envolvem a necessidade de uma alta produtividade e consequentemente um manejo zoosanitário suficiente para atender a economicidade do setor. Este estudo focou dois gêneros virais de importância na avicultura, o Coronavirus e o Metapneumovirus, objetivando verificar a presença de vírus em aves silvestres e sinantrópicas da avifauna brasileira, visando compreender melhor a eco-epizootiologia das respectivas morbidades de que são agentes etiológicos. Para tanto se coletou 134 amostras através de swabs traqueais e cloacais de 53 aves silvestres brasileiras de 20 espécies diferentes e de 14 pombas (Columba livia), que não possuíam sinais de doença. Além destas aves, foi também objeto de estudo amostras de galinhas e frangos comerciais oriundos de vários estados da federação nos anos de 2003 a 2009, com sintomas respiratórios. O material genético dos vírus encontrados foi extraído e submetido à reação de nested RT-PCR, destinado a amplificar a região hipervariável do gene que codifica a proteína S1 dos coronavírus e o gene que codifica a proteína G dos metapneumovírus. Os amplificados foram então sequenciados e analisados construindo-se árvores filogenéticas e matrizes de similaridade através de recursos de bioinformática. Foi possível recuperar seis (06) amostras de coronavírus de Columba livia e vinte e três (23) de galinhas domésticas. No estudo filogenético se observou dois grandes clusteres; um agrupando-se com o genótipo Massachusetts e outro com D207; das amostras de pomba 5 agruparam-se com Massachusetts; 1 amostra de galinha e uma de pomba agruparam com o genótipo Connecticut e 1 de galinha com o Arkansas. As amostras oriundas de pomba e as de galinha compartilharam uma similaridade que chegou a 100%, para algumas delas. Quanto aos metapneumovírus recuperou-se vírus de 7 aves silvestres, 7 de pombas e 15 de galinhas domésticas, sendo que estas amostras agruparam-se em dois grandes clusteres, um com o subtipo A (5 de aves silvestres, 2 de pombas e 1 de galinha) e outro com o subtipo B (2 de aves silvestres, 5 de pombas e 14 de galinha). A identidade genética entre os amplificados de galinha e de aves não domésticas chegou a 100%. Tanto para os coronavirus como para os metapneumovirus o isolamento de vírus com um de seus genes mais variáveis apresentando até 100% de identidade com os das galinhas domésticas, pode representar uma possível recuperação dos vírus atenuados utilizados nas vacinações de rotina, ou mesmo a passagem dos vírus patogênicos para estes animais, fazendo com que estes mantenham o agente no ambiente. Aves de diferentes espécies podem ainda funcionar enquanto um ambiente seletivo para estes vírus, provocando a fixação de novos genótipos virais, o que seria uma provável explicação para o fato destes agravos continuarem a ocorrer em granjas de todo o mundo em detrimento da existência de vacinas, além da possibilidade de surgimento de vírus recombinantes capazes de infectar humanos, como é o caso da SARS / Abstract: Avian Coronavirus and Metapneumovirus in Brazilian Domestic and Wild Birds: Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic. Brazil is among the largest producers and exporters of poultry meat and eggs in the world, which gives the poultry industry the capacity to interfere in the construction of national GDB. These indexes involve the need of a high productivity and consequently a sufficient zoosanitary management for the economy of the sector. This study focused on two important viral genera for this, Coronavirus and the Metapneumovirus, to verify the presence of virions in wild birds and synanthropic ones of Brazil, seeking a better understanding of those diseases and your ecoepizootiology. For that, were collected one hundred thirty-four samples (tracheal and cloacal swabs) from fifty three Brazilian wild birds of twenty different species and fourteen from pigeons (Columba livia), without symptoms, and samples of chickens from several states of the federation in the years from 2003 to 2009, with swollen head syndrome. The virus genetic material found was subjected to the reaction of nested RT PCR, to amplify the hypervariable region of the gene encoding the coronavirus S1 subunit of the S protein and the gene encoding the G protein of metapneumovirus. The amplified were then sequenced and analyzed by constructing phylogenetic trees and similarity matrices using bioinformatics resources. Were isolated six (6) coronavirus from Columba livia and twenty three (23) from domestic fowl. In the phylogenetic analysis, two major clusters were observed one grouped with Massachusetts genotype and the other with D207; samples of five pigeons grouped with Massachusetts as well, one chicken sample and one from pigeon were grouped with genotype Connecticut and other from chicken with Arkansas genotype. The samples from pigeons and chickens shared a similarity which reached 100%. As for metapneumovirus, virus was recovered from seven wild birds, seven pigeons and fifteen from chickens. These samples were grouped into two major clusters; with subtype A (five from wild birds, two from pigeons and one from chicken) and with subtype B (two wild birds, 5 pigeons and 14 chickens). The genetic similarity between chicken amplicons to non domestic birds reached 100%. For both coronavirus and metapneumovirus, virus isolation from non domestic birds and their great similarity (reached 100%) with those from chickens, may represent a possible recovery of the attenuated virus used in routine vaccinations, or even the passage of pathogenic viruses for these animals, causing them to keep the agent in the environment. Birds of different species can also function as a selective environment for these viruses, leading to the establishment of new viral genotypes, which would be a likely explanation for the fact that these injuries continue to occur on farms around the world, even with the use of vaccines, besides the possibility of emergence of recombinant viruses capable of infecting humans, as is the case with SARS / Doutorado / Microbiologia / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Capability to route can be considered one of key features of modern multipurpose operating system, which HelenOS aims to be. Goal of this master thesis is to explore current HelenOS routing capabilities, enhance them and empower HelenOS with BIRD. Thanks to BIRD, HelenOS will become a routing operating system, that is aware of its surroundings and is capable of dynamic adaptation to changes in network, it is part of.

Aloe marlothii is a winter-flowering succulent that is widespread in the savanna biome of northern and north-eastern South Africa. Plants grow up to 8 m in height and are commonly found on rocky north-facing slopes. Nectar production occurs through a 24 h period with flowers producing copious amounts (c. 250 µl) of dilute nectar (c. 12%). This abundant nectar supply, that is available for a 5-10 week period during June-August, is utilised by numerous opportunistic avian nectarivores. At a study site in Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve, 60 km south-east of Johannesburg, at least 59% (38 species) of birds recorded during census transects fed on nectar; throughout the range of A. marlothii at least 85 species feed on nectar. This diversity surely far exceeds the number of species ever recorded feeding on nectar of a single plant. During the flowering period an influx of birds at the aloe forest occurred, with an overall increase in abundance and diversity. Pollinator exclusion experiments supported the hypothesis that A. marlothii is pollinated by generalist birds; specialist nectarivores are possibly excluded as inefficient pollinators by the nectar of low concentration and high volume. Fruit set was higher in plants that had avian visitors and very low when pollinators were absent. Stable carbon isotope analysis of whole blood was used to quantify the importance of nectar sugars for opportunistic nectarivores. During flowering there was an enrichment in the δ13C isotopic signature of whole blood of nectar-feeding birds towards that of nectar (δ13C = -12.6‰). This shift was most prominent in frugivores, insectivores and omnivores that typically fed on a diet depleted in 13C when nectar was not available. The C4 grass seed diet of granivores was similar to the isotopic signature ofA. marlothii nectar, so we were unable to determine to what degree granivores benefitted from nectar. Stable nitrogen isotopes in whole blood may suggest that many nectar-feeding birds shift their trophic position during flowering. However, we interpret these results with caution because of insufficient knowledge on diet-tissue fractionation factors of wild birds and/or temporal changes in vegetation isotopic values. Stable carbon isotope analysis of breath samples was used to show that A. marlothii nectar is a readily available income energy source for nectar-feeding birds. Because A. marlothii nectar is so dilute we expected it to be an important water source for many opportunistic nectar-feeding bird species. There was no correlation between the enrichment of δ13C of breath CO2 (representing metabolised nectar sugars) and the δ18O in breath CO2 (representing a highly evaporated water source in nectar); for most birds the δ18O in breath CO2 was more similar to that of free-standing water sources. However, because our knowledge on the relationship between δ18O of ingested water and body water, and fractionation processes when CO2 is exhaled is limited, we were unable to quantify water obtained from nectar. The sugars of A. marlothii nectar are probably more important, as a food source for opportunistic nectarivores during dry winter months when insect abundance is low, than the water in nectar, because birds are able to source water from other drinking sites. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted