The craft of planners are planning for a better future. Knowledge about climate change, environment, health and availability effects the trend towards less car dependent societies in favour of public transport and active transport like walking and biking. This study takes place in Västerbotten, one of Sweden’s most north provinces with a population of 260 000 inhabitants. It is a sparsely populated area with two dominant cities, the other municipalities are largely unpopulated. The issue in this study is to see what opportunities exist to create a regional plan for pedestrians and bicyclists. I have conducted a participatory observation during the meetings where civil servants were in creation of this regional plan.

<p>This work is concerned with the dynamics and stability of nonlinear systems that roll in a single track, including holonomic and nonholonomic systems. First the classic case of Euler's disk is introduced as an example of a nonholnomic system in three dimensions, and the methodology for deriving equations of motion that is used throughout this work is demonstrated, including use of Lagrange's equations, accommodating constraints with both Lagrange multipliers and with Gauss's Principle. </p><p>Next, a disk in two dimensions with an eccentric center of mass is explored. The disk is assumed to roll on a cubic curve, creating the possibility of well-escape behavior, which is examined analytically and numerically, showing regions of multi-periodicity and chaos. This theoretical system is compared to an experiment designed</p><p>to demonstrate the same behavior.</p><p>The remainder of the present document is concerned with the stability of a bicycle, both on flat ground, and on a type of trainer known as "rollers." The equations of motion are derived using Lagrange's equations with nonholonomic constraints, then the equations are linearized about a constant forward velocity, and a straight path, yielding a two degree of freedom system for the roll and steer angles. Stability is then determined for a variety of different parameters, exploring the roll of bicycle geometry and rider position, along with the effect of adding a steering torque, taking the form of different control laws.</p><p>Finally, the system is adapted to that of a bicycle on rollers, and the related equations of motion are derived and linearized. Notable differences with the classic bicycle case are detailed, a new eigenvalue behavior is presented, and configurations for optimal drum spacing are recommended.</p> / Dissertation

No description available.

The theme of Master project of Energetics engineering is actual because in nowadays it is important not only design and functionality of bicycle, but also safety and technological tests of bycicle frame, fork and other part corresponding to international standarts. In Master project was created system for dynamic changing force applying on dynamic pedal and wheel strenght tests. Results of practical pedal pushing research and computations of modelated pedaling system were similar. Analysis of pneumatic cylinder and proportional pressure regulator (using Centaurus Plus modeling program) showed that it is necessary to reduce cylinder working cell volume to enable system to repeat 3 Hz set signals. Using algorithms models was created program for data input, processing and visualizing of testing stand. This program was kindly evaluated by specialists of Technological Test center of Faculty of Technology.

Mechanikos inžinieriaus magistro projekto tema yra aktuali uždarosios akcinės bendrovės ,,Baltik vairas” gaminamiems dviračių rėmų stiprumo ir standumo tyrimams. Kad išspręsti stiprumo problemas, Technloginiame bandymų centre yra vykdomi konstrukcinių dviračio dalių statiniai ir dinaminiai bandymai. Po rezultatų analizės, deformacijų ir įtempimų matavimui atlikti yra siūloma naudoti daugiau tikslesnį ir patikimesnį matavimo metodą, naudojantį tenzojutiklius bei „Spider 8” matavimo sistemą, valdomą „Catman“ programinės įrangos. Šiame projekte analizuojami šios sistemos principai. Naudojant „Spider 8” sistemą atlikti eksperimentiniai dviračio rėmo bandymai, pateikti ir aprašyti rezultatai. Šis matavimo metodas yra siūlomas naudoti dviračio rėmo bandymams atliekamiems Techologiniame bandymų centre. / The theme of Master project of mechanical engineer is actual for the stock company ,,Baltik vairas” produced bicycle frames strength and rigidity analysis. To solve strength problems in Technological test center are making static and dynamic bicycle tests. After results analysis, suggested more correctly and trusty testing method for measuring strain and stress, by using strain gages, Spider8 amplifier controlling by Catman software. In project analyzed principle of this system. Using Spider system made experimental testing of bicycle frame, introduced about testing method and given result analysis. This test method suggested to use for ,,Baltik vairas” producing bicycles frames testing.

In this thesis we investigate the problem of designing a control system for a modern bicycle so that the bicycle is stable and follows a path. We propose a multi-loop control architecture, where each loop is systematically designed using linear control techniques. The proposed strategy guarantees that the bicycle asymptotically converges to paths of constant curvature. A key advantage of our approach is that by using linear techniques analysis and controller design are relatively simple. We base our control design on the nonlinear (corrected) Whipple model, which has been previously verified for correctness and experimentally validated. The equations of motion for the nonlinear model are very complicated, and would take many pages to explicitly state. They also have no known closed form solution. To enable analysis of the model we linearize it about a trajectory such that the bicycle is upright and travelling straight ahead. This linearization allows us to arrive at a parameterized linear time-invariant state-space representation of the bicycle dynamics, suitable for analysis and control design. The inner-loop control consists of a forward-speed controller as well as a lean and steer controller. To keep the bicycle at a constant forward speed, we develop a high-bandwidth proportional controller that uses a torque along the axis of the rear wheel of the bicycle to keep the angular velocity of the rear wheel at a constant setpoint. To stabilize the bicycle at this forward speed, lean torque and steer torque are treated as the control signals. We design a state-feedback controller and augment integrators to the output feedback of the lean angle and steer angle to provide perfect steady-state tracking. To arrive at the gains for state feedback, linear-quadratic regulator methods are used. When following a constant-curvature path, a vehicle has a constant yaw rate. Using this knowledge, we begin designing the outer-loop path-following control by finding a map that converts a yaw rate into appropriate lean angle and steer angle references for the inner loop. After the map is completed, system identification is performed by applying a yaw-rate reference to the map and analyzing the response of the bicycle. Using the linear approximation obtained, a classical feedback controller for yaw-rate tracking is designed. In addition to yaw-rate control, to track a path the yaw angle of the bicycle must match that of the path and the bicycle must physically be on the path. To analyze these conditions a linear approximation for the distance between the bicycle to the path is found, enabling construction of a linear approximation of the entire system. We then find that by passing the signal for the difference in yaw rate and the distance through separate controllers, summing their output, and subtracting from the reference yaw rate of the path, the bicycle converges to the path. After developing the general design procedure, the final part of the thesis shows a step by step design example and demonstrates the results of applying the proposed control architecture to the nonlinear bicycle model. We highlight some problems that can arise when the bicycle is started far from the path. To overcome these problems we develop the concept of a virtual path, which is a path that when followed returns the bicycle to the actual path. We also recognize that, in practice, typical paths do not have constant curvature, so we construct more practical paths by joining straight line segments and circular arc segments, representing a practical path similar to a path that would be encountered when biking through a series of rural roads. Finally, we finish the design example by demonstrating the performance of the control architecture on such a path. From these simulations we show that using the suggested controller design that the bicycle will converge to a constant curvature path. Additionally with using the controllers we develop that in the absence of disturbance the bicycle will stay within the intended traffic lane when travelling on a typical rural road.

LST EN 147XX serijos standartai reglamentuoja dviračio struktūrinio vientisumo reikalavimus. Atitiktis šiems reikalavimams įvertinama bandymu, kurio metu dviratis rieda ant būgnų su nelygumais, patirdamas dinaminį poveikį. Atliekant bandymus, taikomi trys skirtingi apkrovos būdai (svarsčiais; tam tikro svorio metaliniais elementais pripildytais maišais; pneumocilindrais). Darbe pateikiami dviračio struktūrinio vientisumo įvertinimo eksperimentinių tyrimų rezultatai ir jų lyginamoji analizė, naudojant visus tris apkrovos būdus. Matuojamos dviračio rėmo ir vairo deformacijos, esant standartinėms bandymų sąlygoms. Gauti duomenys leidžia padaryti išvadą, kad apkrova pneumocilindrais šio tipo bandymuose yra taikytina. / LST EN 147XX serias standards determine the requirements of bicycles structural integrity properties. Special tests equipment and metodology must be used to proof wether the bicycle meets the requirements of structural integrity or not. Dinamic impacts on the tested bicycle may cause failure or loosening of its elements. Three types of loaded are used: by weights, weight of bags filled with metal elements and pneumatic cylinders. The work presents the results of bicycle structural integrity experiments and its comparative anglysis. The strains of the bicycle frame and handelbar were measured under standard experimental conditions. The results show, that loading of bicycle by pneumatic cylinders is proper in structural integrity tests.

South Africa does not currently have a strong bicycle culture, as most cycling is of a recreational nature. At the same time, inadequate and expensive transport, particularly for many rural individuals and groups, is one of the significant features of poverty in South Africa's rural areas. Many people do not have easy access to vital social and economic activities and opportunities. Because of transport limitations, attempts to promote bicycle transport, by establishing micro bicycle retail outlets in identified rural communities have been in place since the year 2000 in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). Cycling is viewed as a relatively cheap and efficient means of transport, which has the potential to reduce the transport burden of groups and individuals designated under the term the 'rural poor'. This study is an exploratory qualitative investigation. Its main aim was to uncover and understand (through observation and interviews), the perceptions of identified rural groups and individuals about the potential of bicycle transport in improving rural travel of up to 20 kilometres. The study sought to identify factors influencing bicycle ownership and use, and whether or not this has become the prerogative of both male and female members of rural communities. The key issues which emerged from the collected data, point to the following: that household economic status; cultural prohibitions; self interests of key stake holders; lack of credit facilities and or subsidies, are the main obstacles for many rural inhabitants with interest in undertaking investment in bicycle transport resources. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

Įrenginys skirtas dviračio padangos standumo ir slopinimo charakteristikų tyrimams ir jos efektinio kelio profilio aukščio tyrimams. Šiems tyrimams reikalingas vienas akselerometras tvirtinamas ant rato ašies. Taip pat numatyta galimybė padidinti akselerometrų skaičių, kitų dviračio mazgų tyrimams. / Bicycle wheel dynamic recording device microcontroller PIC18F46J50 basis, who accepts information from four analogous ADXL326 and four digital ADXL345 accelerometers and this information transmits through USB link to a personal computer. Software of the personal computer accepts the sending information, processes it and saves to a text file for future processing. Received information is translated and is written on a wheel suppressor vibration characteristics. This device is dedicated to save experimental information, which are used to model a bicycle movement dynamics, when it is riding rough supporting surface.

Gävle kommun har som mål att öka cyklandet i Gävle. År 2025 ska andelen resor kortare än fyra kilometer vara 60%, i senaste undersökningen från år 2012 låg den andelen på 24% (Atterbrand et al, 2012). Enligt samma undersökning konstaterades det att Gävle kommun inte är på väg att uppnå sina mål då andelen kortare resor som genomförs med cykel har stått på samma siffra sedan 2006 (Indebetou et al, 2012). Examensarbetet syftar till att ta fram ett koncept som uppmuntrar fler människor till att välja cykeln framför andra färdmedel. Problemformuleringen handlar om hur intresset för att cykla i stadsmiljö kan ökas. Arbetet har begränsats till att fokusera på en lokal nivå, men tanken är att resultatet ska kunna användas för att skapa liknande produkter till alla stadsmiljöer.Metoder som har använts för att komma fram till slutresultatet är intervjuer med privatpersoner och nyckelpersoner inom Gävle kommun, litteraturstudier, funktionsanalys och marknadsundersökning. Till undersökningen har matrial från Gävle kommun använts, men även vetenskapliga artiklar och intervjuer. Här används fakta för att styrka anledningar till varför personer bör välja att cykla framför andra färdmedel samt vad Gävle har för potential som cykelstad. I genomförandet visas flera skissförslag som tagits fram med inspiration från undersökningen. Här presenteras även olika behov som konstaterats utifrån intervjuer med privatpersoner, som används för att välja ett skissförslag att arbeta vidare med. Därefter följer arbetet utvecklingen till det slutliga resultatet som blev en app till smartphones. Utseende och funktioner för appen som framtagits uppkom efter marknadsundersökningar där två appar till smartphones undersöktes, och även en funktion till cyklister som Gävle kommun erbjuder via deras hemsida för att erbjuda en anpassad vägvisning för just cyklister. De appar som undersöktes är RunKeeper och Google Maps. RunKeeper är en motiverande app för att öka intresset för motion. Google Maps är en app som genom GPS ger vägvisning för bilister, cyklister och gångtrafikanter. Marknadsundersökningen gav underlag för den slutgiltiga appen som döpts till Cyclum. Cyculm ger tips om ställen att cykla till, visar cykelbanor i staden och kan erbjuda cyklisten vägvisning mellan två punkter som användaren själv anger. Genom att använda Cyclum kan cyklisten samla in statistik kring sitt cykelanvändande, ett sätt att motivera till att cykla mer. / Gävle municipality has a goal to increase cycling in Gävle. In the year 2025, the proportion of journeys less than four kilometers should be at 60%, a survey from 2012 showed that the proportion were only 24% (Atterbrand et al, 2012). According to the same survey, it was found that the municipality of Gävle will not achieve their goals about the proportion of short trips undertaken by bicycle since the number has not increased since 2006 (Indebetou et al, 2012). The essay aims to develop a concept that will encourage more people to choose the bicycle over other means of transport. The main goal is to find out how the interest in cycling in urban environments can be increased. The work has been limited to focusing to a local level, but the idea is that the results can be used to create similar products to all urban environments. Methods that have been used to get to the final result are interviews with individuals and with people working for the municipality of Gävle. The work also include a study of different scientific articles, an analysis to decide functions of the resulting concept and market research to determent what would be necessary to the results. For the research, official material from municipality of Gävle is used, as well as scientific articles and interviews. The facts are used to confirm reasons why people should choose to bike over other modes of transport as well as to show that Gävle has potential as a cycling city. The facts that are mentioned in the research are later on used to make different design proposals. Based on the interviews made, three bigger needs are presented as a way to select a design proposal to develop further. The result is presented at the end in the form of an app to smartphones. The appearance and features for the app that has been produced occurred after making a market research where two apps for smartphones were investigated, and also a feature to cyclists who the municipality of Gävle offers via their website to offer a custom wayfinding just for cyclists. The apps that were investigated is called RunKeeper and Google Maps. RunKeeper is a motivational app to increase interest in the exercise. Google Maps is an app that uses GPS to give directions for motorists, cyclists and pedestrians. The market investigation provided the basis for the final app dubbed Cyclum. Cyculm give tips on places to bike to show bike lanes in the city and can offer the cyclist wayfinding between two points that the user specifies. By using Cyclum cyclist can collect statistics about their bicycle use, a way to motivate to bike more.