A hipersensibilidade dentinária (HD) é descrita na literatura como uma dor aguda, de curta duração, provocada por estímulos térmico, tátil, osmótico, químico ou evaporativo em região de exposição dentinária, não sendo atribuída à dor causada pela presença de defeito ou doença de origem dentária. Esse tipo de acometimento tem sido cada vez mais reportado pelos pacientes, em vista disso, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a extensão e gravidade de HD, bem como sua associação com indicadores periodontais [índice de placa (IP), índice gengival (IG) e recessão gengival (RG)] em uma amostra composta por 132 indivíduos com HD diagnosticada por meio de estímulo térmico/evaporativo (jato de ar) associada à escala Schiff. Análises descritivas foram feitas e as porcentagens médias de IP e IG foram estimadas considerando 6 sítios por dente e também 3 sítios das faces vestibulares. Além disso, os dados foram analisados através de modelos uni e multivariados utilizando análises de regressão linear. A média de idade foi de 30.66±10.33, sendo o sexo feminino mais afetado pela HD (83.3%). Foi possível observar que a HD esteve associada à recessão gengival. A prevalência de dentes com recessão gengival foi de 17.17%, enquanto que a prevalência de recessão em dentes com HD foi de 77.1% e a média de recessão vestibular foi de 1.58±0.87. Quando considerada a média de dentes com 1 ou mais milímetros de recessão, observou-se que, em média, 4.48 dos dentes apresentaram esta condição. Um maior número médio de dentes com recessão e menores escores médios de IP nos sítios vestibulares apresentaram-se signicativamente associados ao número médio de dentes com HD. A gravidade da HD nos pacientes foi significativamente influenciada por maior média de recessão gengival e foi maior nos pacientes do sexo feminino. Dentes que possuíam maiores médias de recessão e maiores escores médios de IP e menores de IG nos sítios vestibulares apresentaram maiores valores na escala Schiff (p<0.05). Frente aos achados, é possível observar que portadores de HD têm um grande número de dentes afetados por esta condição e que estes apresentam recessão. Além disto, nos dentes que apresentam HD, a gravidade desta está associada a presença de mais placa e melhor condição gengival, além da extensão da recessão. / Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is described in the literature as an acute short-term pain caused by thermal, tactile, osmotic, chemical or evaporative stimuli in the region of dentin exposure and not attributed to pain caused by the presence of defect or disease of dental origin. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the extent and severity of DH, as well as its correlation with periodontal indicators [plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and gingival recession (GR)] in 132 individuals with DH diagnosed by thermal/evaporative (air blast) stimulation associated with the Schiff scale. Descriptive analyzes were made and the mean percentages of PI and GI were estimated considering 6 sites per tooth and also 3 buccal sites. In addition, the data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate models using linear regression analysis. The mean age was 30.66 ± 10.33, female sex being more affected by DH (83.3%). It was possible to observe that DH was associated to gingival recession. The prevalence of teeth with gingival recession was 17.17%, while the prevalence of recession in teeth with DH was 77.1%. The mean of vestibular recession was 1.58 ± 0.87, and when considered the mean teeth with 1 or more millimeters recession, it was observed that, a mean of 4.48 teeth presented this condition. A higher mean number of teeth with recession and lower mean PI scores in the vestibular sites were associated (p<0.001) with the mean number of teeth with DH. The severity of DH in number of patients was significantly influenced by the higher mean of gingival recession and was higher in the female patients. Teeth that had higher recession mean and higher mean PI scores at the buccal sites, but lower GI scores at this sites, presented significantly higher values on the Schiff scale (p <0.05). In view of the findings, it is possible to observe that DH patients have a large number of teeth affected by this condition and that these present gingival recession. In addition, in the teeth that present DH, the severity is associated with the presence of more plaque and better gingival condition, in addition to the extent of the recession.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:38:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05681.pdf: 6544120 bytes, checksum: 39fb67d11e03881826cd6fa65d2fdde5 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Dans le contexte actuel d’attentats et autres conflits armées, le risque lésionnel thoracique par explosion est exacerbé sans que pour autant l’on sache l’efficacité réelle des moyens actuels de protection thoracique individuelle face à une telle menace. Ce travail de thèse, combinant expérimentations et simulations numériques, a traité de front l’ensemble de la chaine physique entre la détonation d’une charge explosive et l’apparition de lésions pulmonaires. Un des premiers objectifs a été de comprendre les différents phénomènes physiques mis en jeu lors de la propagation de l’onde de choc en champ libre. Le large éventail de données expérimentales acquis a permis de développer des outils simples permettant la détermination des caractéristiques de la menace ainsi qu’une approche numérique robuste sous LS-DYNA. L’objectif suivant a été d’étudier l’interaction d’ondes de choc avec des cibles de géométries simples et de compositions différentes. L’analyse des données expérimentales acquises a permis, en plus de la validation numérique de l’interaction fluide-structure et des MEF des structures, de déterminer de possibles candidats pour la définition d’un critère de lésions thoraciques. Enfin, des essais sur réacteurs biologiques post-mortem ont été réalisés, permettant d’obtenir la réponse cinématique du thorax du modèle porcin sous blast. Tout ceci a permis d’aboutir à des voies d’amélioration et à des outils prometteurs pour permettre l’évaluation et l’évolution des systèmes de protection thoracique dans un futur assez proche afin de limiter les risques face à cette menace qui a gagné en importance ces dernières années. / With the increasing number of bombing attacks and armed conflicts, the risk of thoracic injuries caused by the blast threat is worsen, without knowing the efficiency of the current individual chest protection systems impacted by such a threat. This research, combining experiments and numerical simulations, dealt with the physics at play from the detonation of an explosive charge and the injury outcomes. One of the first objectives was to understand the different physical phenomena involved in the propagation of the shock wave in the open field. The huge set of data acquired allowed the development of simple tools for the determination of the blast characteristics as well as a robust numerical approach under LS-DYNA. The next objective was to study the interaction of shock waves with targets of simple geometries and different compositions. In addition to the numerical validation of the fluid-structure interaction and of the FEM of the structures, the analysis of the experimental data acquired allowed to determine possible candidates for the definition of a thoracic injury criterion. Finally, tests on biological post-mortem reactors have been carried out, which enabled to obtain the kinematic response of the swine’s thorax under blast. All this work has led to improvements and promising tools for the evaluation and the improvement of chest protection systems in the near future. The proposed tools should be used to limit the risks to this threat which has gained in importance in recent years.

Abstract A procedure is defined for commercializing slags arising as by-products of steelmaking, and this is used to develop certain products. The outcome of the present work comprised three products or groups of products: 1) slag-based binding agents, 2) a road structure improved by means of stabilization with such binding agents, and 3) a procedure for designing stabilized structures. The commercialization procedure was drawn up by examining the technical properties of the initial materials, excluding environmental acceptability and the mechanisms of their chemical reactions. The research proceeded in stages, of which the first was a reconsideration of the results presented in the author's licentiate thesis concerning factors affecting the stabilization of road construction aggregates with blast-furnace slag-based binding agents and their significance. This was followed by a series of experiments designed to test the validity of these results. At the third stage the selection of slag-based binding agents was extended to include LD steel slag products, while the final stage consisted of the implementation of a set of test structures and associated preliminary experiments and monitoring measurements. The binding properties of three blast-furnace slag products and three LD steel slag products, used separately or in various combinations, were examined in the course of this work, taking cement as a reference material. Materials were then eliminated as the research proceeded, either on account of their poor binding properties or on economic grounds. The final construction experiments were performed with three combinations: cement-activated granulated blast-furnace slag, LD steel slag-activated granulated blast-furnace slag and a mixture of ground granulated blast-furnace slag and cement. The actual novel product among the slag-based binding agents to be introduced here is LD steel slag-activated granulated blast-furnace slag, which was found to be similar in its technical properties to cement-activated granulated blast-furnace slag. Structural layers stabilized with these two binding agents showed very similar bearing capacities, although the former did not reach the same compression strengths at an age of 91 days. The reasons for these similarities lay in a larger amount of binding agent used when activated with LD steel slag and the greater thickness of the stabilized layer, factors which both tended to compensate for the poorer compression strength. The new information gained on the properties of cement-activated granulated blast-furnace slag and the mixture of ground granulated blast-furnace slag and cement opens up fresh opportunities for selecting binding agents and designing road structures. Formulae were developed here for predicting the uniaxial compression strength at 91 days, used as a stabilization criterion, from the value for a sample taken at 28 days, a technique which will speed up the assessment of stabilization results, especially when using slowly reacting slag-based binding agents.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Plant Pathology / Barbara S. Valent / The hemibiotrophic rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae undergoes complex morphological development throughout its infection cycle. From 8-20 hours after a fungal spore lands on a leaf surface, the fungus differentiates a complex appressorium that punctures the host cuticle. By ~24 hours post inoculation (hpi), the fungus grows inside an epidermal cell as a primary hypha, and by 36 hpi the fungus has differentiated specialized biotrophic invasive hyphae (IH) that are filling the first-invaded cell and moving into neighbor cells. Throughout its life cycle, IH invade living rice cells although invaded cells appear dead when the fungus moves into the next cell. Biotrophic invasion must be mediated by fungal effectors, proteins that pathogens secrete inside live host cells to control them. However, little is known about blast effectors, and the low fungal biomass in early infection stages complicates identification of effector genes, as well as identification of rice genes controlled by effectors. The characterized AVR-Pita effector gene is specifically expressed in planta, but it was not clear how its gene expression pattern changed in different infection stages. We found that AVR-Pita is first expressed around the time of penetration. AVR-Pita is highly expressed in IH developing in asymptomatic tissue from 36 hpi to as late as 7 days post inoculation when lesions are maturing. Using inoculated rice sheaths, we successfully enriched for infected tissue RNA that contained ~20% IH RNA at 36 hpi. We compared IH gene expression to expression in mycelium from pure culture using a whole-genome M. oryzae oligoarray, and we compared infected rice gene expression to expression in mock-inoculated tissue using a rice oligoarray. Rice genes that were induced >50-fold during infection were enriched for genes involved in transferring information from sensors to cellular responses. Fungal genes that were induced >50-fold in IH included known effectors and many IH-specific genes encoding hypothetical secreted proteins that are candidate effectors. Gene knock-out analyses of three putative effector genes failed to show major effects on pathogenicity. Details of the blast interaction transcriptome will provide insights on the mechanisms of biotrophic plant disease.

A 30.5 cm diameter, detonation driven shock tube facility has been designed, constructed and tested. The design goals of the shock tube were to reproduce free field blast wave profiles on a laboratory scale using atmospheric gaseous detonation as the energy source. Numerical simulations were utilized to explore the gas dynamic evolution inside detonation driven shock tubes and to select the optimal design parameters for the shock tube.The Friedlander profile was used to evaluate the generated pressure profiles as an approximation of free field blast waves. It has been found that the detonation driver length should be kept below 20% of the total length of the tube in order to produce Friedlander waves. Additionally, it has been found that an annular vent can be added to the shock tube to enhance the negative phase of the blast profile, more accurately reproducing real free field blast waves. The shock tube has been constructed in a modular fashion from 2.54 cm thick steel tubing. An adjustable bag type diaphragm has been employed to allow for a variable driver size and a high voltage ignition system is used to initiate detonation in the driver section. Due to the available location for the shock tube, tests using the vented configuration could not be accomplished for safety reasons. Conducted experiments produced results that agree well with corresponding numerical simulations. Overall, the shock tube design was successful in creating Friedlander blast waves. At the time of writing, a manufacturer error in correctly reporting the specifications of the clamps used on the shock tube resulted in a lower maximum pressure of operation.

The mitigation of blast hazards on critical reinforced concrete structures has become a major concern in regards to the safety of people and the integrity of buildings. Recent terrorist incidents and accidental explosions have demonstrated the need to study the effects of such threats on structures in order to develop effective methods of reducing the overall impact of blast loads. With the arrival of innovative materials such as steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC), ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) and high strength steel reinforcement, research is required in order to successfully adapt these new materials in blast-resistant structures. Hence, the objective of this thesis to conduct an experimental parametric study with the purpose of investigating the implementation of these innovative materials in reinforced concrete slabs and panels. As part of the study, a total of fourteen one-way slab specimens with different combinations of concrete, steel fibres and steel reinforcement are tested under simulated blast loads using the University of Ottawa Shock-Tube Facility. The test program includes three slabs constructed with normal-strength concrete, five slabs constructed with SFRC and six slabs constructed with UHPFRC. Among these specimens, four are reinforced with high-performance steel reinforcement. The specimens are subjected to repeated blast loading with gradually increasing reflected pressure and reflected impulse until failure. The performance of the slabs is studied using various criteria such as failure load and mode, maximum and residual deflections, as well as tensile cracking, spalling and secondary fragmentation control. The behaviour of all specimens is compared in different categories to determine the effects of concrete type, steel reinforcement type, steel fibre content and steel fibre type on blast performance. As part of the analytical study the response of the slab specimens is predicted using dynamic inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) analysis. The dynamic analysis is conducted by generating load-deformation resistance functions for the slabs incorporating dynamic material properties.

Recent attacks and accidental explosions have demonstrated the necessity of ensuring the blast resistance of critical buildings and infrastructure in Canada such as federal and provincial offices, military buildings and embassies. Of particular importance is the blast resistance of ground-story columns in buildings which must be properly detailed to provide the necessary strength and ductility to prevent progressive collapse. There exists a need to explore the use of innovative materials that can simultaneously improve the performance of such columns, while also allowing for a relaxation of required detailing to ease construction. Advancements in concrete material science have led to the development of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concretes (UHPFRC) which show superior mechanical properties when compared to conventional concrete, such as increased compressive strength, tensile resistance and toughness. These enhanced properties make UHPFRC an attractive material for use in the blast design of reinforced concrete columns. This thesis presents the results of a research program examining the performance of UHPFRC columns under simulated blast loads. As part of the experimental program twelve half-scale UHPFRC specimens, six built with regular grade steel reinforcement and six built with steel high-strength steel reinforcement, are tested under blast loading using the University of Ottawa shock tube. The specimens were designed according to CSA A23.3 standard requirements for both seismic and non-seismic regions, using various fibre types, fibre amounts and longitudinal reinforcement ratios, allowing for an investigation of various design parameters on blast behaviour. The results demonstrate that the use of UHPFRC improves the blast performance of columns by reducing displacements, increasing resistance and enhancing damage tolerance. The results also indicate that fiber content, fiber properties, seismic detailing, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and longitudinal reinforcement strength are factors which can affect the behaviour and failure mode of UHPFRC columns. As part of the analytical study the response of the UHPFRC columns is predicted using dynamic inelastic analysis. The dynamic responses of the columns are predicted by generating dynamic load-deformation resistance functions for UHPFRC and conducting single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) analysis using software RC-Blast.

Despite the on-going intensity of research in the field of protective structural design, one topic that has been largely ignored in the literature is the effect of high strain rates on the bond between reinforcing steel and the surrounding concrete. Therefore, a comprehensive research program was undertaken to establish the effect of high strain rates on reinforced concrete bond. The experimental research consisted of the construction and testing of fourteen flexural beam-end bond specimens and twenty-five lap-spliced reinforced concrete beams. The physical and material properties of the specimens were selected based on a range of design parameters known to significantly influence bond strength. In order to establish a baseline for comparison, approximately half of the total number of specimens were subjected to static testing, while the remainder were subjected to dynamic loading generated using a shock tube. The strain rates generated using the shock tube were consistent with those obtained for mid- and far-field explosive detonation. Results of the beam-end and lap splice beam tests showed that the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete was significantly stronger and stiffer when subjected to dynamic loading. Furthermore, the high strain rate bond strength was always greater than the corresponding low strain rate values, yielding an average dynamic increase factor (DIF) applied to ultimate bond strength of 1.28. Analysis of the low and high strain rate test results led to the development of empirical expressions describing the observed strain rate sensitivity of reinforced concrete bond for spliced and developed bars with and without transverse reinforcement. The predictive accuracy of the proposed DIF expressions was assessed against the experimental results and data from the literature. It was found that the dynamic bond strength of reinforced concrete can be predicted with reasonably good accuracy and that the proposed DIF expressions can be used for analysis and design of protective structures. An analytical method was also developed to predict the flexural load-deformation behaviour of reinforced concrete members containing tension lap splices. The analysis incorporated the effect of reinforcement slip through the use of pseudo-material stress-strain relationships, in addition to giving consideration to the effect of high strain rates on bond-slip characteristics and on the material properties of concrete and steel. A comparison of the analytical predictions with experimental data demonstrated that the proposed analysis technique can reasonably predict the flexural response of beams with tension lap splices. The results also demonstrated that the model is equally applicable for use at low- and high-strain rates, such as those generated during blast and impact.

Previous events have demonstrated the vulnerability of reinforced concrete infrastructure to blast loading. In buildings, ground-story columns are key structural components, and their failure can lead to extensive damages which can cause progressive collapse. To prevent such disasters, the steel reinforcement in such columns must be properly detailed to ensure sufficient strength and ductility. The use of modern concrete materials such ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is one potential solution to improve the blast performance of columns. UHPC shows high compressive strength, high tensile resistance and superior toughness, properties which make it ideal for use in the blast-resistant design of columns. The combined use of UHPC and high-performance steels can potentially be used to further enhance the blast resistance of columns. This thesis presents an experimental and analytical study which investigated the use of high-performance materials to increase the blast capacity and ductility of reinforced concrete columns. As part of the experimental study, a total of seventeen columns were tested under simulated blast loading using the University of Ottawa Shock-Tube. Parameters investigated included the effect of concrete type (NSC and UHPC), steel reinforcement type (normal-strength, high-strength or highly ductile), longitudinal reinforcement ratio, seismic detailing and fiber properties. The test program included two control specimens built with normal-strength concrete, five specimens built with UHPC in combination with high-strength steel, and ten columns built with highly ductile stainless steel reinforcement. Each column was subjected to a series of increasing blast pressures until failure. The performance of the columns is investigated by comparing the displacements, impulse capacity and secondary fragmentation resistance of the columns. The results show that using high-performance steels increases the blast performance of UHPC columns. The use of sufficient amounts of high-strength steel in combination with UHPC led to important increases in column blast capacity. The use of ductile stainless steel reinforcement allowed for important enhancements in column ductility, with an ability to prevent rupture of tension steel reinforcement. The study also shows that increasing the longitudinal reinforcement ratio is an effective means of increasing the blast resistance of UHPC columns The thesis also presents an extensive analytical study which aimed at predicting the response of the test columns using dynamic inelastic, single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) analysis. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to examine the effect of various modelling parameters on the analytical predictions. Overall, it was shown that SDOF analysis could be used to predict the blast response of UHPC columns with reasonable accuracy. To further corroborate the results from the experimental study, the thesis also presents an analytical parametric study examining the blast performance of larger-scale columns. The results further demonstrate the benefits of using UHPC and high-performance steel reinforcement in columns subjected to blast loading.