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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
271

Neurotoxicity of β-lactam antibiotics : experimental kinetic and neurophysiological studies

Schliamser, Silvia E. January 1988 (has links)
The neurotoxic potential of intravenous administered benzylpenicillin (BPC) was studied in rabbits with intact blood-CNS barriers and rabbits with experimental E. coli meningitis. At onset of epileptogenic EEG activity or seizures, serum, CSF and brain tissue were collected for assay of BPC. Based on the fact that, in tissues, BPC seems to remain extracellularly, brain concentrations of BPC were expressed as brain tissue fluid (BTF) levels, calculated as lOx the concentration in whole brain tissue. Neurotoxicity could be precipitated in all rabbits. In normal rabbits BTF levels of BPC were considerably higher than those in CSF indicating a better penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BPC penetrated better to CSF and BTF in meningitic rabbits than in normal controls, suggesting some degree of damage of the BBB concomitant with meningeal inflammation. E. coli meningitis did not increase the neurotoxicity of BPC. In control rabbits the intracistemal injection of saline resulted in some degree of pleocytosis. Unmanipulated animals are therefore preferable as controls. Epileptogenic EEG-changes was the most precise of the two variables used for demonstration of neurotoxicity. EEG-changes were therefore used as neurotoxicity criterion in the following rabbit experiments. To evaluate the effect of uraemia alone and uraemia plus meningitis on the neurotoxity of BPC in rabbits, cephaloridine was used to induce uraemia. Meningitis was induced by intracistemal inoculation of a cephalosporinresistant strain of E. cloacae. Untreated  rabbits were used as controls. Uraemia resulted in increased BTF penetration of BPC, possibly explained by permeability changes in the BBB and/or decreased binding of BPC to albumin. Uraemia did not result in increased penetration of BPC into the CSF of non-meningitic rabbits. Uraemic non-meningitic rabbits had the highest BTF levels of BPC at the criterion, indicating that cephaloridine-induced renal failure increased the epileptogenic threshold in these rabbits. The combination of uraemia and meningitis increased the neurotoxicity of BPC since the criterion was reached at considerably lower BTF levels of BPC. Meningitis, either alone or together with uraemia, did not increase the neurotoxicity in comparison to control rabbits. Higher BTF levels of BPC were found in meningitic rabbits than in controls with intact blood-CNS barriers at onset of EEG-changes. In all groups of rabbits there was a pronounced variability of BPC levels in the CSF while the intra-group variations in BTF levels were much smaller. Thus, BTF and not CSF levels were decisive for the neurotoxicity of BPC. Using   the same EEG-model, the neurotoxic potential of imipenem/cilastatin (I) and a new penem derivative, FCE 22101 were compared in a cross-over study. Both I and FCE 22101 were significantly more neurotoxic than BPC. While BTF levels of the three antibiotics could be detected in all tested rabbits, detectable CSF levels were only found in one of twelve rabbits treated with I or FCE 22101, indicating that BTF concentrations rather than CSF ones are decisive for neurotoxicity of ß-lactam antibiotics. The EEG-model used was found to be a suitable model for cross-over studies of intravenously administered antibiotics. Using the "silent-second" as EEG-threshold, a CNS interaction between intraperitoneally administered BPC and intravenous thiopental was demonstrated in rats. The most probably site for this interaction is the organic acid transport system out of the CNS. Thiopental distribution in the rat brain seemed to depend not only on its lipid solubility. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1988, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu
272

Structure and properties of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles targeting β-amyloid / Struktur und Eigenschaften wirkstoffbeladener Nanopartikel zum Targeting von β-Amyloid

Siegemund, Thomas 20 June 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Polymere Nanopartikel sind ein vielversprechender Ansatz für die Diagnose und Therapie von Krankheiten. Sie ermöglichen den Einsatz von schwerlöslichen oder instabilen Wirkstoffen. Ein weiterer Vorteil ist die Möglichkeit das Targetings, durch gezielte Modifikationen des Nanopartikels wird der Wirkstoff zum Zielort transportiert und kann dort in der gewünschten Form freigesetzt werden; dadurch könnten bei erhöhter Wirksamkeit die Nebenwirkungen von Medikamenten reduziert werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung von physikalischen und biochemischen Eigenschaften von Nanopartikeln bestehend aus einem abbaustabilen Polystyren- Kern und einer biologisch abbaubaren Schale aus Polybutylcyanoacrylat. Es werden Methoden beschrieben, um die Größe, Struktur und den Abbau dieser Wirkstoffträger zu untersuchen. Die untersuchten Nanopartikel zeigen RAYLEIGH-Streuung, sowohl Größe als auch Abbau können durch Messung des Absorptionsspektrums bestimmt werden. Weiterhin konnten diese Eigenschaften mit Hilfe von dynamischer und statischer Lichtstreuung sowie Neutronenkleinwinkelstreuung untersucht werden. Bei letzterer Methode konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Schale größtenteils abgebaut werden kann, während der Kern intakt bleibt. In einem weiteren Teil der Arbeit wurde die Überwindung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke durch polymere Nanopartikel untersucht. Dabei wurde der fluoreszierende Thioflavine als Modellwirkstoffe eingesetzt. Das Durchdringen der Blut-Hirn-Schranke konnte nur mit Nanopartikeln erreicht werden, an deren Oberfläche ein Apolipoprotein E-Peptid gekoppelt war. Es konnte gezeigt werden, das die Nanopartikelschale im Gehirn abgebaut wird, der Wirkstoff freigesetzt wird und an Amyloid β, einem Marker der Alzheimer-Krankheit, bindet.
273

Developmental Aspects of Drug Transport Across the Blood-Brain Barrier

Bengtsson, Jörgen January 2009 (has links)
The developmental aspect of drug transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was investigated. Microdialysis was used to study unbound morphine BBB transport at different ages in sheep. An in vitro study was performed to find differentially expressed genes in brain capillary-rich fractions of the brain in rats of different ages. Microdialysis and brain-to-plasma ratios were used to study the contribution of breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) to the transport of nitrofurantoin (NTF) across the BBB of rats during development as well as in adult rats and mice. A method of analysing morphine and its metabolites in plasma and microdialysis samples was developed and validated. The in vivo recovery of deuterated morphine, used as a calibrator in microdialysis experiments, was not affected by the presence of morphine in the tissue. A net influx of morphine was observed in premature lambs and adult sheep, in contrast to the efflux seen in other species. This influx decreased with age, indicating that the morphine transport across the BBB changes with age. In contrast, the transport of the morphine metabolite morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) did not change with age. Microarray data indicated that several active transporters are differentially expressed with age. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of Abcg2 (Bcrp) and Slc22a8 (organic anion transporter 3) changed with age when quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In contrast, the expression of Abcb1 (P-glycoprotein) and occludin (a tight junction protein) did not change with age. In rats, the brain distribution of NTF decreased with age due to increased protein binding in plasma. The concentration ratio of unbound NTF across the BBB was low in the adult rat, due to intra-brain metabolism and/or efflux by other transporters. Bcrp did not appear to have a significant contribution in the developing rat or in knock-out mice compared to wild-type controls with regard to NTF BBB transport. In conclusion, in vitro studies showed that the expression levels of some genes changed with age, presumably affecting subsequent drug distribution to the brain. Further, in vivo studies showed that distribution across the BBB changed with age for morphine but not for M3G or NTF.
274

Diabète, inflammation et stress oxydatif : impact sur la barrière hémato-encéphalique, la neurogenèse et la réparation cérébrale / Diabetes, inflammation and oxidative stress : impact on blood-brain barrier, neurogenesis and brain repair

Dorsemans, Anne-Claire 13 September 2018 (has links)
Le diabète de type 2 est une pathologie complexe et multifactorielle caractérisée par une hyperglycémie chronique et une résistance à l’insuline. Actuellement, le diabète de type 2 est une préoccupation majeure et mondiale de santé publique. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d’étudier l’impact de l’hyperglycémie (aiguë, récurrente et chronique) sur des modèles complémentaires in vivo (poisson zèbre et souris) à un niveau périphérique et central. L’hyperglycémie aiguë et/ou chronique chez le poisson zèbre a altéré l’expression génique des cytokines pro-inflammatoires du cerveau, a modulé l’expression des gènes impliqués dans l’établissement de la barrière hémato-encéphalique, a diminué la prolifération des progéniteurs neuronaux de la plupart des niches neurogéniques et a impacté les mécanismes de réparation du télencéphale. L’hyperglycémie récurrente a induit un prédiabète caractéristique chez la souris avec des altérations périphériques et centrales que la glycine a atténuées en partie. L’ensemble des résultats indique que l’hyperglycémie contribue aux dysfonctionnements observés dans le diabète au niveau de l’inflammation, du stress oxydatif, de la barrière hémato-encéphalique, de la plasticité neuronale et des processus neurogéniques, ainsi que des fonctions cognitives, et souligne le potentiel antidiabétique intéressant de la glycine. En complément de ces résultats de recherche, une mission d’enseignement orientée santé a été menée auprès d’étudiants universitaires. Cette approche holistique de la pathologie diabétique pourrait contribuer, à terme, à l’élaboration de programmes de prévention adaptés, de dépistages précoces et de thérapies efficaces. / Type 2 diabetes is a complex and multifactorial disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes is currently a major and worldwide public health issue. The main objectives of this thesis were to investigate the peripheral and central impact of hyperglycemia (acute, recurrent and chronic) in vivo on complementary models (zebrafish and mouse). In zebrafish, acute and/or chronic hyperglycemia modulated cerebral expression of pro-inflammaty cytokines, as well as expression of genes involved in blood-brain barrier establishment. It also reduced neural progenitor proliferation in main neurogenic niches and impaired brain repair mechanisms. In the mouse, recurrent hyperglycemia induced a characterized prediabetes with central and peripheral alterations partially alleviated by glycine. All results suggest that, hyperglycemia contributes to related diabetes dysfunctions, through inflammation and oxydative stress, on blood-brain barrier integrity, neural plasticity including neurogenesis, and cognitive functions, and highlights the antidiabetic potential of glycine. In addition, a health-oriented teaching mission has been undertaken on university students. This holistic approach on diabetic disease could help in establishing effective prevention programs, early screenings and efficient therapies.
275

Estudos para obtenção e caracterização de sistemas nanoparticulados contendo ácido valpróico e avaliação da penetração deste através da barreira hematoencefálica / Obtention and characterization of nanoparticulated systems loaded with valproic acid and evaluation of its blood-brain barrier penetration

Freddo, Rodrigo José January 2009 (has links)
A epilepsia é normalmente a associação de pré-disposição genética e doença ou uma lesão cerebral. Aproximadamente 1 entre 50 a 100 pessoas apresentam essa pré-disposição à convulsões. Um dos fármacos mais prescritos e utilizados para o tratamento de convulsões é o ácido valpróico (AV), tornando-se a medicação de primeira escolha no tratamento da epilepsia infantil por apresentar um amplo espectro de ação, embora apresente efeitos colaterais bastante conhecidos como pancreatite e a hepatotoxicidade, que pode ser fatal. Sistemas nanoparticulados como nanocápsulas, obtidas a partir da utilização de polímeros biodegradáveis como o polietilenoglicol (PEG) e macromoléculas naturais como a quitosana (QS), que proporcionam hidrofilia e bioadesividade, têm sido estudadas com o objetivo de aumentar a penetração cerebral e reduzir a dosagem do fármaco. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar físico-quimicamente nanocápsulas de poli(ε-caprolactona) contendo AV e revestidas com QS (NCQ) e/ou com PEG 6000 (NCP e NCQP), investigar a farmacocinética plasmática, a penetração do AV através da barreira hematoencefálica (BHE) por microdiálise e a hepatotoxicidade em ratos Wistar. Nanocápsulas revestidas com QS (NCQ) foram obtidas pelo método de nanoprecipitação do polímero pré-formado seguido do revestimento com adição de 5 mL de solução de QS a 1%. Para a preparação de NCP, foi utilizada metodologia similar adicionando 0,7% de PEG 6000 na fase aquosa. Para a preparação de NCQP, as nanocápsulas preparadas com a adição de 0,35% de PEG 6000 e revestidas posteriormente com solução de QS a 1% (2,5 mL). As formulações foram caracterizadas físico-quimicamente avaliando-se o tamanho das partículas, potencial zeta, pH e taxa de incorporação. As nanocápsulas foram visualizadas por MET e a estabilidade foi investigada por retroespalhamento de luz (Turbiscan Lab®). As formulações (AV 5 mg/mL) apresentaram um pequeno tamanho de partícula (144,2 ± 2,0 nm, 153,2 ± 1,8 nm, e 231,3 ± 15,6 nm, para NCQ, NCP e NCQP, respectivamente), com baixo índice de polidispersão, alta taxa de incorporação (95 a 98 %), pH ácido, potencial zeta positivo para NCQ (+8,7 ± 0,4 mV) e negativo para NCP (- 6,6 ± 0,8 mV) e NCQP (- 2,8 ± 1,3 mV). As fotomicrografias mostraram partículas de forma esférica e as formulações demonstraram boa estabilidade durante 24h de análise a 40°C. As concentrações plasmáticas foram investigadas em ratos Wistar (15 mg/kg via i.v. de AV) para todas as formulações e valproato sódico (grupo controle). A análise farmacocinética compartimental apresentou uma distribuição muito rápida para o AV em NCQ e a ASC0-∞ aproximadamente duas vezes menor em comparação à NCP, NCQP e o fármaco livre (3874 ± 1775; 8280 ± 2136; 7849 ± 1021 e 7978 ± 3622 μg/mL/min, respectivamente). O clearance do AV aumentou significativamente para NCQ (0,284 ± 0,156 L/h/kg) (α = 0,05%). A penetração do AV através da BHE foi realizada em ratos Wistar acordados por microdiálise (MD) cerebral, no córtex frontal utilizando sondas CMA/12 (3 mm). Os experimentos de MD mostraram um aumento de 5 vezes no fator de penetração cerebral após a administração de NCQ em comparação com o fármaco em solução (0,110 and 0,021, respectivamente), demonstrando a viabilidade da utilização de QS como polímero de revestimento objetivando a BHE. A NCP demonstrou um aumento de 1,7 vezes no fator de penetração cerebral e NCQP não demonstrou qualquer diferença na penetração. A investigação da hepatotoxicidade do AV foi realizada após cinco dias de tratamento (dose de 30 mg/kg q12h de AV) em solução ou em nanocápsulas (NCQ ou NCP) com grupo controle de solução salina. Os níveis séricos de asparto aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT), fosfatase alcalina (FAL), creatinina (CRE) e uréia foram determinados. Os resultados mostram a manutenção dos níveis normais de enzimas hepáticas como a ALT e FAL para NCQ (54,2 ± 11,2 UI/mL and 149 ± 26 UI/mL) demonstrando um efeito hepatoprotetor não observado para os outros grupos. Análises histológicas do fígado dos animais não apresentaram a formação de esteatose microvesicular para NCQ em comparação com a formação de esteatoses em todos os outros grupos, incluindo o grupo controle. Ao final, os resultados indicaram que NCQ possa ser uma formulação em potencial, necessitando ser investigada pelo aumento da penetração cerebral de AV e efeito hepatoprotetor observados. / Epilepsy is usually a combination of genetic pre-disposition and a disease or a brain damage. About 1 in 50 to 100 people has this genetic predisposition to seizures. One of the world’s most prescribed drugs to treat epileptic seizures is valproic acid (VA), which is the first choice drug to treat epilepsy in childhood due to its broad spectrum of action, although its well known side effects such as pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity can be fatal. Nanoparticulated systems such as nanocapsules, obtained from biodegradable polymers like polyethylene glycol and natural macromolecules like chitosan, who gives the system hidrophilicity and bioadhesivity, have been used to increase brain penetration and reduce drug doses. In this context, the present work aimed to develop and physicochemically characterize poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules loaded with VA and coated with chitosan (NCQ) and/or polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (NCP and NCQP), and to investigate their plasma pharmacokinetics, VA blood-brain barrier penetration (BBB) by microdialysis and hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Nanocapsules coated with chitosan were obtained by nanoprecipitation of preformed polymer followed by coating with 1% chitosan solution added prior to final adjustments at a volume of 5 mL. For NCP preparation, similar methodology was used adding 0.7% PEG 6000 in the aqueous phase. For NCQP preparation, the nanocapsules prepared with PEG 6000 (0.35% w/v) was further coated with chitosan 1% in solution adding 2.5 mL prior to the final adjustments. The formulations were physicochemical characterized by particle size, zeta potential, pH, incorporation efficiency. The particles were visualized by MET and the stability investigated by backscattering (Turbiscan Lab®). The formulations (VA 5 mg/mL) presented small particle sizes (144.2 ± 2.0 nm, 153.2 ± 1.8 nm, and 231.3 ± 15.6 nm, for NCQ, NCP and NCQP, respectively), with low polidispersion index, high incorporation efficiency (95 to 98 %) and acid pH. The zeta potential was positive for NCQ (+8.7 ± 0.4 mV) and negative for NCP (- 6.6 ± 0.8 mV) and NCQP (- 2.8 ± 1.3 mV). The photomicrography of all formulations showed spherically shaped particles. The formulations showed good stability during 24 hours investigation at 40 ºC. Plasma concentrations were investigated in Wisar rats after 15 mg/kg i.v. dosing of all formulations and sodium valproate solution (control group). The pharmacokinetic compartmental analysis showed a very rapid distribution of VA when incorporated in NCQ in comparison to the other formulations and the AUC0-∞ about two times lower in comparison to NCP, NCQP and the drug alone (3874 ± 1775; 8280 ±2136; 7849 ± 1021 and 7978 ± 3622 μg/mL/min, respectively). VA clearance was significantly increased after NCQ dosing (0.284 ± 0.156 L/h/kg) (α = 0.05 %). Drug penetration through BBB was performed in awaken Wistar rats by brain microdialysis at the frontal cortex using CMA/12 probes (3 mm). The microdialysis experiments showed a five times increase in VA brain penetration factor after NCQ administration in comparison to drug alone (0.110 and 0.021, respectively), demonstrating the viability of chitosan as coating polymer to aim the BBB. NCP showed only a 1.7 times increase in brain penetration factor and NCQP did not showed any difference in comparison to drug alone. The investigation of drug hepatotoxicity was conducted after 5 days i.v. dosing of VA 30 mg/kg q12h as solution or nanocapsules (NCQ or NCP). A saline control group was also investigated. Serum levels of asparte aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosfatase, creatinin and urea were determined. The results showed the maintenance of normal levels of hepatic enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosfatase for NCQ (54.2 ± 11.2 IU/mL and 149 ± 26 IU/mL) showing a hepatoprotective effect not observed in the other groups investigated. Histological analysis of animals livers showed no microvesicular steatosis formation when NCQ was administered in comparison with the formation of steatosis in all other groups including control. Overall the results indicate that NCQ is a potential formulation to be investigated for the treatment of epilepsy due to its increase in VA brain penetration and hepatoprotective effect observed.
276

Terapia com células da medula óssea em modelo experimental de insuficiência hepática aguda induzida por acetominofen

Souza, Bruno Solano de Freitas January 2012 (has links)
Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2014-05-22T16:58:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza Terapia... 2012.pdf: 11192595 bytes, checksum: bbf17ad75e0d20605c6fd2274da72034 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-22T16:58:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza Terapia... 2012.pdf: 11192595 bytes, checksum: bbf17ad75e0d20605c6fd2274da72034 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Introdução e objetivos: A insuficiência hepática aguda (IHA), apesar de rara, permanece como uma condição rapidamente progressiva e frequentemente fatal. A intoxicação por acetaminofen (APAP) induz necrose hepática maciça e frequentemente leva à morte por edema cerebral. Terapias celulares são de grande interesse como potenciais tratamentos para IHA. Neste projeto foi avaliado o potencial terapêutico das células mononucleares da medula óssea (CMMO) em um modelo experimental de IHA induzida por APAP em camundongos. Métodos: A IHA foi induzida em camundongos C57Bl/6, previamente submetidos à dieta alcoólica por três semanas, através da administração de APAP na dose de 300 mg/kg por via intraperitoneal. Após a indução da IHA, os camundongos foram transplantados, por via endovenosa, com 107 CMMO obtidas de doadores transgênicos para a proteína verde fluorescente (GFP) ou injetados com salina. As curvas de sobrevivência, os níveis plasmáticos de aminotransferases, amônia, uréia e creatinina, a extensão da necrose hepática, o infiltrado inflamatório e a expressão de citocinas e metaloproteinases foram avaliados. A microscopia confocal foi utilizada para estudar a migração das células transplantadas para o fígado. A permeabilidade da barreira hemato-encefálica foi avaliada pela injeção do corante azul de Evans (AE) por via endovenosa. Resultados: Observou-se que os camundongos tratados com CMMO apresentaram uma redução significativa da mortalidade, com uma taxa de 60% de sobrevivência quando comparados a 20% de sobrevivência do grupo controle. As células transplantadas migraram para o fígado, mas não foi observada a diferenciação destas em células hepáticas ou fusão celular. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na extensão de necrose hepática no fígado, nos níveis plasmáticos de transaminases e amônia, na intensidade do infiltrado inflamatório no fígado entre os dois grupos com IHA, bem como nos níveis hepáticos das citocinas TNF-a e IL-10 e de transcritos para adrenomedula e endotelina 1 no cérebro, assim como na atividade da metaloproteinase 9 no soro. No entanto, observou-se uma redução dos níveis séricos de TNF-a no grupo tratado com CMMO quando comparado ao grupo injetado com salina. Esta redução está correlacionada ao aumento do mRNA para IL-10 na medula óssea e no baço dos animais tratados com CMMO. A avaliação do extravasamento do corante azul de Evans para o cérebro demonstrou que o grupo tratado com células mononucleares da medula óssea apresentou uma redução da permeabilidade da barreira hemato-encefálica quando comparado ao grupo injetado com salina. Conclusão: As CMMO exercem um efeito protetor em camundongos com IHA induzida por APAP, sem alterar o dano hepático, provavelmente através da modulação da resposta inflamatória sistêmica e da diminuição da permeabilidade da barreira hemato-encefálica. / Introduction and objectives: Acute liver failure (IHA), although rare, remains a rapidly progressive and often fatal condition. Poisoning by acetaminophen (APAP) induces a massive hepatic necrosis and often leads to death by cerebral edema. Cell therapies are of great interest as potential treatments for IHA. In this project we evaluated the therapeutic potential of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMC) in an experimental model of IHA induced by APAP in mice. Methods: The IHA was induced in C57BL/6 mice previously submitted to the alcohol diet for three weeks by the administration of APAP at a dose of 300 mg / kg, intraperitoneally. After induction of IHA, the mice were transplanted intravenously with 107 BMC obtained from donors transgenic for green fluorescent protein (GFP) or injected with saline. The survival curves, plasma levels of aminotransferases, ammonia, urea and creatinine, the extent of hepatic necrosis, inflammatory infiltrate and the expression of cytokines and metalloproteinases were evaluated. Confocal microscopy was used to study the migration of transplanted cells to the liver. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier was assessed by injection of Evans blue dye (AE) intravenously. Results: We found that mice treated with BMC showed a significant reduction in mortality, with a rate of 60% survival compared to 20% survival in the control group. The transplanted cells migrated to the liver, but we did not observe the differentiation of these cells or fusion with liver cells. There were no statistically significant differences in the extent of hepatic necrosis in the liver, plasma levels of transaminases and ammonia, and in the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate in the liver between the two groups with IHA, as well as in hepatic levels of TNF-α and IL-10, transcripts for endothelin 1 and adrenomedullin in the brain and serum metalloproteinase 9 activity. However, there was a reduction of serum TNF-α in BMC-treated group compared to the group injected with saline. This decrease correlated with the increase in IL-10 mRNA expression in the bone marrow and spleen of BMC-treated mice. The assessment of Evans blue extravasation into the brain showed that the group treated with BMC had a reduced permeability of the blood-brain barrier compared to the group injected with saline. Conclusion: Bone marrow mononuclear cells exert a protective effect in mice with APAPinduced IHA, without changing the liver injury, probably through modulation of systemic inflammatory response and decrease the permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
277

Estudos para obtenção e caracterização de sistemas nanoparticulados contendo ácido valpróico e avaliação da penetração deste através da barreira hematoencefálica / Obtention and characterization of nanoparticulated systems loaded with valproic acid and evaluation of its blood-brain barrier penetration

Freddo, Rodrigo José January 2009 (has links)
A epilepsia é normalmente a associação de pré-disposição genética e doença ou uma lesão cerebral. Aproximadamente 1 entre 50 a 100 pessoas apresentam essa pré-disposição à convulsões. Um dos fármacos mais prescritos e utilizados para o tratamento de convulsões é o ácido valpróico (AV), tornando-se a medicação de primeira escolha no tratamento da epilepsia infantil por apresentar um amplo espectro de ação, embora apresente efeitos colaterais bastante conhecidos como pancreatite e a hepatotoxicidade, que pode ser fatal. Sistemas nanoparticulados como nanocápsulas, obtidas a partir da utilização de polímeros biodegradáveis como o polietilenoglicol (PEG) e macromoléculas naturais como a quitosana (QS), que proporcionam hidrofilia e bioadesividade, têm sido estudadas com o objetivo de aumentar a penetração cerebral e reduzir a dosagem do fármaco. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar físico-quimicamente nanocápsulas de poli(ε-caprolactona) contendo AV e revestidas com QS (NCQ) e/ou com PEG 6000 (NCP e NCQP), investigar a farmacocinética plasmática, a penetração do AV através da barreira hematoencefálica (BHE) por microdiálise e a hepatotoxicidade em ratos Wistar. Nanocápsulas revestidas com QS (NCQ) foram obtidas pelo método de nanoprecipitação do polímero pré-formado seguido do revestimento com adição de 5 mL de solução de QS a 1%. Para a preparação de NCP, foi utilizada metodologia similar adicionando 0,7% de PEG 6000 na fase aquosa. Para a preparação de NCQP, as nanocápsulas preparadas com a adição de 0,35% de PEG 6000 e revestidas posteriormente com solução de QS a 1% (2,5 mL). As formulações foram caracterizadas físico-quimicamente avaliando-se o tamanho das partículas, potencial zeta, pH e taxa de incorporação. As nanocápsulas foram visualizadas por MET e a estabilidade foi investigada por retroespalhamento de luz (Turbiscan Lab®). As formulações (AV 5 mg/mL) apresentaram um pequeno tamanho de partícula (144,2 ± 2,0 nm, 153,2 ± 1,8 nm, e 231,3 ± 15,6 nm, para NCQ, NCP e NCQP, respectivamente), com baixo índice de polidispersão, alta taxa de incorporação (95 a 98 %), pH ácido, potencial zeta positivo para NCQ (+8,7 ± 0,4 mV) e negativo para NCP (- 6,6 ± 0,8 mV) e NCQP (- 2,8 ± 1,3 mV). As fotomicrografias mostraram partículas de forma esférica e as formulações demonstraram boa estabilidade durante 24h de análise a 40°C. As concentrações plasmáticas foram investigadas em ratos Wistar (15 mg/kg via i.v. de AV) para todas as formulações e valproato sódico (grupo controle). A análise farmacocinética compartimental apresentou uma distribuição muito rápida para o AV em NCQ e a ASC0-∞ aproximadamente duas vezes menor em comparação à NCP, NCQP e o fármaco livre (3874 ± 1775; 8280 ± 2136; 7849 ± 1021 e 7978 ± 3622 μg/mL/min, respectivamente). O clearance do AV aumentou significativamente para NCQ (0,284 ± 0,156 L/h/kg) (α = 0,05%). A penetração do AV através da BHE foi realizada em ratos Wistar acordados por microdiálise (MD) cerebral, no córtex frontal utilizando sondas CMA/12 (3 mm). Os experimentos de MD mostraram um aumento de 5 vezes no fator de penetração cerebral após a administração de NCQ em comparação com o fármaco em solução (0,110 and 0,021, respectivamente), demonstrando a viabilidade da utilização de QS como polímero de revestimento objetivando a BHE. A NCP demonstrou um aumento de 1,7 vezes no fator de penetração cerebral e NCQP não demonstrou qualquer diferença na penetração. A investigação da hepatotoxicidade do AV foi realizada após cinco dias de tratamento (dose de 30 mg/kg q12h de AV) em solução ou em nanocápsulas (NCQ ou NCP) com grupo controle de solução salina. Os níveis séricos de asparto aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT), fosfatase alcalina (FAL), creatinina (CRE) e uréia foram determinados. Os resultados mostram a manutenção dos níveis normais de enzimas hepáticas como a ALT e FAL para NCQ (54,2 ± 11,2 UI/mL and 149 ± 26 UI/mL) demonstrando um efeito hepatoprotetor não observado para os outros grupos. Análises histológicas do fígado dos animais não apresentaram a formação de esteatose microvesicular para NCQ em comparação com a formação de esteatoses em todos os outros grupos, incluindo o grupo controle. Ao final, os resultados indicaram que NCQ possa ser uma formulação em potencial, necessitando ser investigada pelo aumento da penetração cerebral de AV e efeito hepatoprotetor observados. / Epilepsy is usually a combination of genetic pre-disposition and a disease or a brain damage. About 1 in 50 to 100 people has this genetic predisposition to seizures. One of the world’s most prescribed drugs to treat epileptic seizures is valproic acid (VA), which is the first choice drug to treat epilepsy in childhood due to its broad spectrum of action, although its well known side effects such as pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity can be fatal. Nanoparticulated systems such as nanocapsules, obtained from biodegradable polymers like polyethylene glycol and natural macromolecules like chitosan, who gives the system hidrophilicity and bioadhesivity, have been used to increase brain penetration and reduce drug doses. In this context, the present work aimed to develop and physicochemically characterize poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules loaded with VA and coated with chitosan (NCQ) and/or polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (NCP and NCQP), and to investigate their plasma pharmacokinetics, VA blood-brain barrier penetration (BBB) by microdialysis and hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Nanocapsules coated with chitosan were obtained by nanoprecipitation of preformed polymer followed by coating with 1% chitosan solution added prior to final adjustments at a volume of 5 mL. For NCP preparation, similar methodology was used adding 0.7% PEG 6000 in the aqueous phase. For NCQP preparation, the nanocapsules prepared with PEG 6000 (0.35% w/v) was further coated with chitosan 1% in solution adding 2.5 mL prior to the final adjustments. The formulations were physicochemical characterized by particle size, zeta potential, pH, incorporation efficiency. The particles were visualized by MET and the stability investigated by backscattering (Turbiscan Lab®). The formulations (VA 5 mg/mL) presented small particle sizes (144.2 ± 2.0 nm, 153.2 ± 1.8 nm, and 231.3 ± 15.6 nm, for NCQ, NCP and NCQP, respectively), with low polidispersion index, high incorporation efficiency (95 to 98 %) and acid pH. The zeta potential was positive for NCQ (+8.7 ± 0.4 mV) and negative for NCP (- 6.6 ± 0.8 mV) and NCQP (- 2.8 ± 1.3 mV). The photomicrography of all formulations showed spherically shaped particles. The formulations showed good stability during 24 hours investigation at 40 ºC. Plasma concentrations were investigated in Wisar rats after 15 mg/kg i.v. dosing of all formulations and sodium valproate solution (control group). The pharmacokinetic compartmental analysis showed a very rapid distribution of VA when incorporated in NCQ in comparison to the other formulations and the AUC0-∞ about two times lower in comparison to NCP, NCQP and the drug alone (3874 ± 1775; 8280 ±2136; 7849 ± 1021 and 7978 ± 3622 μg/mL/min, respectively). VA clearance was significantly increased after NCQ dosing (0.284 ± 0.156 L/h/kg) (α = 0.05 %). Drug penetration through BBB was performed in awaken Wistar rats by brain microdialysis at the frontal cortex using CMA/12 probes (3 mm). The microdialysis experiments showed a five times increase in VA brain penetration factor after NCQ administration in comparison to drug alone (0.110 and 0.021, respectively), demonstrating the viability of chitosan as coating polymer to aim the BBB. NCP showed only a 1.7 times increase in brain penetration factor and NCQP did not showed any difference in comparison to drug alone. The investigation of drug hepatotoxicity was conducted after 5 days i.v. dosing of VA 30 mg/kg q12h as solution or nanocapsules (NCQ or NCP). A saline control group was also investigated. Serum levels of asparte aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosfatase, creatinin and urea were determined. The results showed the maintenance of normal levels of hepatic enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosfatase for NCQ (54.2 ± 11.2 IU/mL and 149 ± 26 IU/mL) showing a hepatoprotective effect not observed in the other groups investigated. Histological analysis of animals livers showed no microvesicular steatosis formation when NCQ was administered in comparison with the formation of steatosis in all other groups including control. Overall the results indicate that NCQ is a potential formulation to be investigated for the treatment of epilepsy due to its increase in VA brain penetration and hepatoprotective effect observed.
278

Estudos para obtenção e caracterização de sistemas nanoparticulados contendo ácido valpróico e avaliação da penetração deste através da barreira hematoencefálica / Obtention and characterization of nanoparticulated systems loaded with valproic acid and evaluation of its blood-brain barrier penetration

Freddo, Rodrigo José January 2009 (has links)
A epilepsia é normalmente a associação de pré-disposição genética e doença ou uma lesão cerebral. Aproximadamente 1 entre 50 a 100 pessoas apresentam essa pré-disposição à convulsões. Um dos fármacos mais prescritos e utilizados para o tratamento de convulsões é o ácido valpróico (AV), tornando-se a medicação de primeira escolha no tratamento da epilepsia infantil por apresentar um amplo espectro de ação, embora apresente efeitos colaterais bastante conhecidos como pancreatite e a hepatotoxicidade, que pode ser fatal. Sistemas nanoparticulados como nanocápsulas, obtidas a partir da utilização de polímeros biodegradáveis como o polietilenoglicol (PEG) e macromoléculas naturais como a quitosana (QS), que proporcionam hidrofilia e bioadesividade, têm sido estudadas com o objetivo de aumentar a penetração cerebral e reduzir a dosagem do fármaco. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar físico-quimicamente nanocápsulas de poli(ε-caprolactona) contendo AV e revestidas com QS (NCQ) e/ou com PEG 6000 (NCP e NCQP), investigar a farmacocinética plasmática, a penetração do AV através da barreira hematoencefálica (BHE) por microdiálise e a hepatotoxicidade em ratos Wistar. Nanocápsulas revestidas com QS (NCQ) foram obtidas pelo método de nanoprecipitação do polímero pré-formado seguido do revestimento com adição de 5 mL de solução de QS a 1%. Para a preparação de NCP, foi utilizada metodologia similar adicionando 0,7% de PEG 6000 na fase aquosa. Para a preparação de NCQP, as nanocápsulas preparadas com a adição de 0,35% de PEG 6000 e revestidas posteriormente com solução de QS a 1% (2,5 mL). As formulações foram caracterizadas físico-quimicamente avaliando-se o tamanho das partículas, potencial zeta, pH e taxa de incorporação. As nanocápsulas foram visualizadas por MET e a estabilidade foi investigada por retroespalhamento de luz (Turbiscan Lab®). As formulações (AV 5 mg/mL) apresentaram um pequeno tamanho de partícula (144,2 ± 2,0 nm, 153,2 ± 1,8 nm, e 231,3 ± 15,6 nm, para NCQ, NCP e NCQP, respectivamente), com baixo índice de polidispersão, alta taxa de incorporação (95 a 98 %), pH ácido, potencial zeta positivo para NCQ (+8,7 ± 0,4 mV) e negativo para NCP (- 6,6 ± 0,8 mV) e NCQP (- 2,8 ± 1,3 mV). As fotomicrografias mostraram partículas de forma esférica e as formulações demonstraram boa estabilidade durante 24h de análise a 40°C. As concentrações plasmáticas foram investigadas em ratos Wistar (15 mg/kg via i.v. de AV) para todas as formulações e valproato sódico (grupo controle). A análise farmacocinética compartimental apresentou uma distribuição muito rápida para o AV em NCQ e a ASC0-∞ aproximadamente duas vezes menor em comparação à NCP, NCQP e o fármaco livre (3874 ± 1775; 8280 ± 2136; 7849 ± 1021 e 7978 ± 3622 μg/mL/min, respectivamente). O clearance do AV aumentou significativamente para NCQ (0,284 ± 0,156 L/h/kg) (α = 0,05%). A penetração do AV através da BHE foi realizada em ratos Wistar acordados por microdiálise (MD) cerebral, no córtex frontal utilizando sondas CMA/12 (3 mm). Os experimentos de MD mostraram um aumento de 5 vezes no fator de penetração cerebral após a administração de NCQ em comparação com o fármaco em solução (0,110 and 0,021, respectivamente), demonstrando a viabilidade da utilização de QS como polímero de revestimento objetivando a BHE. A NCP demonstrou um aumento de 1,7 vezes no fator de penetração cerebral e NCQP não demonstrou qualquer diferença na penetração. A investigação da hepatotoxicidade do AV foi realizada após cinco dias de tratamento (dose de 30 mg/kg q12h de AV) em solução ou em nanocápsulas (NCQ ou NCP) com grupo controle de solução salina. Os níveis séricos de asparto aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT), fosfatase alcalina (FAL), creatinina (CRE) e uréia foram determinados. Os resultados mostram a manutenção dos níveis normais de enzimas hepáticas como a ALT e FAL para NCQ (54,2 ± 11,2 UI/mL and 149 ± 26 UI/mL) demonstrando um efeito hepatoprotetor não observado para os outros grupos. Análises histológicas do fígado dos animais não apresentaram a formação de esteatose microvesicular para NCQ em comparação com a formação de esteatoses em todos os outros grupos, incluindo o grupo controle. Ao final, os resultados indicaram que NCQ possa ser uma formulação em potencial, necessitando ser investigada pelo aumento da penetração cerebral de AV e efeito hepatoprotetor observados. / Epilepsy is usually a combination of genetic pre-disposition and a disease or a brain damage. About 1 in 50 to 100 people has this genetic predisposition to seizures. One of the world’s most prescribed drugs to treat epileptic seizures is valproic acid (VA), which is the first choice drug to treat epilepsy in childhood due to its broad spectrum of action, although its well known side effects such as pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity can be fatal. Nanoparticulated systems such as nanocapsules, obtained from biodegradable polymers like polyethylene glycol and natural macromolecules like chitosan, who gives the system hidrophilicity and bioadhesivity, have been used to increase brain penetration and reduce drug doses. In this context, the present work aimed to develop and physicochemically characterize poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules loaded with VA and coated with chitosan (NCQ) and/or polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (NCP and NCQP), and to investigate their plasma pharmacokinetics, VA blood-brain barrier penetration (BBB) by microdialysis and hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Nanocapsules coated with chitosan were obtained by nanoprecipitation of preformed polymer followed by coating with 1% chitosan solution added prior to final adjustments at a volume of 5 mL. For NCP preparation, similar methodology was used adding 0.7% PEG 6000 in the aqueous phase. For NCQP preparation, the nanocapsules prepared with PEG 6000 (0.35% w/v) was further coated with chitosan 1% in solution adding 2.5 mL prior to the final adjustments. The formulations were physicochemical characterized by particle size, zeta potential, pH, incorporation efficiency. The particles were visualized by MET and the stability investigated by backscattering (Turbiscan Lab®). The formulations (VA 5 mg/mL) presented small particle sizes (144.2 ± 2.0 nm, 153.2 ± 1.8 nm, and 231.3 ± 15.6 nm, for NCQ, NCP and NCQP, respectively), with low polidispersion index, high incorporation efficiency (95 to 98 %) and acid pH. The zeta potential was positive for NCQ (+8.7 ± 0.4 mV) and negative for NCP (- 6.6 ± 0.8 mV) and NCQP (- 2.8 ± 1.3 mV). The photomicrography of all formulations showed spherically shaped particles. The formulations showed good stability during 24 hours investigation at 40 ºC. Plasma concentrations were investigated in Wisar rats after 15 mg/kg i.v. dosing of all formulations and sodium valproate solution (control group). The pharmacokinetic compartmental analysis showed a very rapid distribution of VA when incorporated in NCQ in comparison to the other formulations and the AUC0-∞ about two times lower in comparison to NCP, NCQP and the drug alone (3874 ± 1775; 8280 ±2136; 7849 ± 1021 and 7978 ± 3622 μg/mL/min, respectively). VA clearance was significantly increased after NCQ dosing (0.284 ± 0.156 L/h/kg) (α = 0.05 %). Drug penetration through BBB was performed in awaken Wistar rats by brain microdialysis at the frontal cortex using CMA/12 probes (3 mm). The microdialysis experiments showed a five times increase in VA brain penetration factor after NCQ administration in comparison to drug alone (0.110 and 0.021, respectively), demonstrating the viability of chitosan as coating polymer to aim the BBB. NCP showed only a 1.7 times increase in brain penetration factor and NCQP did not showed any difference in comparison to drug alone. The investigation of drug hepatotoxicity was conducted after 5 days i.v. dosing of VA 30 mg/kg q12h as solution or nanocapsules (NCQ or NCP). A saline control group was also investigated. Serum levels of asparte aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosfatase, creatinin and urea were determined. The results showed the maintenance of normal levels of hepatic enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosfatase for NCQ (54.2 ± 11.2 IU/mL and 149 ± 26 IU/mL) showing a hepatoprotective effect not observed in the other groups investigated. Histological analysis of animals livers showed no microvesicular steatosis formation when NCQ was administered in comparison with the formation of steatosis in all other groups including control. Overall the results indicate that NCQ is a potential formulation to be investigated for the treatment of epilepsy due to its increase in VA brain penetration and hepatoprotective effect observed.
279

EFEITO ANTIOXIDANTE DE LIPOSSOMAS CONTENDO CREATINA NO PROCESSO DE ISQUEMIA/REPERFUSÃO CEREBRAL EM RATOS: DESENVOLVIMENTO, CARACTERIZAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO FARMACOLÓGICA

Borin, Diego Becker 26 March 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T18:56:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Diego Becker Borin.pdf: 1553948 bytes, checksum: b94d052c85f74f3bcc5e4cadbcb71e67 (MD5) Diego Becker Borin.pdf.txt: 134530 bytes, checksum: f3ad94a2052d1806ff21e9c0ce7733fb (MD5) Diego Becker Borin.pdf.jpg: 3538 bytes, checksum: b4b8b2603cafaeb4736f56efe30f7f1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Creatine is a biomolecule endogenously synthesized from amino acids which can also be obtained through the diet. But it does not permeate easily through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), so the brain must supply their needs through the synthesis of creatine in the central nervous system (CNS) by itself. Creatine has a major role in maintaining stable levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) thus keeping the whole body in a proper condition. Neurodegenerative diseases leads to decreases in ATP levels, which compromises cellular metabolism, generating the increase of reactive species that could lead to neuronal cell death. Therefore, it becomes important to increase creatine levels in neurodegenerative diseases, so it could provide new alternative treatments for these diseases. This study aimed to develop and characterize liposomes with creatine, as well as investigate its protective effect in ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) brain model. Two methodologies were used for the preparation of liposomes, the lipid film hydration and ethanol injection. Due the best results were obtained by the ethanol injection method, this was chosen for the preparation of liposomes in in vivo tests. The rats were tested using I/R by clamping bilateral carotid arteries and different groups were treated with creatine (30 mg/kg) in free form (Liv+I/R) and liposomed (Lip+I/R) and compared with the control group and I/R. The animals motor activity, exploratory and memory abilities were evaluated through field tests and passive avoidance, 24 and 48 hours after I/R, respectively. After 72 hours, the animals were euthanized and the brains removed for biochemical determination of levels of reactive species and ascorbic acid (AA), and the biochemical breakdown activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The suspensions of liposomes used for the in vivo treatment had homogenous average particle diameter (154 ± 6.9 nm), low polydispersity index (0.211 ± 0.019), pH near neutral (around 6.7), negative potential Zeta (-21 ± 1.8 mV) and association rate around 31%. The results of field tests have shown that I/R caused a change in exploratory activity of animals and increased oxidative stress in the brain of rats subjected to I/R. Liposomes creatine protected the change in exploratory activity and increased oxidative stress in rat cortex. Already in free form, creatine was not able to protect against these changes. With these results, we can conclude that the production of liposomes containing creatine technological feasibility presented, demonstrating the potential to increase the bioavailability of creatine into the CNS via the BBB. / A creatina é uma biomolécula sintetizada endogenamente a partir de aminoácidos, que também pode ser obtida através da dieta. Porém, ela não permeia facilmente através da barreira hematoencefálica (BHE), assim o cérebro deve suprir suas necessidades através da síntese de creatina no próprio sistema nervoso central (SNC). A grande importância da creatina para o funcionamento correto do organismo está em manter estáveis os níveis de adenosina trifosfato (ATP). Doenças neurodegenerativas levam a déficits de ATP, o que compromete o metabolismo celular, gerando espécies reativas (ERs) capazes de levar as células neuronais à morte. Assim, torna-se importante aumentar os níveis de creatina em doenças neurodegenerativas, podendo gerar novas alternativas de tratamento para estas doenças. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar lipossomas de creatina, bem como, investigar o seu efeito protetor em um modelo de isquemia e reperfusão (I/R) cerebral. Foram utilizadas duas metodologias para o preparo dos lipossomas, a hidratação do filme lipídico e a injeção de etanol. Devido aos melhores resultados obtidos pelo método de injeção de etanol, este foi escolhido para o preparo dos lipossomas a serem aplicados nos testes in vivo. Os ratos foram submetidos ao processo de I/R pelo clampeamento bilateral das artérias carótidas, sendo os diferentes grupos tratados com a creatina (30 mg/kg) na forma livre (Liv+I/R) e lipossomada (Lip+I/R), sendo comparados com os grupos controle e I/R. A atividade locomotora, exploratória e a memória dos animais foram avaliadas através dos testes de campo aberto e da esquiva passiva, 24 e 48 h após a I/R, respectivamente. Após 72 h, os animais foram eutanasiados e os cérebros removidos para as determinações bioquímicas dos níveis de ERs e ácido ascórbico (AA), e a atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CAT). As suspensões de lipossomas utilizadas para o tratamento in vivo apresentaram diâmetro médio de partícula homogêneo (154 ± 6,9 nm), com baixo índice de polidispersão (0,211 ± 0,019), pH próximo a neutralidade (em torno de 6,7), potencial Zeta negativo (-21 ± 1,8 mV) e taxa de associação em torno de 31%. Os resultados do teste de campo aberto demonstraram que a I/R causou alteração na atividade exploratória dos animais. Além disso, o estudo demonstrou aumento no estresse oxidativo no cérebro de ratos submetidos a I/R. Os lipossomas de creatina protegeram a alteração na atividade exploratória e o aumento do estresse oxidativo em córtex de ratos. Já a creatina na forma livre não foi capaz de proteger contra estas alterações. Através destes resultados, pode-se concluir que a produção de lipossomas contendo creatina apresentou viabilidade tecnológica, demonstrando potencial para aumentar a biodisponibilidade de creatina para o SNC através da BHE.
280

Estudo das lesões hiperdensas em tomografias computadorizadas de crânio de pacientes submetidos a tratamento endovascular para o acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico agudo / Study of hyperdense lesions on computed tomography scan on the head of patients undergoing endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke

Fernando Bermudes Cabral 02 June 2015 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: As imagens de lesões hiperdensas encontradas em exames de tomografia (TC) de crânio após o tratamento endovascular do acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico (AVCi) agudo têm sido correlacionadas ao risco de transformação hemorrágica após o AVC. Entretanto, a correlação entre as lesões hiperdensas e a área cerebral infartada é desconhecida. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a correlação entre as lesões hiperdensas encontradas em TC de crânio realizadas logo após tratamento endovascular do AVCi agudo e a área de AVC isquêmico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram coletados retrospectivamente dados radiológicos de pacientes com AVCi agudo por oclusão de grandes vasos da circulação anterior submetidos ao tratamento endovascular. Foram analisadas imagens de TC de crânio nas primeiras 24 horas e até 21 dias após o tratamento. As áreas hiperdensas foram classificadas utilizando o escore ASPECTS e comparadas com as áreas de AVC isquêmico final pelo mesmo escore. As imagens foram analisadas independentemente por dois avaliadores, sendo que um terceiro avaliador analisou os casos discordantes. A concordância entre avaliadores (CCI) e os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, preditivos positivo e negativos e acurácia foram calculados. RESULTADOS: Lesões hiperdensas foram encontradas em 71 dos 93 (76,34%) pacientes com AVC isquêmico de circulação anterior. As áreas captantes de contraste corresponderam às áreas de AVC final segundo o escore ASPECTS (CCI=0,58 [0,40 0,71]). Os valores para cada região individual foram avaliados e a sensibilidade variou de 58,3% a 96,9%, a especificidade de 42,9% a 95,6%, os valores preditivos positivos de 71,4% a 97,7%, os valores preditivos negativos de 53,8% a 79,5% e os valores de acurácia de 0,68 a 0,91. Os maiores valores de sensibilidade foram encontrados para os núcleos lentiforme (96,9%) e caudado (80,4%) e para a cápsula interna (87,5%) e os menores para os córtices M1 (58,3%) e M6 (66,7%). CONCLUSÕES: A aplicação do escore ASPECTS para avaliação das imagens de tomografia de crânio após o tratamento endovascular do AVCi agudo que apresentam captação de contraste, demonstrou ser uma ferramenta útil para a predição da área final de infarto cerebral. A predição foi maior na região profunda e menor nos córtices cerebrais, provavelmente devido maior circulação colateral cortical. Além disso, o método se mostrou reprodutível e de fácil utilização. / INTRODUCTION: The hyperdense lesions images found in head computed tomography (CT) scan after endovascular treatment have been correlated to risk of hemorrhagic transformation after stroke. However, the correlation between hyperdense lesions and the infarcted brain area is unknown. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between the hyperdense lesions found on CT scan performed after endovacular treatment of acute stroke and final ischemic stroke area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was collected radiological data of patients with acute ischemic stroke by occlusion of large vessels in the anterior circulation were treated with endovascular treatment. Head CT scan were evaluated in the first 24 hours and by 21 days after treatment. The hyperdense areas were rated using the ASPECTS score and compared with final ischemic stroke by the same score. The images were analyzed independently by two reviewers, and a third evaluator examined the discordant cases. The interrater agreement (ICC) and the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were calculated. RESULTS: hyperdense lesions were found in 71 of 93 (76.34%) patients with ischemic stroke of anterior circulation. The contrast iodineaccumulating areas corresponded to the final stroke areas (ICC = 0.58 [0.40 to 0.71]) as the ASPECTS score. The values for each individual region were evaluated and the sensitivity ranged from 58.3% to 96.9%, specificity of 42.9% to 95.6%, the positive predictive value of 71.4% to 97, 7%, the negative predictive value of 53.8% to 79.5% and the accuracy of values from 0.68 to 0.91. The higher sensitivity found for lenticular nuclei (96.9%) and caudate (80.4%) and the internal capsule (87.5%) and lower for M1 (58.3%) and M6 (66.7%) cortices. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the ASPECTS score for evaluation of CT head scan after endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke images that exhibit contrast enhancement proved to be a useful tool for predicting the final ischemic stroke area. The prediction was higher in the deep region and lower in the cerebral cortex, probably because the cortical collateral circulation. Futhermore, these method was reproducible and easy to use.

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