Les terminaux à conteneurs utilisent les nouvelles technologies (EDI, RFID et GPS) pour échanger des données avec leurs partenaires, pour localiser les conteneurs et leurs équipements dans le terminal, et pour automatiser des tâches. Dans cette thèse, nous montrons comment ces informations peuvent être utilisées dans la gestion des opérations.La première partie utilise les informations sur les volumes annoncés pour affecter des ressources internes dans le but de minimiser le retard global au terminal. Nous représentons cette problématique à l'aide d'un problème de flot que nous implémentons comme programme linéaire mixte. Une étude de cas est réalisée pour un terminal du Grand Port Maritime de Marseille. En outre, nous combinons le problème d'affectation de ressources avec le dimensionnement d'un système de rendez-vous. Ceci permet de minimiser le retard global.La deuxième partie utilise les informations sur les conteneurs à retirer et leurs emplacements pour optimiser le déstockage. Le but est de retirer tous les conteneurs d'une rangée en minimisant le nombre de repositionnements parasites. Nous améliorons un modèle binaire, proposons une approche exacte de type branch and price - avec un sous-problème binaire et deux variantes d'un sous-problème énumératif - et en dérivons une approche heuristique - avec un sous-problème heuristique. L'approche exacte ne résout que les petites instances ; l'approche heuristique obtient des résultats satisfaisants mais devra être améliorée. Nous nous intéressons aussi à la version dynamique du problème où les informations sur les conteneurs à retirer arrivent petit à petit et comparons différentes stratégies de repositionnement. / Container terminals use intelligent freight technologies (e.g., EDI, RFID and GPS) to exchange data with their partners, to locate containers and equipment within the terminal, and to automate tasks. This thesis illustrated, via two examples, how this data may be used to optimize operations at the terminal.The first part uses information on announced volumes to allocate internal handling equipment. The objective is to minimize overall delays at the terminal. The problem is represented as a network flow problem and implemented as a linear mixed integer programming model. A case study for a terminal at the Grand Port Maritime de Marseille is carried out. We also showed that combining the allocation problem with the dimensioning of a truck appointment system may reduce overall delays at the terminal. The second part uses information on announced container retrievals and container positions to improve retrieval operations. The objective is to retrieve containers from a bay in a given sequence with a minimum number of parasite relocations. We improve an existing binary programming model and introduce an exact branch and price approach - with a binary subproblem and two variants of an enumerative subproblem - and a heuristic branch and price approach - with a heuristic subproblem. The exact approach solves only small instances; the heuristic approach performs well on several instances, but should be improved further. We also deal with a dynamic version of the problem where the retrieval order becomes revealed over time and evaluate different relocation strategies for this case.

Neste trabalho, estudamos o problema a recoloração convexa de grafos, denotado por RC. Dizemos que uma coloração dos vértices de um grafo G é convexa se, para cada cor tribuída d, os vértices de G com a cor d induzem um subgrafo conexo. No problema RC, é dado um grafo G e uma coloração de seus vértices, e o objetivo é recolorir o menor número possível de vértices de G tal que a coloração resultante seja convexa. A motivação para o estudo deste problema surgiu em contexto de árvores filogenéticas. Sabe-se que este problema é NP-difícil mesmo quando G é um caminho. Mostramos que o problema RC parametrizado pelo número de mudanças de cor é W[2]-difícil mesmo se a coloração inicial usa apenas duas cores. Além disso, provamos alguns resultados sobre a inaproximabilidade deste problema. Apresentamos uma formulação inteira para a versão com pesos do problema RC em grafos arbitrários, e então a especializamos para o caso de árvores. Estudamos a estrutura facial do politopo definido como a envoltória convexa dos pontos inteiros que satisfazem as restrições da formulação proposta, apresentamos várias classes de desigualdades que definem facetas e descrevemos os correspondentes algoritmos de separação. Implementamos um algoritmo branch-and-cut para o problema RC em árvores e mostramos os resultados computacionais obtidos com uma grande quantidade de instâncias que representam árvores filogenéticas reais. Os experimentos mostram que essa abordagem pode ser usada para resolver instâncias da ordem de 1500 vértices em 40 minutos, um desempenho muito superior ao alcançado por outros algoritmos propostos na literatura. / In this work we study the convex recoloring problem of graphs, denoted by CR. We say that a vertex coloring of a graph G is convex if, for each assigned color d, the vertices of G with color d induce a connected subgraph. In the CR problem, given a graph G and a coloring of its vertices, we want to find a recoloring that is convex and minimizes the number of recolored vertices. The motivation for investigating this problem has its roots in the study of phylogenetic trees. It is known that this problem is NP-hard even when G is a path. We show that the problem CR parameterized by the number of color changes is W[2]-hard even if the initial coloring uses only two colors. Moreover, we prove some inapproximation results for this problem. We also show an integer programming formulation for the weighted version of this problem on arbitrary graphs, and then specialize it for trees. We study the facial structure of the polytope defined as the convex hull of the integer points satisfying the restrictions of the proposed ILP formulation, present several classes of facet-defining inequalities and the corresponding separation algorithms. We also present a branch-and-cut algorithm that we have implemented for the special case of trees, and show the computational results obtained with a large number of instances. We considered instances which are real phylogenetic trees. The experiments show that this approach can be used to solve instances up to 1500 vertices in 40 minutes, comparing favorably to other approaches that have been proposed in the literature.

Problèmes de tournées de véhicules statiques et déterministes ne peuvent pas être utilisés dans de nombreux systémes de la vieréelle, du fait que les données d’entrée ne sont pas fiables et sont révélées au fil du temps. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions un problème de ramassage et de livraison avec fenêtres de temps et un maximum de temps de trajet - le problème dial-a-ride - dans sa variante statique et dynamique, et nous faisons des propositions spécifiques sur les modèles d’optimisation robustes pour résoudre ce problème. Pour résoudre le modèle statique, nous développons une approche branch-and-price qui gère toutes les contraintes detemps dans le processus de création d’itinéraires de véhicules. Notre travail est axé sur les techniques de résolution du sous-problème et d’accélération pour l’approche branch-and-price. Nos résultats numériques montrent que la méthode est compétitive par rapport aux approches existantes qui sont basées sur le branch-and-cut. Dans le contexte dynamique, où certaines données d’entrée sont révélées dynamiquement ou modifiées au fil du temps, nous appliquons notre algorithme branch-and-price pour la ré-optimisation dans une approche sur horizon glissant. / Static and deterministic vehicle routing problems cannot be used in many real-life systems, as input data are not reliable and revealedover time. In this thesis, we study a pickup and delivery problem with time windows accounting for maximum ride time constraints – the so-called diala- ride problem – in its static and dynamic variant, and we make specific proposal on robust optimization models for this problem. To solve the static model, we develop a branch-and-price approach that handles ride time constraints in the process of generating feasible vehicle routes in the course of the optimization procedure. Our work is focussed on the pricing problem solver and acceleration techniques for the branch-and-price approach. Our numerical results show that the method is competitive compared to existing approaches that are based on branch-and-cut. In the dynamic context, where some input data are revealed or modified over time, we apply our branchand- price algorithm for re-optimization in a rolling horizon approach.

No description available.

The quadratic traveling salesman problem (QTSP) is an extension of the (classical) Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) where the costs depend on each two nodes that are traversed in succession, i. e., on the edges in the symmetric (STSP) and on the arcs in the asymmetric case (ATSP). The QTSP is motivated by an application in bioinformatics. It can be used in the solution of certain Permuted Markov models that are set up for the recognition of transcription factor binding sites and of splice sites in gene regulation. Important special cases are the Angular-Metric TSP used in robotics and the TSP with Reload Costs used in the planning of telecommunication and transport networks. The SQTSP and the AQTSP can be formulated as integer optimization problems over the polytope associated with the STSP resp. ATSP together with a quadratic cost function. We study the polytopes arising from a linearization of the respective quadratic integer programming formulations. Based on the proof of the dimension of the polytopes using the so called direct method we can prove the facetness of several valid inequalities. These facets and valid inequalities can be divided into three large groups. Some are related to the Boolean quadric polytope. Furthermore we introduce the conflicting edges/arc inequalities that forbid certain configurations of edges and 2-edges resp. of arcs and 2-arcs. Finally, we strengthen valid inequalities of STSP and ATSP in order to get stronger inequalities in the quadratic case. We present two general lifting approaches. One is applicable to all inequalities with nonnegative coefficients and the second allows to strengthen clique tree inequalities. Applying these approaches to the subtour elimination constraints leads to facets in most cases, but in general facetness is not preserved. In addition, the complexity of the separation problems for some of the facet classes is studied. Finally, we present some computational results using a branch-and-cut framework, which is improved by some of the newly derived cutting planes. The tested instances from biology could be solved surprisingly well. Instances with up to 100 nodes could be solved in less than 700 seconds improving the results in the literature by several orders of magnitude. For most of the randomly generated instances using some additional separators allowed to reduce the root gaps and the numbers of nodes in the branch-and-cut tree significantly, often even the running times.

No description available.

SUMMARY The key words in this final master degree work “Connection, Purpose and Place of Punishment Enforcement and Criminal Law” are the branch of punishment enforcement law, the branch of criminal law, legal system, punishment, connection of punishment enforcement law and criminal law in legal system. Punishment enforcement law and criminal law make some kind of the aggregate in legal system which regulates all questions connected with investigation of criminal act and realization of the imposed punishment. It is noted that the branch of punishment enforcement law and the branch of criminal law are independent branches of the law in the legal system. They are different by their indications, subject and specific principles but they can’t function isolated from each other and are close related. The branches of punishment enforcement law and criminal law form common state’s legal basis of crime control.

Le problème de localisation-routage avec capacités (PLRC) apparaît comme un problème clé dans la conception de réseaux de distribution de marchandises. Il généralisele problème de localisation avec capacités (PLC) ainsi que le problème de tournées de véhicules à multiples dépôts (PTVMD), le premier en ajoutant des décisions liées au routage et le deuxième en ajoutant des décisions liées à la localisation des dépôts. Dans cette thèse on dévelope des outils pour résoudre le PLRC à l’aide de la programmation mathématique. Dans le chapitre 3, on introduit trois nouveaux modèles pour le PLRC basés sur des flots de véhicules et des flots de commodités, et on montre comment ceux-ci dominent, en termes de la qualité de la borne inférieure, la formulation originale à deux indices [19]. Des nouvelles inégalités valides ont été dévelopées et ajoutées aux modèles, de même que des inégalités connues. De nouveaux algorithmes de séparation ont aussi été dévelopés qui dans la plupart de cas généralisent ceux trouvés dans la litterature. Les résultats numériques montrent que ces modèles de flot sont en fait utiles pour résoudre des instances de petite à moyenne taille. Dans le chapitre 4, on présente une nouvelle méthode de génération de colonnes basée sur une formulation de partition d’ensemble. Le sous-problème consiste en un problème de plus court chemin avec capacités (PCCC). En particulier, on utilise une relaxation de ce problème dans laquelle il est possible de produire des routes avec des cycles de longueur trois ou plus. Ceci est complété par des nouvelles coupes qui permettent de réduire encore davantage le saut d’intégralité en même temps que de défavoriser l’apparition de cycles dans les routes. Ces résultats suggèrent que cette méthode fournit la meilleure méthode exacte pour le PLRC. Dans le chapitre 5, on introduit une nouvelle méthode heuristique pour le PLRC. Premièrement, on démarre une méthode randomisée de type GRASP pour trouver un premier ensemble de solutions de bonne qualité. Les solutions de cet ensemble sont alors combinées de façon à les améliorer. Finalement, on démarre une méthode de type détruir et réparer basée sur la résolution d’un nouveau modèle de localisation et réaffectation qui généralise le problème de réaffectaction [48]. / The capacitated location-routing problem (CLRP) arises as a key problem in the design of distribution networks. It generalizes both the capacitated facility location problem (CFLP) and the multiple depot vehicle routing problem (MDVRP), the first by considering additional routing decisions and the second by adding the location decision variables. In this thesis we use different mathematical programming tools to develop and specialize new models and algorithms for solving the CLRP. In Chapter 3, three new models are presented for the CLRP based on vehicle-flow and commodity-flow formulations, all of which are shown to dominate, in terms of the linear relaxation lower bound, the original two-index vehicle-flow formulation [19]. Known valid inequalities are complemented with some new ones and included using separation algorithms that in many cases generalize extisting ones found in the literature. Computational experiments suggest that flow models can be efficient for dealing with small or medium size instances of the CLRP (50 customers or less). In Chapter 4, a new branch-and-cut-and-price exact algorithm is introduced for the CLRP based on a set-partitioning formulation. The pricing problem is a shortest path problem with resource constraints (SPPRC). In particular, we consider a relaxation of such problem in which routes are allowed to contain cycles of length three or more. This is complemented with the development of new valid inequalities that are shown to be effective for closing the optimality gap as well as to restrict the appearance of cycles. Computational experience supports the fact that this method is now the best exact method for the CLRP. In Chapter 5, we introduce a new metaheuristic with the aim of finding good quality solutions in short or moderate computing times. First, a bundle of good solutions is generated with the help of a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP). Following this, a blending procedure is applied with the aim of producing a better upper bound as a combination of all the others in the bundle. An iterative destroy-and-repair method is then applied using a location-reallocation model that generalizes the reallocation model due to de Franceschi et al. [48].

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The tree-width and branch-width of a graph are two well-studied examples of parameters that measure how well a given graph can be decomposed into a tree structure. In this thesis we give several results and applications concerning these concepts, in particular if the graph is embedded on a surface. In the first part of this thesis we develop a geometric description of tangles in graphs embedded on a fixed surface (tangles are the obstructions for low branch-width), generalizing a result of Robertson and Seymour. We use this result to establish a relationship between the branch-width of an embedded graph and the carving-width of an associated graph, generalizing a result for the plane of Seymour and Thomas. We also discuss how these results relate to the polynomial-time algorithm to determine the branch-width of planar graphs of Seymour and Thomas, and explain why their method does not generalize to surfaces other than the sphere. We also prove a result concerning the class C_2k of minor-minimal graphs of branch-width 2k in the plane, for an integer k at least 2. We show that applying a certain construction to a class of graphs in the projective plane yields a subclass of C_2k, but also show that not all members of C_2k arise in this way if k is at least 3. The last part of the thesis is concerned with applications of graphs of bounded tree-width to the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). We first show how one can solve the separation problem for comb inequalities (with an arbitrary number of teeth) in linear time if the tree-width is bounded. In the second part, we modify an algorithm of Letchford et al. using tree-decompositions to obtain a practical method for separating a different class of TSP inequalities, called simple DP constraints, and study their effectiveness for solving TSP instances.