Esta tese de doutorado visa estudar e compreender os aspectos relativos às iniciativas de certificação socioambientais, buscando responder como elas se estruturam e como funcionam a partir de uma lógica de ação coletiva, tomando por base a cadeia de cana-de-açúcar em geral e o caso da BSI-Bonsucro em particular. Para tanto, desenvolveremos uma revisão bibliográfica acerca do tema das certificações socioambientais, visando compreender o processo e as limitações acerca destes arranjos. Em seguida, procederemos a um estudo acerca do universo de análise em que nos debruçamos, qual seja, a cadeia de cana-de-açúcar, a qual esmiuçaremos em sua origem e características e nos indicadores dos principais mercados a ela associados: o de açúcar e o de etanol combustível. A partir de então, iniciaremos o bloco analítico onde desenvolvemos um estudo de caso sobre a principal iniciativa de certificação socioambiental no âmbito do setor sucroalcooleiro: o BSI-Bonsucro. Nele, procuramos enunciar e analisar todos os critérios de sustentabilidade presentes na iniciativa e abrir caminho para a última seção, que consiste na análise propriamente dita do objeto à luz das teorias de ação coletiva, especialmente o Arcabouço de Análise e Desenvolvimento Institucional de Elinor Ostrom. / This doctoral thesis aims to study and understand the aspects related to socioenvironmental certification initiatives, seeking to answer how they are structured and how they work based on a logic of collective action, based on the sugarcane chain in general and the Case of BSI-Bonsucro in particular. To do so, we will develop a bibliographical review about the subject of socioenvironmental certifications, in order to understand the process and the limitations on these arrangements. Next, we will study the universe of analysis in which we are concerned, that is, the sugarcane chain, which we will analyze in its origin and characteristics and in the indicators of the main markets associated with it: sugar And that of fuel ethanol. From then on, we will start the analytical block where we developed a case study about the main socio-environmental certification initiative in the scope of the sugar and alcohol industry: BSI-Bonsucro. In it, we seek to enunciate and analyze all the sustainability criteria present in the initiative and make way for the last section, which consists in the analysis of the object itself in the light of collective action theories, especially the Elinor Ostrom´s Institutional Analysis and Development Framework.

Esta tese de doutorado visa estudar e compreender os aspectos relativos às iniciativas de certificação socioambientais, buscando responder como elas se estruturam e como funcionam a partir de uma lógica de ação coletiva, tomando por base a cadeia de cana-de-açúcar em geral e o caso da BSI-Bonsucro em particular. Para tanto, desenvolveremos uma revisão bibliográfica acerca do tema das certificações socioambientais, visando compreender o processo e as limitações acerca destes arranjos. Em seguida, procederemos a um estudo acerca do universo de análise em que nos debruçamos, qual seja, a cadeia de cana-de-açúcar, a qual esmiuçaremos em sua origem e características e nos indicadores dos principais mercados a ela associados: o de açúcar e o de etanol combustível. A partir de então, iniciaremos o bloco analítico onde desenvolvemos um estudo de caso sobre a principal iniciativa de certificação socioambiental no âmbito do setor sucroalcooleiro: o BSI-Bonsucro. Nele, procuramos enunciar e analisar todos os critérios de sustentabilidade presentes na iniciativa e abrir caminho para a última seção, que consiste na análise propriamente dita do objeto à luz das teorias de ação coletiva, especialmente o Arcabouço de Análise e Desenvolvimento Institucional de Elinor Ostrom. / This doctoral thesis aims to study and understand the aspects related to socioenvironmental certification initiatives, seeking to answer how they are structured and how they work based on a logic of collective action, based on the sugarcane chain in general and the Case of BSI-Bonsucro in particular. To do so, we will develop a bibliographical review about the subject of socioenvironmental certifications, in order to understand the process and the limitations on these arrangements. Next, we will study the universe of analysis in which we are concerned, that is, the sugarcane chain, which we will analyze in its origin and characteristics and in the indicators of the main markets associated with it: sugar And that of fuel ethanol. From then on, we will start the analytical block where we developed a case study about the main socio-environmental certification initiative in the scope of the sugar and alcohol industry: BSI-Bonsucro. In it, we seek to enunciate and analyze all the sustainability criteria present in the initiative and make way for the last section, which consists in the analysis of the object itself in the light of collective action theories, especially the Elinor Ostrom´s Institutional Analysis and Development Framework.

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The global silicon (Si) cycle is of fundamental importance for the global carbon cycle. Diatom growth in the oceans is a major sequestration pathway for carbon on a global scale (often referred to as the biological pump). Patterns of diatoms preserved in marine sediment records can reveal both natural and anthropogenic driven environmental change, which can be used to understand silicon dynamics and climate change. Si isotopes have been shown to have great potential in order to understand the Si cycle by revealing both past and present patterns of dissolved Si (DSi) utilization, primarily when diatoms form their siliceous frustules (noted as biogenic silica, BSi). However, studies using Si isotopes are still scarce and only a few studies exist where stable Si isotopes are used to investigate the biogeochemical Si cycle in aquatic systems. Therefore, this thesis focuses on developing analytical methods for studying BSi and DSi and also provides tools to understand the observed Si isotope distribution, which may help to understand impacts of climate change and human perturbations on marine ecosystems. The Baltic Sea, one of the biggest estuarine systems in the world, was chosen as the study site. BSi samples from a sediment core in Bothnian Bay, the most northern tip of the Baltic Sea, and diatom samples from the Oder River, draining into the southern Baltic Sea were measured and reported in Paper II and III, after establishing a method for Si isotope measurements (Paper I). Si isotope fractionation during diatom production and dissolution was also investigated in a laboratory-controlled experiment (Paper IV) to validate the observations from the field. The major result is that Si isotope signatures in BSi can be used as an historical archive for diatom growth and also related to changes in climate variables. There is isotopic evidence that the Si cycle has been significantly altered in the Baltic Sea catchment by human activities. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

本研究選取BSI、投機性BSI、散戶投資人周轉率、融資餘額變動率、融券餘額變動率、當日沖銷比率這六個散戶投資人情緒變數，對台灣股市上市普通股之超額報酬率進行分析。因為Baker and Wurgler(2006)認為對某些不易評價或難以套利的投資組合，投資人情緒的影響力會較大，因此本研究主要探討散戶投資人情緒變數是否會對不同投資組合造成不同的影響。結果發現小規模、低機構法人持股、低獲利性、低有形資產比重的投資組合超額報酬率對BSI、融資餘額變動率和當日沖銷比率這三個投資人情緒變數的變動最為敏感，而其中BSI幾乎不管在哪一種分類的投資組合中都與超額報酬率呈現顯著的負向關係，顯示BSI可能是一個一般性的錯誤定價因子，並非僅在個股難以評價時才有影響力。雖然BSI、融資餘額變動率和當日沖銷比率這三個投資人情緒變數和投資組合超額報酬率有顯著的同期關係，但卻僅有融資餘額變動率和當日沖銷比率具有預測超額報酬率的能力；此外，在忽略交易成本和稅賦之下，也只有當日沖銷比率在小規模和低獲利的投資組合內可以得到明顯的經濟利益。

"Smart grid" generally refers to a class of technology bringing electricity delivery systems into the 21st century, using computer-based remote control and automation. With the growing energy demand, efficient usage of the available energy resources is increasingly becoming a major issue around the world. Smart grid is a step in that direction. Research in the European Union and the United States are currently underway to modernize the existing and aging transmission grid and to streamline the usage of electricity. A typical electricity grid consists of two major entities - the utility company and the distribution control system (DCS). Electricity is generated at the utility company and the DCS is responsible for the distribution of electricity to individual homes/consumers. A smart meter (SM) is an electronic device that measures the electricity consumed at the consumer's premises and provides added information to the utility company. The data concentration unit (DCU) is a device acting as a communication hub collecting and encoding data from multiple smart meters in a neighborhood and forwarding the data to the utility company. The aim of this project is to design a network for securing the communication between the SM and the DCU in a smart metering network environment. The meter data communicated from the SM to the DCU is very sensitive and in the hands of an attacker, can reveal significant personal information about an individual. Hence it is of at most importance to protect the meter data transmitted from the SM. On the other hand the control signals transmitted from the DCU to the SM, need protection in order to thwart off unauthorized signals (i.e., an intruder can impersonate the DC and send out control signals to the SMs). Hence the SM and the DCU should be authenticated by each other and authorized and the data and/or control signals exchanged between them should be encrypted. / "Smart grid" avser i allmänhet en klass av teknik föra system elleverans till 21: a århundradet, med hjälp av datorbaserade fjärrkontroll och automation. Med den ökande efterfrågan på energi, är effektiv användning av de tillgängliga energiresurser blir alltmer en viktig fråga över hela världen. Smart grid är ett steg i den riktningen. Forskning i Europeiska unionen och USA för närvarande pågår för att modernisera befintliga och åldrande transmissionsnätet och effektivisera användningen av el. En typisk elnätet består av två större enheter - de allmännyttiga företaget och \distribution control system"(DCS). El genereras vid verktyget företaget och DCS ansvarar för distributionen av el till enskilda hem / konsumenter. En smart meter (SM) är en elektronisk apparat som mäter elförbrukning på konsumentens lokaler och ger ökad information till elbolaget. \Data concentration unit"(DCU) är en enhet fungerar som ett kommunikationsnav insamling och kodning av data från flera smarta mätare i ett område och vidarebefordra data till elbolaget. Syftet med detta projekt är att utforma ett nätverk för att säkra kommunikationen mellan SM och DCU i ett smart mätning nätverksmiljö. Mätaren uppgifter som lämnas från SM till DCU är mycket känslig och i händerna på en angripare, kan avslöja viktig personlig information om en individ. Följaktligen är det av som mest betydelse för att skydda de mätdata som sänds från SM: en. å andra sidan styrsignaler överförs från DCU till SM och behöver skydd för att hindra av obehöriga signaler (dvs en inkräktare kan personifiera DC och skicka ut styrsignaler till SM). Därför SM och DCU ska bestyrkas av varandra och godkänts och data och / eller styrsignaler utväxlas mellan dem ska vara krypterad.

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Implicit family process rules refer to unspoken rules about family beliefs and expectations about communication, closeness, and organization and are an important dimension of family functioning that may have a powerful influence over adolescent psychological well being. This study focused on the relationship between implicit family process rules and adolescent psychological symptoms such as: Hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, and somatization. It was hypothesized that more facilitative implicit family process rules would be related to fewer adolescent psychological symptoms. In addition, a model was created that included theexogenousindependent variables of family status, (defined as intact-marriage or non-intact), treatment status (whether the adolescent was currently in a psychological treatment program or not), and gender to test their relationships to implicit family process rules and adolescent psychological symptoms. A non-treatment sample (N=99) was recruited in Utah County, Utah, using a sample of convenience. The treatment sample (N=144) was recruited from an adolescent residential wilderness therapy program located in Duchesne County, Utah. The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and the Family Implicit Rules Profile (FIRP) were administered to each participant along with a questionnaire requesting demographic information. Structural equation modeling was used to explore the relationships between the exogenous variables, facilitative implicit family process rules, and adolescent psychological symptoms. The model was tested using AMOS statistical software. Results showed that implicit family process rules were significantly related to adolescent psychological symptoms such that facilitative rules were related to fewer psychological symptoms. Males reported more constraining rules on the Expressiveness subscale of the FIRP while females reported more symptomology on the Interpersonal Sensitivity subscale of the BSI. These findings support previous research on family dynamics and psychological functioning and support the hypothesis that perceived implicit family process rules are important to study in adolescents. This research is a step toward a more epistemological approach to family therapy with adolescents as well as a step toward more preventative family therapy and education by addressing family rules. Implications for family therapists and future research are discussed.

L'utilisation des isotopes du silicium (δ30Si) comme proxy paléocéanographique nécessite une bonne connaissance de la répartition et du devenir des isotopes du silicium à travers l'océan. Au cours des dernières années, des efforts considérables ont été faits pour cartographier la composition isotopique du silicium dissous (acide silicique, DSi) et de la silice biogénique (BSi) dans l'océan. Les diatomées utilisent le DSi pour construire leur frustule fait d’opale (BSi). Durant ce processus, les diatomées discriminent l'isotope lourd de silicium (30Si) en faveur de l'isotope léger (28Si). Ce fractionnement conduit à une BSi qui a un δ30Si inférieur de 1,1 ‰ à 1,5 ‰ par rapport au DSi source. Cela se traduit dans les eaux de surface par de faibles concentrations en DSi en raison de l'utilisation biologique et par des valeurs de δ30Si élevées en raison de la distillation de Rayleigh. Inversement, lorsque la BSi se dissout, il y a une discrimination contre l’isotope lourd et ainsi produit du silicium dissous avec un δ30Si inférieur de 0,55 ‰. Dans le même temps, la circulation océanique et le mélange vertical contribuent à modifier le δ30Si du pool de silicium dissous dans la couche de surface, ce qui complique l'utilisation du δ30Si des diatomées comme proxy pour l’utilisation du DSi durant la saison de croissance. Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre les processus qui régissent le cycle du silicium et la signature en δ30Si des masses d'eau dans les différentes régions de l'océan. De nouvelles données de δ30Si de silicium dissous sont présentées et discutées. Ces données proviennent de 6 profiles CTD de la campagne ANTXXIII/9 (Atlantique et secteur indien de l'océan Austral), 7 profiles CTD de la campagne ANTXXIV/3 (secteur Atlantique de l'océan Austral), et 5 profiles CTD de la campagne MSM10/1 (région subtropical et tropical de l’océan Atlantique nord). Les échantillons ont été purifiés par chromatographie échangeuse d'ions après préconcentration par précipitation de Mg(OH)2, et le silicium est extrait en utilisant du triéthylamine molybdate. Les analyses isotopiques ont été réalisées sur Spectromètre de Masse Multi-Collection à source Plasma (MC-ICP-MS, Naptune) à moyenne résolution (Ifremer, Brest). / Use of silicon isotopes (δ30Si) as a paleoceanographic proxy requires sound knowledge of the distribution and behaviour of silicon isotopes throughout the ocean. Over the past few years considerable effort has been made to map the silicon isotope composition (δ30Si) of silicic acid (dissolved silicon, DSi) and biogenic silica (BSi) throughout the ocean. Diatoms uptake DSi to build up their opal frustules (BSi). During this process, diatoms discriminate against the heavier isotope of silicon (30Si) in favor of the light isotope (28Si). This fractionation leads to BSi that has a lower δ30Si than the DSi source by 1.1 ‰ to 1.5 ‰. In turn, this results in surface waters with low DSi concentrations due to biological removal, and high δ30Si values due to Rayleigh distillation. Conversely, when the BSi dissolves it is with discrimination against the heavier isotope producing dissolved silicon with a δ30Si lower by 0.55 ‰. At the same time, episodes of upwelling occurring throughout the growing season, ocean circulation and mixing, contribute to modify the δ30Si of the dissolved silicon pool in the surface mixed layer, which complicate the use of diatom δ30Si as a proxy for DSi removal during the growing season. This dissertation aims to better understand the processes driving the Si cycle and the δ30Si signature of water masses in different regions of the ocean. New data of δ30Si of dissolved Si are presented and discussed. These data come from 6 CTD profiles from ANTXXIII/9 campaign (Atlantic and Indian sector of the Southern Ocean), 7 CTD profiles from ANTXXIV/3 (Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean), and 5 CTD profiles from the campaign MSM10/1 (north Subtropical and Tropical Atlantic Ocean). Samples were purified by ion-exchange chromatography following preconcentration via Mg(OH)2 precipitation and extraction of silicon using triethylamine molybdate. Isotopic analyses were carried on a Neptune MC-ICP-MS at medium resolution (Ifremer, Brest).

Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) are a major healthcare problem causing high mortality and economic cost. BSIs require an immediate initiation of antibiotic therapy as any delay is associated with a mortality increase. With the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the choice of the appropriate antibiotic becomes increasingly difficult, thus creating an urgent need for new diagnostics, ideally to be done at the point of care. The current gold standard is blood culture with subsequent susceptibility testing although several molecular methods have recently entered the market. However, in many instances there is a discrepancy between the in-vitro data provided by the test and the outcome of antimicrobial therapy in-vivo because current diagnostics fail to take into account the impact of the environment in the patient such as the immune system, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics or bacterial fitness. In this thesis, it was hypothesised that the measurement of the bacterial gene expression after the beginning of antibiotic therapy might be a more accurate indicator of the therapy outcome because it reflects the bacterial response under in-vivo conditions. In the first part of the thesis the expression of a set of pre-defined mRNA markers was investigated under various conditions. Experiments conducted with clinical E. coli isolates incubated in human whole blood revealed an excellent correlation between the gene expression, the treatment outcome, the antibiotic susceptibility and the genetic background for three different classes of antimicrobial drugs. The second part of the thesis describes the extraction of bacterial RNA from human whole blood specimen. The effect of different agents for the lysis of human blood cells and the impact of co-purified human RNA were analysed and a method for high yield extraction of undegraded bacterial RNA was established. The third part of the thesis investigates two methods for the sensitive measurement of the bacterial gene expression. This is relevant because the bacterial loads in BSI patients are extremely low. For genes with high gene expression levels both methods yielded reliable results but were unable to quantify the expression of the previously investigated mRNA markers due to their low copy numbers. Other approaches, especially those based on single cell measurements, might be able to overcome the problem in the future and should be explored in greater detail. Overall, the foundations for a future diagnostic test based on the measurement of the bacterial gene expression have been laid in this work. Future work should address the mRNA quantification and further evaluate the connection between gene expression and therapy outcome, e.g. in animal models. A future diagnostic test should also fulfil point-of-care requirements. This will include integrated sample preparation and quantification as well as a time-to-result in the range of a few minutes.