Bakgrund: Budgetering är ett fenomen som har använts i århundraden inom offentlig förvaltning där privata företag började använda detta verktyg betydligt senare. Budgetering har länge varit en del av verksamhetsstyrningen inom olika former av företag, där budgetens roll inom tillväxtbolag som verkar i föränderliga miljöer erhållit kritik. Dessa företag växer kraftigt där det ställs ett högre krav på budgetens aktualitet samtidigt som budgetering är en tids- och resurskrävande process som enligt kritiken ger låg avkastning. Planering och samordning har varit genomgående viktiga faktorer för organisationer gällande budgetering som varit avgörande för att lyckas nå sina mål och utveckla organisationen. Samtidigt som den kraftiga tillväxten gjort budgeten som styrverktyg allt mer kritiserat ställdes krav för att kunna hantera en snabbare utveckling i relation till den tidigare synen på budgeten som styrverktyg.   Syfte: Genom att studera budgetstyrning i ett tillväxtbolag är uppsatsens syfte att undersöka och förstå hur budgeten kan användas i ett tillväxtbolag som är verksamma i en föränderlig miljö samt hur processen ser ut och därmed vilken roll budgeten antar i ett tillväxtbolag. Det kommer att genomföras genom att jämföra tidigare teori och hur den kan kopplas och ställas i relation till ett företag med stark tillväxt.   Metod: Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ intervjustudie på ett tillväxtbolag. Empirin utgörs av tre stycken semi-strukturerade intervjuer med ett företag som är verksamma inom IT-branschen. Det empiriska materialet har även kompletterats av skriftliga svar via mailkontakt. Det empiriska materialet har sedan analyserats för att urskilja likheter och skillnader med den valda teoretiska referensramen för att kunna besvara uppsatsens frågeställning.    Slutsats: Studien visar att det studerade tillväxtbolaget arbetar med en form av rullande forecasts vid ett flertal tillfällen under ett verksamhetsår som säkerställer att man arbetar på rätt sätt och är på rätt väg för att uppnå de uppsatta tillväxtmålen som främst mäts kring försäljning, rörelseresultat och bruttovinst. Det är en form av uppdaterad budget i relation till den som arbetades fram vid verksamhetsårets början, vars aktualitet är högre. Budgeten används fortfarande som styrverktyg men det finns en strävan efter ett bättre lämpat styrverktyg för tillväxtbolag som är verksamma inom föränderliga miljöer

Studien syftar till att undersöka och beskriva budgetprocessens hantering från ett urval av svenska restauranger som har påverkats av Covid-19 pandemin. Det visar nämligen sig att det förekommer olika svar från forsknings- och litteraturperspektiv om budgetprocess kopplat till externa störningar samt att budget och dess process kan förbättras, ändras eller bli irrelevant. Denna studie ämnar därför ha inriktningen restaurangbranschen eftersom ekonomin under Covid-19 har varit problematisk för dessa företag. Vidare i denna studie tillämpas också en kvalitativ metod som använder sig utav semistrukturerade intervjuer.  Resultatet visar att inriktning och geografisk plats spelar en väsentlig roll för de ekonomiska budgetförutsättningarna gällande restauranger. Resultatet visar även på att budgetprocessen har gjort mer skada än det faktiskt hjälpt under pandemin för restauranger och hantering som rullande prognoser är mer av ett komplement att använda. Budgetprocessen bryts konstant av störningar, men att budgeten ändå används för att ha en ekonomisk plan. / The purpose of this study is to conduct research of and describe the budget process and its value and methods to various Swedish restaurants, all affected by the pandemic of Covid-19. Reality shows that research as well as literature about the budget process lacks answers connected to external threats and that there are improvements or alterations that can be made regarding adaptation or make it obsolete. This study will focus on the restaurant industry since Covid-19 has gravely affected these companies and their economies. This study uses the qualitative method of semi-structured interviews.  The result shows that niche and geographical location plays a critical role for the conditions of budget for restaurants. It also shows that the budget process has done more harm than good during the pandemic for the restaurants and that rolling forecasts is more of a complementary tool. The budget process is constantly disrupted from disturbance, but a budget can still be used for an economic plan.

我國中央政府在1980年代以前，財政政策向採取穩健保守的策略，財政收支結果大體能維持均衡，80會計年度以後，由於經濟發展、政治開放及社會型態的轉變，為推動重大國家基礎建設及各種社會福利措施，使政府實質收支結果多為短絀，且政府債務比率亦呈上升趨勢，為因應償債高峰期及達成財政平衡目標，政府開始進行一連串的制度改革。 財政紀律係根基於一國的政治制度，使國家財政或預算政策，須在某些限制下，經由特定且透明的程序而形成，其目的在穩定國家財政，避免政府過度支出及稅基流失，造成財政短絀。預算程序既為形成國家預算的制度與規則，必然存在一定的財政紀律效果，以約束政府收入、支出及舉債的規劃。 本研究經由文獻探討、比較分析及實證研究結果，發現我國中央政府預算籌劃擬編、審議及執行過程，確具一定程度的財政紀律，其中，以擬編階段有較佳的財政紀律效果；雖然在執行階段藉由辦理追加（減）及特別預算，有減弱財政紀律之虞，但實證結果並不顯著；此外，我國中央政府的非營業特種基金數量，隨著財政紀律約束效力的提升，確有增加設置的趨勢，因此，可以合理懷疑非營業特種基金極有可能已成為規避財政紀律的工具；另當遭逢組織調整及政黨輪替等二項事件時，預算程序的財政紀律約束效果有相當程度的減弱，致使政府支出在當時有增加的趨勢；同時也發現，因政府各部門的業務屬性、政策或政治特性不同，預算程序對其也有不同的財政紀律效果。 此外，本研究也發現，我國中央政府在擬編預算階段即使經過二次的改革，仍無法完全擺脫政治因素，如選舉因素及執政者的政策偏好等之影響，顯示作業流程的變革僅為提升財政紀律的手段之一，要進一步提升財政紀律，似乎需要更強而有力的作法，但現階段期待藉由立法或修法程序來進一步強化財政紀律，實非易事，所以我國若要持續提高預算程序的財政紀律效力，應可參考德國的經驗，朝提高預算透明度的方向著手。 / The fiscal policy of the central government always took a more steady but conservative approach before 1980, which also created a generally fiscal balance. After fiscal year 1980, due to economic development, political reforms and an inner transformation of the society, the government has been promoting several important national infrastructures and social welfare policies, the real income and expenditure has incurred deficits, and the public debt ratio increased. The government then began a series of institutional reforms to meet the peak periods of paying off debts and reach the goal of fiscal balance. Fiscal discipline is based on a nation’s political system, which demands specific and transparent procedures under some kinds of limitations for the national financial or budget policies to consolidate national finance and avoid over-expenditure and a loss of tax-basis in the government. Since the budget procedure contribute a lot to the formation of national budget system and regulations, there must exist certain fiscal disciplines to control and manage the income, expenditure and debts of the government. The thesis finds the government stage, parliamentary stage and implementation stage of the central government do exist certain degree of fiscal discipline through literature review, comparative analyses and empirical research. The government stage, specifically, has better fiscal discipline among the three. Although there may exist some possible risks of curtailing fiscal discipline at the implementation state through supplementary budget, the empirical research does not show the significance. Besides, the installation of the number of the special funds of the central government does have a tendency of increase. Therefore, we have reasons to doubt the special funds have been used as tools to avoid fiscal discipline by the central government. The binding effect of the fiscal discipline in the budgetary process is curtailed especially when there is some institutional adjustment or a party change in the central government, and the government expenditure is thus caused to increase. The thesis also finds the budgetary process has different fiscal disciplines due to the differences by the division of labor, policies and political characteristics of each section of the government. The thesis also finds the central government cannot get rid of political interference such as elections and preferences of those in power at the government stage albeit through two fiscal reforms. It shows that a reform in the task flow only serve as just one of the measures to enhance fiscal discipline. It requires more powerful and effective measures to further enhance fiscal discipline. However, it’s not an easy job at present time to expect the enhancement of fiscal discipline through legislative procedures or amendment of laws. The government may look to the experience of Germany to enhance the transparency of budget if it seeks an enhancement of the effectiveness of the fiscal discipline in the budgetary process.

This study focussed on the budget control and monitoring challenges for school governing bodies. The study engaged a qualitative in-depth research into the challenges school governing bodies experience regarding budget control and monitoring based on the fact that budget control and monitoring are dimensional tools of financial management aimed at ensuring proper financial management and accountability. The research, grounded on social constructivism and employing a phenomenological pragmatic approach for data collection was purposely and conveniently confined to town schools in the Ekurhuleni District. Data was collected using interviews with school principals, finance officers and a treasurer and Institutional Development and Support Officers. Findings from the data indicated that while there were areas where school governing bodies did well, they faced numerous challenges in budget control and monitoring. It was found that there were challenges regarding the budgeting process in so far as budget preparation, budget implementation, and budget control and monitoring. Miscellaneous challenges influencing the budget control and monitoring process found included poor financial reporting, the low level of parental literacy which seemed to influence the meaningfulness of and realistic nature of the budgeting processes and the generic, inadequate and poor training school governors were provided with. Recommendation from the study mainly concern the provision of customised, focussed and needs-based training in financial and budget management after determining the skills audit to determine training and capacity building needs of school governors, holding principal to account for financial management as ex officio members of governing bodies, reviewing the quintile classification of schools based on the poverty index and considering the backgrounds of learners at town schools, who mostly are from previously disadvantaged backgrounds and ensuring that schools report on finances in languages parents understand and linking budgeting process to schools’ educational goals. / MEd (Education Management), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

The subject of the thesis, the course of the budgetary process and economic analysis of Pelhřimov indebtedness of the town and the effect of this moment of crisis to profit center. On the basis of theoretical facts and practical findings was analyzed past financial management of the city in 2006 - 2009. The thesis concentrates especially on the most significant budget item, which means they come from and derive income. In the end was analysed financing of municipal budget, debt and built the financial outlook.

This thesis deals with the control and audit of the state budget. The main objective is to evaluate the control and audit of state budget in the Czech Republic and provide recommendations. To achieve this objective, content analysis of literature and laws is done. Then based on the database of Budget Practices and Procedures Database, analysis of the responses of OECD countries is made. According to responses from the database, tables that compare the internal audit, external audit and performance audit carried out by the supreme audit institutions are compiled. From obtained knowledge and appreciation of the situation in the Czech Republic recommendations are proposed. In the area of internal audit is strictly necessary to separate the internal auditing function and increase the number of performance audits. In the area of external audit is essential to strengthen the powers of the Supreme Audit Office and legislatively adjust the annual audit of state budget. For the implementation of a performance audit carried out by the supreme audit institutions is necessary to eliminate the mistake in the law on the Supreme Audit Office, where it is not requirement of control effectiveness. It is necessary that the Supreme Audit Office began to conduct a performance audit. In the whole control system is necessary to increase the enforceability of the audit conclusions and ensure prosecution of those responsible for the shortcomings.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe atskleidžiama dalyvaujamojo biudžeto samprata ir vystymosi eiga, finansiniu aspektu išanalizuoti dalyvaujamojo biudžeto ypatumai. Įvertinta piliečių įtraukimo į biudžeto procesą ir dalyvaujamojo biudžeto esama situacija ir jos tobulinimo galimybes Lietuvos savivaldybėse. Pirmame skyriuje analizuojama demokratijos bei politinio dalyvavimo teorija. Atskleidžiama dalyvaujamojo biudžeto samprata, privalumai, trūkumai. Nagrinėjamas dalyvaujamojo biudžeto metodo susikūrimas ir vystymasis. Antrame skyriuje analizuojamos su dalyvaujamojo biudžeto procesu susiję kaštai, biudžeto pajamos ir išlaidos, pateikiama metodo ekonominė nauda. Trečiame skyriuje pateikiamos tyrimo prielaidos ir ekspertinės apklausos duomenų analizė. / Master's thesis reveals the participatory budget concept and development stages, analyze the financial aspect of the participatory budget features. Estimated situation of Citizen participation in the budget process, participatory budget and development opportunities for Lithuanian municipalities. The first section examines democracy and political participation theory. Analyze the participatory budget concept, advantages and disadvantages. Study the method of participatory budget, how has it emerged and its development. The second chapter analyzes the participatory budget process related costs, revenues and expenses, the economic benefits of the method. The third section presents the research assumptions and expert survey data analysis.

This study focussed on the budget control and monitoring challenges for school governing bodies. The study engaged a qualitative in-depth research into the challenges school governing bodies experience regarding budget control and monitoring based on the fact that budget control and monitoring are dimensional tools of financial management aimed at ensuring proper financial management and accountability. The research, grounded on social constructivism and employing a phenomenological pragmatic approach for data collection was purposely and conveniently confined to town schools in the Ekurhuleni District. Data was collected using interviews with school principals, finance officers and a treasurer and Institutional Development and Support Officers. Findings from the data indicated that while there were areas where school governing bodies did well, they faced numerous challenges in budget control and monitoring. It was found that there were challenges regarding the budgeting process in so far as budget preparation, budget implementation, and budget control and monitoring. Miscellaneous challenges influencing the budget control and monitoring process found included poor financial reporting, the low level of parental literacy which seemed to influence the meaningfulness of and realistic nature of the budgeting processes and the generic, inadequate and poor training school governors were provided with. Recommendation from the study mainly concern the provision of customised, focussed and needs-based training in financial and budget management after determining the skills audit to determine training and capacity building needs of school governors, holding principal to account for financial management as ex officio members of governing bodies, reviewing the quintile classification of schools based on the poverty index and considering the backgrounds of learners at town schools, who mostly are from previously disadvantaged backgrounds and ensuring that schools report on finances in languages parents understand and linking budgeting process to schools’ educational goals. / MEd (Education Management), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

The treatise analyses the issues around budgets and examines budget expenditure control procedures. The research method selected has been formulated from the research onion process (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill 2009). This methodology first identifies the research approach, research strategy, timelines and data collection methods. As part of the research process, a quantitative approach has been taken and a survey was carried out in relation to the collection of quantitative data for the purposes of the treatise research. The final analysis of the survey results is reflected in the conclusion of the research findings. Budget expenditure control procedures provide a company with a method of control for managing actual spending against the budget. Most companies have a refined practice of budget preparation, and in the larger companies, these are implemented across all departments and carried out by respective managers. Once the budget is in place, it is the responsibility of the managers to ensure that those having expenditure authorisation adhere to it. If control procedures are well managed, this allows for improved efficiency in operations and can lead to benefits in budget performance. Control procedures that are inefficient and poorly managed will inhibit budget objectives being achieved. The control procedures for budget expenditure can be formulated and applied to optimise budget performance and to control budget variance. Formal budget expenditure control procedures, as part of a company’s budget strategy, can provide managers with an effective business tool that improves current budget spending control procedures. This will then result in the identification of potential efficiency gains and improve budget performance.

The thesis deals problem of municipality's budget management with a view to filling budget of concrete town of the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The theoretical part defines position, competency and authorities of municipality and it describes budget of municipality, budget process and structure of budget more closely. The problem is demonstrated further on practical example of the town Most. In the practical part there is realized detailed analysis of filling budget earnings and expenses and there is reviewed overall budget management of the town Most during the years 2004-2007.