The Late Bronze Age on the island of Crete saw a period of strong administrative and religious control by the palace at Knossos, which also controlled a vast trade network with the rest of the eastern Mediterranean. After the collapse of the palace of Knossos, the Final Palatial period (1490 - 1320 BCE), was a time of sociopolitical transition and change, witnessing an explosion in number and variety of mortuary practices used, even within the same cemetery. In this thesis I analyze Final Palatial burial practices in a more systematic method than has been previously attempted, in order to gain a better understanding of how the Minoans chose to use the mortuary sphere as a platform for constructing and negotiating their social and political identities in the dynamic socio-political climate of the Final Palatial period.

I denna uppsats har en osteologisk analys genomförts på ett material från åtta gravhögar med en vikt på 12 kg. Benmaterialet kommer från Finström 12.1, ett åländskt gravfält från yngre järnåldern. Syftet var att se om det fanns ett mönster i gravinnehållet och om det fanns en korrelation mellan kön, ålder, djurarter och fynd. Det osteologiska resultatet samt fyndmaterialet jämfördes sedan med tre åländska och tre svenska gravfält från samma tidsperiod för att se om det finns likheter eller skillnader mellan dessa lokaler i förhållande till gravsammansättning. Speciellt fokus har satts på relationen mellan människa och djur för att undersöka om kön eller ålder av den begravda individen har haft betydelse för vilka djur man gravlagts med. Resultatet blev att de djurartkombinationer som förekommer på Finström 12.1 fanns i varierande grad på de gravfält som användes i jämförelsen. Ingen djurart kunde kopplas till ett kön och det enda fynd som i detta material kan ses som könsbundet är björnklor som här endast förekommer i mansgravar. Ett mönster finns i gravläggnigen av djur; där får/get och svin nedlades i styckade kroppsdelar medan katt, hund och häst är hela individer. I gravar utan djur eller med endast får/get finns individer från barn till äldre vuxen representerade, medan gravar innehållande katt, får/get och katt, samt gravar med får/get, hund, häst och svin förekommer endast i vuxengravar. Individer begravda med får/get, hund, häst och svin kan möjligen alla ha ett ålderspann mellan 35-64 år. Baserat på de gravar som använts i analysen upplevs gravinnehållet vara individuellt utformat. / In this thesis the burial pattern of Iron Age graves is studied. As a case study eight graves from Finström 12.1, Åland are analysed. The aim is to see if there is a correlation between sex, age, animal sacrifices and archaeological finds. The result of the analysis is compared against three Iron Age cemeteries from the Åland Islands and three from Sweden. All of the animal combinations present at Finström 12.1 existed in varying degree in some or all of the selected cemeteries. Bones from animals found in the graves, did not show a correlation to sex, except claws from bear that were found only in male graves. The individuals that were buried with no animals or with sheep/goat had an age span from children to old adults, while those who were buried with cat, sheep/goat and cat, and sheep/goat, dog, horse and pig all were adult individuals. Those buried with sheep/goat, dog, horse and pig are in the age between 34-64 years old. Based on the graves used in this analysis no distinct burial pattern is found, rather the graves seem individually formed.

This paper aims to investigate the connection between clearance cairns and burial cairns. From this point of view I try to answer the questions why they are built in the same area and why these two different types of cairns are so similary constructed. Further I consider different theories about mounds of fire-cracked stones.

<p>This dissertation explores how the combination of pious practice, economic activity, and religious poverty shaped the architecture of the mendicants in medieval Verona. It also examines how the presence of the friars affected the city. By the thirteenth century, the populated centers of northern Italy were fertile grounds for heretical movements, religious skepticism, and anti-clerical attitudes. The mendicant orders developed as a response to the crisis of the medieval church in the city and provided a new concept of the religious vocation, one committed to voluntary poverty and the conversion of heretics. The most important representatives of the new orders were the Franciscans and Dominicans, who centered their religious mission in an urban context where the growth of commerce and a literate and numerate middle class required a new approach to pastoral care, one that directly addressed both doctrinal and social issues. The friars revolutionized traditional religious practice: they used exterior sites as extensions of liturgical space and their innovative approach to church architecture emphasized function and utility.</p><p>Existing studies on mendicant building have traditionally emphasized the formal characteristics of the monuments, examining churches in isolation, with little concern for context, use, and sequence of construction. This dissertation moves beyond this approach to consider the broader circumstances that frame the appearance of mendicant houses. It examines how the Franciscan church of S. Fermo Maggiore, the Dominican church of S. Anastasia, and their respective communities, responded to the dynamics of urban Verona. The study includes revised construction narratives and new dates for S. Fermo and S. Anastasia that emphasize the <italics>process<italics> of construction--how the friars approached their building projects--and the role of lay patronage in the configuration of architectural space. As research reveals, the friars began to erect their conventual complexes before instigating construction or reconstruction of the churches themselves, and this sequence had significant implications for how the friars used the spaces in and around their convent for preaching and liturgical celebrations. They planned or reconfigured their architectural space to both appeal to and accommodate the lay public and their pious practices, including sermon attendance, burial, and the veneration of local saints. Modifications to the exterior spaces around the convents likewise indicate their liturgical importance. By investigating the specific interactions between the mendicants and the city of Verona, this dissertation explores how the architecture of the friars expressed aspects of the society in which they operated.</p> / Dissertation

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 381-392).

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

An artificial oyster reef constructed in Boca Ciega Bay, off of the War Veteran's Memorial Park, St. Petersburg, Florida, in 2005, was used to compare a mined shell material to the typical oyster shell substrate used in artificial reef projects as an alternative substrate and cultch material. Half of the reef's veneer was the fresh oyster shell and the other half was mined material. Experimental trays were deployed on top of the sediment along the leeward reef base and sampled quarterly to test the hypothesis that fresh shell is the preferential cultch material of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, promoting more oyster and epifaunal community development than the mined material. Monthly field observations along the reef face monitored the oyster community development on both substrates. The unanticipated influence of the reef's presence on the local current flows resulted in significant sediment loading on the reef. The sediment inundated and smothered the experimental trays over the course of the study, thereby converting the trays from hard substrate to soft bottom habitats. Any influence the different substrates might have had on community development was overwhelmed by sediment burial. Monthly field observations revealed positive oyster community development on both substrates. Live oyster abundance was significantly dissimilar between June and December 2006 on the fresh shell compared to the mined material (R = 0.241, p = 0.001). Epifaunal abundance showed even greater dissimilarity over the same time period (R = 0.474, p< [or] = 0.001). Greater abundances of large oysters were found on the fresh shell substrate due to an instability and deterioration of the larger pieces of mined material. A low replicate sample size of n = 3 leaves results from between month and between quarter sampling analyses open to interpretation. Though no definitive conclusions were drawn, the data from the community analyses provides useful information on the species inhabiting and utilizing oyster reefs in the Tampa Bay area.

No description available.

Abstract Erlandsson, K-O. 2007. Återanvända fornlämningar. En studie av Ölands rösen. Re-used ancient monuments. A study of the cairns on Öland. C-uppsats i arkeologi. Högskolan i Kalmar ht 2007. This is a study of the excavated cairns on Öland. The composition consists of three parts, the first part concentrates on what kind of re-uses there are of ancient monuments, the second part tries to tell why people did re-use burials and burial language, in the third part I have studied the excavated cairns on Öland and tried to see if the kinds of re-uses that were discussed in the first part can be seen on the ölandish cairns. Keywords: re-use, cairns, Öland, burials, burial language / Abstract Erlandsson, K-O. 2007. Återanvända fornlämningar. En studie av Ölands rösen. C-uppsats i arkeologi. Högskolan i Kalmar ht 2007. Detta är en studie av Ölands utgrävda rösen. Uppsatsen består av tre delar, den första delen tittar på vad det finns för slag av återbruk av fornlämningar, i den andra delen berättas det om varför människor återanvände gravar och gravspråk, i den tredje delen har jag tittat på de utgrävda öländska rösena och försökt se om de slag av återbruk som uppmärksammades i första delen går att se i de öländska rösena. Nyckelord: återbruk, rösen, Öland, begravningar, gravspråk

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe tiriamos ir vertinamos kremavimo paslaugų sukūrimo prielaidos Šiaurės Lietuvoje, naudojantis PEST analize ir M. Porter penkių jėgų modeliu. Darbe nagrinėjami teoriniai paslaugų kūrimo ir įvedimo į rinką ypatumai, laidojimo ir kremavimo paslaugų istorija bei ypatumai Lietuvoje ir pasaulyje. Teisinė - politinė aplinka sudaro sąlygas kremavimo paslaugų sukūrimui, nes yra priimti teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys kremavimo paslaugomis užsiimančių įmoniu veiklą. Šiuolaikinė kremavimo techninė įranga nekenksminga aplinkai. Jos pasiūla didelė, įrangą galima importuoti iš Europos Sąjungos šalių. Dėl ekonominių veiksnių kremavimo paslaugos kaina turi būti nustatyta atsižvelgiant į vartotojų perkamąją galią. Socialinė – kultūrinė aplinka religiniu aspektu kremavimo veiklai vykdyti yra palanki, nes Lietuvoje vyraujančios religijos – katalikybės – bažnytiniai kanonai neprieštarauja palaikų kremavimui. Vertinant sociokultūrinę aplinką ekologiniu aspektu, kremuotų palaikų laidojimas yra ekologiškesnis ir mažiau kenksmingas aplinkai nei tradicinis laidojimas. Šiuo metu Lietuvoje yra du krematoriumų projektų rengėjai, kurių iniciatyva krematoriumai gali būti pastatyti Šiaulių rajone ir Kėdainiuose. Atlikus Šiaurės Lietuvos gyventojų apklausą, paaiškėjo, jog didžioji dalis gyventojų kremavimui ir krematoriumo statyboms pritaria; beveik pusė visų respondentų po mirties norėtų būti kremuoti. Apibendrinant galima teigti, jog krematoriumui statyti Šiaurės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the bachelor‘s undergraduate thesis are investigated and evaluated the presumptions of cremation services development in the Northern Lithuania using PEST analysis and M.Porter‘s five forces model. Theoretical work deals with service development and features of market introduction, burial and cremation services, history and peculiarities of the world and Lithuania. The political - legal environment enables the development of cremation services, as there is a law governing the cremation business. Modern hardware is not harmful to the environment. Also there is a high supply of the cremation equipment. It can be imported from the countries of European Union. Due to the economic environment, the cost of cremation services must be settled according to the consumers‘ purchasing power. Sociocultural environment, in religion aspect, is favorable for cremation activities, because cremation is not prohibited by the Catholic Church canons. Assessing the sociocultural environment in ecological aspect, burial of cremated remains is environmentally friendly and less harmful to the environment than traditional burial. Lithuania currently has two potential promoters of the crematorium, who are planning to establish crematoriums in Šiauliai region and Kėdainiai town. Survey in North Lithunia (regions of Šiauliai, Telšiai and Panevėžys) showed that the majority of the respondents agree with a cremation service development and building crematorium. Almost half of all respondents after death... [to full text]