The purpose of the thesis is firstly to assess the Church of Sweden in the light of current quality theories and systematic improvement methods, and secondly to develop methods and models for quality improvement work (using a systematic approach) within the Church of Sweden focusing on parish funeral activities. The thesis takes as its starting point the specific conditions of the church environment and a general, Christian and humansitic value orientation. Another starting point is the concept of processes and relations, and of a caring approach among parish co-workers. Improvements in processes and relationships were related (without financial analysis) to the cost of a lack of quality.The descriptive term quality improvement work includes both quality improvement and the areas of leadership, collaboration and organization. The empirical study was carried out in Täby Parish during the years 1997-2002 as a case study with an interactive approach. The staff and management of the parish were interviewed, as were 14 members of immediate family. A dialogue with undertakers was also maintained. It was a cyclical process with analysis/evaluation followed by strategic planning and action, and with critical reflection as a constant element. The researcher's role was shaped into a psychodynamic, learning approach. A number of factors were identified that form (1) a common basis (valid for all staff members) and (2) a specific parish quality improvement work in the area of funerals. It is when problems are tackled and suggestions for improvement are implemented, that quality improves, the church envitonment benefits, and the costs associated with a lack of quality are addressed. With the title of this thesis, Care and Human Dignity, the view is summarized that the Human Being is complex, and that dignity belongs to the Human Being's creative and lighter sides, that are expressed through care for others.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Erlandsson, K-O. 2007. Återanvända fornlämningar. En studie av Ölands rösen. Re-used ancient monuments. A study of the cairns on Öland. C-uppsats i arkeologi. Högskolan i Kalmar ht 2007.</p><p>This is a study of the excavated cairns on Öland. The composition consists of three parts, the first part concentrates on what kind of re-uses there are of ancient monuments, the second part tries to tell why people did re-use burials and burial language, in the third part I have studied the excavated cairns on Öland and tried to see if the kinds of re-uses that were discussed in the first part can be seen on the ölandish cairns.</p><p>Keywords: re-use, cairns, Öland, burials, burial language</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>Erlandsson, K-O. 2007. Återanvända fornlämningar. En studie av Ölands rösen. C-uppsats i arkeologi. Högskolan i Kalmar ht 2007.</p><p>Detta är en studie av Ölands utgrävda rösen. Uppsatsen består av tre delar, den första delen tittar på vad det finns för slag av återbruk av fornlämningar, i den andra delen berättas det om varför människor återanvände gravar och gravspråk, i den tredje delen har jag tittat på de utgrävda öländska rösena och försökt se om de slag av återbruk som uppmärksammades i första delen går att se i de öländska rösena.</p><p>Nyckelord: återbruk, rösen, Öland, begravningar, gravspråk</p>

<p>The purpose of the thesis is firstly to assess the Church of Sweden in the light of current quality theories and systematic improvement methods, and secondly to develop methods and models for quality improvement work (using a systematic approach) within the Church of Sweden focusing on parish funeral activities. The thesis takes as its starting point the specific conditions of the church environment and a general, Christian and humansitic value orientation. Another starting point is the concept of processes and relations, and of a caring approach among parish co-workers. Improvements in processes and relationships were related (without financial analysis) to the cost of a lack of quality.The descriptive term quality improvement work includes both quality improvement and the areas of leadership, collaboration and organization. The empirical study was carried out in Täby Parish during the years 1997-2002 as a case study with an interactive approach. The staff and management of the parish were interviewed, as were 14 members of immediate family. A dialogue with undertakers was also maintained. It was a cyclical process with analysis/evaluation followed by strategic planning and action, and with critical reflection as a constant element. The researcher's role was shaped into a psychodynamic, learning approach. A number of factors were identified that form (1) a common basis (valid for all staff members) and (2) a specific parish quality improvement work in the area of funerals. It is when problems are tackled and suggestions for improvement are implemented, that quality improves, the church envitonment benefits, and the costs associated with a lack of quality are addressed. With the title of this thesis, Care and Human Dignity, the view is summarized that the Human Being is complex, and that dignity belongs to the Human Being's creative and lighter sides, that are expressed through care for others.</p>

Abstract Erlandsson, K-O. 2007. Återanvända fornlämningar. En studie av Ölands rösen. Re-used ancient monuments. A study of the cairns on Öland. C-uppsats i arkeologi. Högskolan i Kalmar ht 2007. This is a study of the excavated cairns on Öland. The composition consists of three parts, the first part concentrates on what kind of re-uses there are of ancient monuments, the second part tries to tell why people did re-use burials and burial language, in the third part I have studied the excavated cairns on Öland and tried to see if the kinds of re-uses that were discussed in the first part can be seen on the ölandish cairns. Keywords: re-use, cairns, Öland, burials, burial language / Abstract Erlandsson, K-O. 2007. Återanvända fornlämningar. En studie av Ölands rösen. C-uppsats i arkeologi. Högskolan i Kalmar ht 2007. Detta är en studie av Ölands utgrävda rösen. Uppsatsen består av tre delar, den första delen tittar på vad det finns för slag av återbruk av fornlämningar, i den andra delen berättas det om varför människor återanvände gravar och gravspråk, i den tredje delen har jag tittat på de utgrävda öländska rösena och försökt se om de slag av återbruk som uppmärksammades i första delen går att se i de öländska rösena. Nyckelord: återbruk, rösen, Öland, begravningar, gravspråk

To die is the only thing that is guaranteed to happen in everyone’s life, which means that everyone will need to be buried in some way. In Sweden, there are only two available burial methods according to the law: coffin burial and cremation, both of which cause a negative environmental impact - even though there are burial methods that are more environmentally friendly. Resomation and Natural Organic Reduction do not cause the same environmental hazards as traditional methods do since they handle the environmentally harmful emissions under more controlled conditions. This work is being conducted to examine what the reception is of the new burial methods, as well as what factors influence the choice. The study was conducted using a descriptive questionnaire designed with the help of a literature review. The focus of the questionnaire was on the reception, level of knowledge and factors influencing choices between new and traditional burial methods among residents in Halland and was analyzed by using the Goal-framing theory. Respondents in the survey were found to be positively inclined and ready for the introduction of the new methods in Sweden. What primarily influences how they think and act regarding burial methods is Gain Goal, as price proves to be highly significant in the choice of burial methods; but also Hedonic Goal, as burial methods are a sensitive subject where one wishes for a dignified and proper closure. Normative Goal plays the least role according to respondents’ answers; they do not see the environment as an important aspect in the issue of burial methods. / Att dö är det enda som garanterat kommer att ske i varje människas liv vilket innebär att alla kommer att behöva begravas på något sätt. I Sverige finns det bara två tillgängliga begravningsmetoder enligt lag; kistbegravning och kremering, som dessutom medför en negativ miljöpåverkan – trots att det finns begravningsmetoder som är mer miljövänliga. Resomation och Natural Organic Reduction orsakar inte samma miljöfaror som de traditionella metoder gör då man under mer kontrollerade förhållanden hanterar de miljöfarliga utsläppen. Detta arbete utförs i syfte av att undersöka hur mottagandet av de nya begravningsmetoderna är samt vilka faktorer som påverkar valet. Studien har genomförts med en beskrivande enkätundersökning som har utformats med hjälp av en litteraturstudie. Enkätens fokus låg på mottagandet, kunskapsnivån samt faktorer som styr val kring nya och traditionella begravningsmetoder hos boende i Halland och analyserades utifrån Goal-framing theory. Respondenterna i enkäten visade sig vara positivt inställda och redo för att de nya metoderna introduceras i Sverige. Det som främst styr hur de tänker och agerar kring begravningsmetoder är Gain Goal då priset visar sig vara högst väsentligt vid val; men även Hedonic Goal då begravningsmetoder är ett känsligt ämne där man önskar att ett värdigt och bra avslut sker. Normative Goal spelar minst roll ur respondenternas svar, man ser inte miljö som en viktig aspekt i frågan om begravningsmetoder.

I den här uppsatsen undersöks två begravningsbyråers externa kommunikation med språkvetenskapliga och multimodala metoder för att belysa vad det är för bild av begravningar som de vill förmedla till sina mottagare. Analysen fokuserar på texernas och bildernas ideationella metafunktion, det vill säga, hur språkliga och visuella resurser används för att konstruera gemensamma bilder och mentala föreställningar om verkligheten.                                                                                            Med hjälp av systemisk-funktionell grammatik analyseras propositioner, processer och deltagare för att visa hur begravningsbyråerna använder språkliga resurser i ett varumärkesstärkande syfte och för att positinera siig själva som en expert eller auktoritet inom områdena döden och begravningar. Den multimodala analysen används för att underaöka hur bilderna fungerar som en semiotisk resurs som förstärker det budskap som finns i texterna. Genom bilder och texter påbjuder begravningsbyråerna hur mottagaren bör tänka och agera kring begravningar.                                                                                                                                                                                                  Det analyserade materialet kan knytas till flera diskurser, men i första hand till en marknadsekonomisk diskurs som syftar till att positionera ett varumärke på en marknad med liten eller ingen efterfrågan. Genom analysen av processer och deltagarroller i materialet kan också en diskurs om makt och inflytande urskiljas, där begravningsbyråernas övertag gentemot de anhöriga ger goda möjligheter för de förstnämna att forma, påverka och upprätthålla idéer om hur vi tänker och agerar kring döden och begravningar.

<p>Mounds of fire-cracked stones is a typical Bronze Age monument for the region around lake Mälaren. They are usually, because of their content, interpreted as piles of rubbish. But as they often have kerbs, are situated on cemeteries and sometimes contain human bones, the traditional interpretation is not fully satisfactory.</p><p>The main focus of this essay is on the mounds of fire-cracked stones which contain human bones in the region north of lake Mälaren. With a detailed study of these, and a comparison with those without human bones, my aim is to get closer to an explanation why the human bones were deposited. The essay consist of a comp­ilation  of 98 excavated mounds and a database with various information gathered from excavation reports and archive documents.</p><p>With different kinds of osteological aspects taken in consideration, the study shows that human bones have been found in about a third of the mounds. The mounds with human bones more often have kerbs. The same types of artefacts are found both in mounds with and without human bones. A significant difference is that the mounds with human bones contain more categories of artefacts and sometimes even bronze. The study also shows that there is nothing that indicates that the bones were deposited after the primary use of the mound. The human bones could therefore had been deposited contemporary to the “rubbish”. To understand this phenomenon I strongly believe that the mounds no longer only can be interpreted as heaps of garbage.</p>

Mounds of fire-cracked stones is a typical Bronze Age monument for the region around lake Mälaren. They are usually, because of their content, interpreted as piles of rubbish. But as they often have kerbs, are situated on cemeteries and sometimes contain human bones, the traditional interpretation is not fully satisfactory. The main focus of this essay is on the mounds of fire-cracked stones which contain human bones in the region north of lake Mälaren. With a detailed study of these, and a comparison with those without human bones, my aim is to get closer to an explanation why the human bones were deposited. The essay consist of a comp­ilation  of 98 excavated mounds and a database with various information gathered from excavation reports and archive documents. With different kinds of osteological aspects taken in consideration, the study shows that human bones have been found in about a third of the mounds. The mounds with human bones more often have kerbs. The same types of artefacts are found both in mounds with and without human bones. A significant difference is that the mounds with human bones contain more categories of artefacts and sometimes even bronze. The study also shows that there is nothing that indicates that the bones were deposited after the primary use of the mound. The human bones could therefore had been deposited contemporary to the “rubbish”. To understand this phenomenon I strongly believe that the mounds no longer only can be interpreted as heaps of garbage.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the relationship between grave goods and the identity of buried individuals. The interpretation of sex and gender, as well as gendered grave goods in Late Iron Age Scandinavia, is of a particular focus. A comparative analysis of 163 graves was carried out using an intersectional theoretic perspective, statistical analysis, and a database, with the Lovö cemeteries serving as the case study. The results of this analysis revealed certain patterns and variances that demonstrate a relationship between the grave goods assemblages that were chosen and aspects of an individual’s identity, including gender for some grave goods, but a lack of a correlation for other grave goods. Thus, it concluded that “normal” burials are influenced by factors such as facets of one’s identity, community standing and social status, familial ties and kinship, and lived experiences, with each grave tailored to suit the individual, and that gender as a whole has little influence on how a burial is constructed. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att analysera sambandet mellan gravgods och begravda individers identitet. Tolkningen av kön och genus, samt könsbestämda gravgods i yngre järnålders Skandinavien, av särskilt fokus. En jämförande analys av 163 gravar genomfördes med ett intersektionellt teoretiskt perspektiv, statistisk analys och en databas, med Lovö kyrkogårdar som fallstudie. Resultaten av denna analys avslöjade vissa mönster och varianser som visar ett samband mellan de gravgodssammansättningar som valts ut och aspekter av en individs identitet, inklusive kön för vissa gravgods, men en brist på en korrelation för andra gravgods. Således drog den slutsatsen att "normala" begravningar påverkas av faktorer som aspekter av ens identitet, samhällsställning och social status, välbekanta band och släktskap och levda upplevelser, med varje grav skräddarsydd för att passa individen, och att kön som helhet har liten påverkan på hur en begravning är uppbyggd.