<p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>A walk at Karlstad's cemetery and burial - grounds is like a strolling in an architectural park with trees, bushes and flowers. But these parks are different; they are filled with dead people, their memorial stones and their life stories. This world is full of socially, economically and culture differences from different times from 19^th century till today's society. The cemetery - and burial - grounds in Karlstad can tell you about 19^th century influences just by looking at the stones and where they are placed. Influences from the religion, the Christianity, which symbols for example is the cross, the birds and the sun that rises or falls, but also phrases that is directing to the bible. They can also tell you about the contemporary society values. Many graves have their owner's old professional titles which during the 19^th to the beginning of the 20^th century where very important. Other things that tell you about society influences and fashion in stones are the stones themselves by their form and colors and their inscriptions. Even the place where the stones are placed can tell you about if the person were well situated or not. The cemetery and the burial - grounds are divided in blocks whit family graves which are payed for and common graves for people that didn't have any money. Often were the well situated people placed in blocks with family graves and the people with no money were buried in the blocks with common graves. The family gravestones are different in shapes, sizes and colors and in the early 19^th century they often were made by hand and in big sizes.</p><p>From 20^th and 21^th centuries the individualism is more represented at the cemetery and it is shown by symbols with more personal touch. The Christianity is still there but only with examples of symbols like the cross, the birds and the sun that rises or falls. People's choices for their graveyards and stones are more personal in both shapes and colors with symbols telling us more about their hobbies than their professional lives. The gravestones are much smaller than them representing the 19^th century. The graveyards are still divided in blocks but from 1970^s the common blocks are gone. Nowadays you don't even pay for a grave with your own money it is payed for through the taxes. You can decide where you want to be buried and you can choose from places especially made for caskets and urns. There are gardens of rest and gardens of ashes to choose from, all architectural forms.           </p> / C - uppsats

Abstract A walk at Karlstad's cemetery and burial - grounds is like a strolling in an architectural park with trees, bushes and flowers. But these parks are different; they are filled with dead people, their memorial stones and their life stories. This world is full of socially, economically and culture differences from different times from 19th century till today's society. The cemetery - and burial - grounds in Karlstad can tell you about 19th century influences just by looking at the stones and where they are placed. Influences from the religion, the Christianity, which symbols for example is the cross, the birds and the sun that rises or falls, but also phrases that is directing to the bible. They can also tell you about the contemporary society values. Many graves have their owner's old professional titles which during the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century where very important. Other things that tell you about society influences and fashion in stones are the stones themselves by their form and colors and their inscriptions. Even the place where the stones are placed can tell you about if the person were well situated or not. The cemetery and the burial - grounds are divided in blocks whit family graves which are payed for and common graves for people that didn't have any money. Often were the well situated people placed in blocks with family graves and the people with no money were buried in the blocks with common graves. The family gravestones are different in shapes, sizes and colors and in the early 19th century they often were made by hand and in big sizes. From 20th and 21th centuries the individualism is more represented at the cemetery and it is shown by symbols with more personal touch. The Christianity is still there but only with examples of symbols like the cross, the birds and the sun that rises or falls. People's choices for their graveyards and stones are more personal in both shapes and colors with symbols telling us more about their hobbies than their professional lives. The gravestones are much smaller than them representing the 19th century. The graveyards are still divided in blocks but from 1970s the common blocks are gone. Nowadays you don't even pay for a grave with your own money it is payed for through the taxes. You can decide where you want to be buried and you can choose from places especially made for caskets and urns. There are gardens of rest and gardens of ashes to choose from, all architectural forms. / C - uppsats

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka symbolanvändningen, texten på och utformningen av gravstenar i Tibro kommun under perioden 1916–2016. Jag har valt att utgå från Steve Bruce beskrivning av sekulariseringsteorin för att se hur de passar in på utvecklingen av symbolanvändning och textanvändning på de gravstenar i Tibro kommun under 1916–2016, som mitt material till största del består av. Jag har i den är uppsatsen gjort en huvudsakligen kvantitativ undersökning med en kvalitativ del. Jag har samlat in materialet, bestående av 2 781 gravstenar, under tre dagars tid på Tibro kommuns fyra kyrkogårdar: Ransbergs gamla kyrkogård och Ransbergs nya kyrkogård som ligger utanför Tibro centralort, och Kyrkefalla kyrkogård och Tibro nya kyrkogård som ligger i Tibro centralort. Dokumentationen har skett genom fotografering och jag har fotograferat alla gravstenar på de fyra kyrkogårdarna där den tidigast avlidna som finns skriven på stenen är död från och med år 1916 till och med de första fyra månaderna år 2016.  Jag har även gjort en kvalitativ del, en intervju och ett telefonsamtal med begravningsentreprenörer i  Tibro kommun. Resultatet visar att bruket av religiösa symboler såsom korset minskar medan sekulariserade och individualiserade symboler ökar.

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Kyrkogårdar i Sverige är ofta gamla miljöer som kan vara viktiga livsmiljöer för naturvårdsändamål, men som ofta förbises. Dagfjärilar och humlor är två viktiga pollinatörer som minskar snabbt i antal. Genom att utföra en artinventering av dagfjärilar och humlor, en habitatundersökning av kyrkan med omnejd samt en litteraturstudie med en kvalitativ enkät till kyrkogårdsförvaltare och en inventering av artrikedomen över tid med hjälp av Artportalen, kan vi ge information angående betydelsen av skötsel och mångfald av habitat för dagfjärilar och humlor på kyrkogårdar.  Våra resultat visar att det finns positiva samband mellan skötseln av kyrkogården och mångfalden av dagfjärilar och humlor. Välskötta platser med till exempel lågklippt gräs visade betydligt lägre artdiversitet samt individer medan artrikedomen var betydligt högre på mer extensivt skötta platser, till exempel skogsdungar på kyrkogårdens mark. Resultaten visade även att mångfalden av habitat på en kyrkogård var en nyckelfaktor för artrikedomen av dagfjärilar och humlor. Vi drar slutsatsen att för att öka den biologiska mångfalden av dagfjärilar och humlor på kyrkogårdar måste skötselrutiner ändras mot mindre intensivt brukad trädgårdsskötsel såsom välklippt gräs. Att förändra den traditionella kyrkogården mot en med fler olika livsmiljöer såsom att lägga till träd, buskar och död ved är viktigt. Det finns också ett behov av kloka val av växter mot de med en hög nektar- och pollenhalt och en stor mångfald, särskilt inhemska värdväxter för dagfjärilar. Vi är mycket glada över att se det starka engagemang för skötsel som gynnar biologisk mångfald som kunde ses i vår enkätundersökning. / Churchyards in Sweden are old environments that could be important habitats for natureconservation purposes but often are overlooked. Butterflies and Bumblebees are twoimportant pollinators and are rapidly declining in numbers. We have performed a speciesinventory of butterflies and bumblebees, a habitat investigation of the church and surroundingarea and literature study with a qualitative questionnaire and an inventory of the speciesrichness over time using citizen science site Artportalen. By using these methods we are ableto provide information regarding the importance of management and habitat diversity forbutterflies and bumblebees on churchyards. Our results show that there are positive correlations with the management of the churchyardand the diversity of butterflies and bumblebees, well managed sites with for example low cutgrass showed significantly less species and individuals and in more extensively managed sitesthe species richness was higher. The results also showed that the diversity of habitats within achurchyard was a key factor to species richness of butterflies and bumblebees. We conclude that to enhance the biodiversity of butterflies and bumblebees in churchyards,the management routine needs to change toward less grass that is mowed intensively. Tochange the traditional churchyard toward one with more different habitats like adding trees,shrubs and dead wood. There is also a need for wise choices of plants with high nectar andpollen content and a wide diversity of plants, especially native hostplants for butterflies. Weare very pleased to see a strong engagement to change management for increased biodiversitythat could be seen in our questionnaire.

Idag byggs urbana, rekreativa grönområden ofta bort till följd av förtätning, samtidigt som städernas kyrkogårdar lämnas orörda. Studien syftar till att i en svensk kontext, undersöka möjligheterna att planera för att urbana kyrkogårdar även ska fungera som rekreationsområde, utan att platsens spirituella dimension går förlorad. Studien har en abduktiv ansats, där kvalitativa intervjuer med planerare samt en representant från Svenska kyrkan utförts. Vidare har platskänsla använts som verktyg för att tolka materialet. Slutsatsen är att det idag finns olika intressenter, tillika platskänslor, att ta hänsyn till vid kyrkogårdsplanering. Några strategier, för att balansera de rekreativa och spirituella värdena, är att låta kyrkogården ha olika funktioner på olika ytor eller tidpunkter. En annan strategi är att anpassa vilken typ av rekreation som platsen uppmanar till. Det finns också möjligheter att utveckla kyrkogårdens spirituella värden som kan betraktas som rekreativa i sig. / Today, urban recreational green areas are gradually removed as a result of densification, while urban cemeteries are left untouched. This study aims to investigate the possibilities for urban cemeteries in Sweden to function as recreational areas, without losing the spiritual dimension. The study takes an abductive approach, where qualitative interviews with planners and representatives from the Church of Sweden were conducted. Furthermore, the concept of ‘sense of place’ has been used as a tool for interpreting the material. The conclusion is that there are many stakeholders, and different senses of place, to take into account in cemetery planning. Strategies for balancing the recreational and spiritual values involve working with different spaces and analyzing how they are used at different times. Adapting what type of recreation that is encouraged, is another approach. Lastly, some planners believe that the cemetery's spiritual values can be considered recreational in itself.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the relationship between grave goods and the identity of buried individuals. The interpretation of sex and gender, as well as gendered grave goods in Late Iron Age Scandinavia, is of a particular focus. A comparative analysis of 163 graves was carried out using an intersectional theoretic perspective, statistical analysis, and a database, with the Lovö cemeteries serving as the case study. The results of this analysis revealed certain patterns and variances that demonstrate a relationship between the grave goods assemblages that were chosen and aspects of an individual’s identity, including gender for some grave goods, but a lack of a correlation for other grave goods. Thus, it concluded that “normal” burials are influenced by factors such as facets of one’s identity, community standing and social status, familial ties and kinship, and lived experiences, with each grave tailored to suit the individual, and that gender as a whole has little influence on how a burial is constructed. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att analysera sambandet mellan gravgods och begravda individers identitet. Tolkningen av kön och genus, samt könsbestämda gravgods i yngre järnålders Skandinavien, av särskilt fokus. En jämförande analys av 163 gravar genomfördes med ett intersektionellt teoretiskt perspektiv, statistisk analys och en databas, med Lovö kyrkogårdar som fallstudie. Resultaten av denna analys avslöjade vissa mönster och varianser som visar ett samband mellan de gravgodssammansättningar som valts ut och aspekter av en individs identitet, inklusive kön för vissa gravgods, men en brist på en korrelation för andra gravgods. Således drog den slutsatsen att "normala" begravningar påverkas av faktorer som aspekter av ens identitet, samhällsställning och social status, välbekanta band och släktskap och levda upplevelser, med varje grav skräddarsydd för att passa individen, och att kön som helhet har liten påverkan på hur en begravning är uppbyggd.