An interest in vehicle efficiency improvement drives a need for research in the field of light metal alloys. Current industrially-available technologies do not include warm-forming of metal alloy sheet materials. The obstacles to the technology may be potentially overcome with granular media, which could be used as an alternative force transfer medium. However, some granular material properties like force chain formation require further investigation before forming technology using granular media may be developed. Throughout the course of this study, a direct shear cell instrument was designed and fabricated. This instrument was used to measure the basic mechanical properties of granular media. A 3D CAD model of the direct shear cell instrument and operating procedures are presented in this study. Different granular materials, such as steel bearing balls and sand, were tested under conditions simulating granular media flow behavior expected for the working medium in warm-forming of metal alloys sheet materials. The experiments were conducted under both static and oscillating normal loads. The static load experiments were conducted for various normal loads and shear rates, and oscillating normal load experiments were conducted under various oscillation frequencies, average normal loads and load amplitudes. During dense-packed spherical granular media flow experiments, shear stress oscillations were observed. These are attributed to the force-chain jamming behavior occurring within the granular media structure. It was also observed that granular media flow properties can be controlled by an oscillating normal load applied to the granular media. From the experimental and simulation studies it may be concluded that normal load oscillations should enhance granular media flow, which could be a great advantage for using granular media as working fluid for sheet metal forming. / text

Darbe atlikta teorinė taisyklingos kūno laikysenos sampratos, laikysenos sutrikimų paplitimo, priežasčių, pasekmių, korekcinių priemonių analizė. Iškelta hipotezė, kad sistemingas pratimų su terapiniais kamuoliais integravimas į judesio korekcijos pratybas 5-6 metų vaikams, turintiems laikysenos sutrikimų, daro teigiamą poveikį jų kūno laikysenai. Pratimų su terapiniais kamuoliais taikymas laikysenos sutrikimų profilaktikoje ir korekcijoje yra efektyvesnis nei tradiciniai fiziniai pratimai. Buvo atliktas eksperimentas, kurio tikslas - nustatyti ir įvertinti pratimų su terapiniais kamuoliais poveikį 5-6 metų vaikų laikysenai. Atlikta statistinė (aprašomoji dažnių, vidurkių, Mann’o ir Whitney U-testo, Wilcoxon’o teso, Spirmeno koreliacijos koeficiento) duomenų analizė. Tyrime dalyvavo Šiaulių rajono Kairių lopšelio-darželio ,,Spindulėlis” ir Šiaulių lopšelio-darželio ,,Varpelis” 5-6 metų vaikai, turintys laikysenos sutrikimų. Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjami 5-6 metų vaikų laikysenos ypatumai, analizuojami laikysenos, kaulų ir raumenų funkcinės būklės pokyčiai. Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: 1. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad judesio korekcijos pratybos taikant pratimus su terapiniais kamuoliais turėjo teigiamą poveikį 5-6 metų vaikų kūno laikysenai. Eksperimentinės grupės tiriamųjų kūno laikysena patikimai (p≤0,05) pagerėjo po eksperimento ir statistiškai reikšmingai skyrėsi nuo kontrolinės grupės tiriamųjų kūno laikysenos (p≤0,05). 2. Visų tiriamųjų kaulų ir raumenų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the present master’s thesis, there is performed theoretical analysis of the concept of correct body posture disorders, their reasons, consequences and corrective means. In the thesis, there was raised a hypothesis that systematic integration of exercises with therapeutic balls into practice of movement correction to 5-6 years aged children with posture disorders makes positive effect on their body posture. Application of exercises with therapeutic balls in prophylaxis and correction of posture disorders is more efficient than conventional physical exercises. An experiment was performed. The purpose of the experiment was to determine and assess the effect to the exercises with therapeutic balls on the posture of 5-6 years aged children. A statistical analysis (descriptive of frequencies, averages, Mann and Whitney’s U-test, Wilcoxon’s test, Spirmen’s correlation coefficient) of data was performed. 5-6 years aged children with posture disorders from Kairiai kindergarten “Spindulėlis” and from Šiauliai kindergarten “Varpelis” participated in the research. Peculiarities of posture of 5-6 years aged children are considered in the empiric part of the thesis. There are also analysed changes of functional condition of posture, bones and muscles. The main conclusions of the empiric research are the following: 1. The results of the research demonstrated that practice of movement correction applying exercises with therapeutic balls had positive effect on posture of 5-6 years old... [to full text]

O presente trabalho enfoca o estudo de transdutores indutivos de deslocamento linear. Dentre os diversos dispositivos dessa natureza, procurou-se desenvolver um estudo mais aprofundado do transdutor indutivo diferencial com núcleo de esferas. O desenvolvimento experimental, com a construção de quatro protótipos, levou ao projeto de um transdutor com características adequadas ao uso industrial. / The present work focuses on the study of inductive transducers of linear displacement. Among the several devices of that nature, a more detailed study of the inductive differential transducer was attempted with core of spherical balls. The experimental development of four prototypes resulted in a transducer with characteristics adequate for industrial use to be designed.

Sexuality of elderly people is nowadays an authentic object of studies which has been expanding under different theoretical and disciplinary approaches. In order to contribute to this field we carried out a qualitative ethnographic research to understand how sexuality and aging are related during aging period of women who frequent third age balls in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As theoretical reference we used authors from social sciences such as Clifford Geertz, Michel Bozon, Anthony Giddens, Pierre Bourdieu, as well as studies of gender and sexuality from Judith Butler, Guacira Louro and Richard Miskolci and also theoretical conceptions by Michel Foucault in the field of sexuality, power and discourse. At first, the study focused the participant observation in balls from the central region of the city. Then we interviewed women who participated in these events. From the data collected from observations, interviews and theory, we described the events and the interviews and discussed issues pointed by the researcher. We noticed that sexuality occupies a privileged place in the constitution of these women at the best age as subjects of an ideal type of healthy and active aging. From the interviews we noticed that sexuality in the discursive level was surrounded by worries related to the male performance and to corporal and physical issues mainly genital ones. Due to heteronormativity the sexual intercourse with men are privileged mainly with younger men without the need of an affective relationship apart from the sex. The socialization with the peers and the relationships established from the balls showed important things in the elaboration of individual life projects in which sexual practice also showed as in indicative of health and inclusion at what they call best age . / A sexualidade de pessoas idosas é hoje um objeto de estudos legítimo e em expansão sob a luz de diferentes enfoques teóricos e disciplinares. Com o objetivo de contribuir para esse campo, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho etnográfico a fim de entender como a sexualidade e a velhice se relacionam nas vivências do envelhecimento de mulheres frequentadoras de bailes de terceira idade, no município de Santa Maria, interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Como referencial teórico, utilizaram-se autores das ciências sociais, como Clifford Geertz, Michel Bozon, Anthony Giddens, Pierre Bourdieu, dos estudos de gênero e sexualidade, como Judith Butler, Guacira Louro e Richard Miskolci, e as concepções teóricas de Michel Foucault, no campo da sexualidade, poder e discurso. Inicialmente, o estudo privilegiou a observação participante em bailes da região central do município. Após, realizaram-se entrevistas com mulheres que frequentavam esses eventos. A partir do entrelaçamento entre a observação, as entrevistas e os referenciais teóricos, elaborou-se uma descrição dos eventos e das entrevistas e discutiram-se questões pontuadas pelas participantes e observadas pela pesquisadora. Constatou-se que a sexualidade ocupa um lugar privilegiado na constituição dessas mulheres na melhor idade como sujeitos de um tipo ideal de velhice ativa e saudável. A partir das entrevistas, a sexualidade, no plano discursivo, apareceu envolta em preocupações ligadas ao desempenho masculino e a questões corporais, físicas e especialmente genitais. Em observância a heteronormatividade, são privilegiados os intercursos sexuais com homens, muitos dos quais mais jovens, sem a necessidade de relacionamento afetivo de outra ordem que não a sexual. O convívio com os pares e as relações estabelecidas a partir dos bailes se mostraram importantes na elaboração dos projetos de vida individuais, nos quais a prática sexual se apresenta também como um indicativo de saúde e de inclusão no que elas denominam melhor idade .

O presente trabalho enfoca o estudo de transdutores indutivos de deslocamento linear. Dentre os diversos dispositivos dessa natureza, procurou-se desenvolver um estudo mais aprofundado do transdutor indutivo diferencial com núcleo de esferas. O desenvolvimento experimental, com a construção de quatro protótipos, levou ao projeto de um transdutor com características adequadas ao uso industrial. / The present work focuses on the study of inductive transducers of linear displacement. Among the several devices of that nature, a more detailed study of the inductive differential transducer was attempted with core of spherical balls. The experimental development of four prototypes resulted in a transducer with characteristics adequate for industrial use to be designed.

Detta arbete är skapat av Andreas Bartziokas, som examensarbete för VT 2009. I denna uppsats beskrivs hur spelet B.O.B. har skapats. Vilken litteratur som varit användbar för skapandet av spelet, samt en övergripande beskrivning av själva spelet.

O presente trabalho enfoca o estudo de transdutores indutivos de deslocamento linear. Dentre os diversos dispositivos dessa natureza, procurou-se desenvolver um estudo mais aprofundado do transdutor indutivo diferencial com núcleo de esferas. O desenvolvimento experimental, com a construção de quatro protótipos, levou ao projeto de um transdutor com características adequadas ao uso industrial. / The present work focuses on the study of inductive transducers of linear displacement. Among the several devices of that nature, a more detailed study of the inductive differential transducer was attempted with core of spherical balls. The experimental development of four prototypes resulted in a transducer with characteristics adequate for industrial use to be designed.

O presente trabalho trata do projeto e da fabricação de uma mini máquina para usinagem de esferas cerâmicas verdes. Esferas de cerâmicas avançadas encontram grande aplicação em componentes de alta precisão como rolamentos híbridos ou como a cabeça de próteses de quadril. A grande demanda pelas esferas de cerâmicas avançadas nesses componentes se deve à combinação única de suas propriedades tais como: alta estabilidade dimensional, alta dureza, baixo coeficiente de expansão térmica, biocompatibilidade (bioinerte) e alta resistência mecânica à compressão. No entanto o alto desempenho só será alcançado se as esferas tiverem tolerâncias estreitas (dimensão e forma) e acabamento superficial ultrafino. Esse trabalho objetiva o projeto e a fabricação de um protótipo de mini máquina para usinagem de esferas cerâmicas prensadas de até 30 mm de diâmetro. O desenvolvimento do projeto foi dirigido por uma metodologia de projeto mecânico e após definição do conceito foi gerado um pré-projeto virtual seguido da fabricação de um protótipo, o conceito é composto por três rebolos, sendo dois de arraste que, tendo velocidades e direções de giro variáveis, promovem a variação do eixo de giro das esferas, parâmetro necessário para atingir baixo desvio de esfericidade. Blanks esféricos em zircônia foram conformados por prensagem isostática e usinados no protótipo construído. As esferas passaram pela caracterização metrológica através da medição de esfericidade, circularidade e acabamento superficial. / This work deals with the design and manufacturing of a mini machine for grinding of green ceramic balls. Balls of advanced ceramics find wide application in high-precision components such as hybrid bearings or as bearings of hip prostheses. The large demand for advanced ceramic balls in these components is due to their unique combination of properties such as high dimensional stability, high hardness, low coefficient of thermal expansion, biocompatibility (bio inert) and high compressive strength. However the high performance can only be achieved if the balls have narrow tolerances (size and shape) and ultra-fine surface finish. This work aims to design and manufacture a mini prototype machine to obtain a green ceramic balls up to 30 mm in diameter. The project development was driven by a mechanical design methodology and after the concept generation a virtual pre-design has been generated followed by manufacturing a prototype, the initial concept is composed of three wheels, two of drag that having variables turning speeds and directions, promote a random orbital effect in the balls necessary to reduce the sphericity error. Spherical zirconia blanks were shaped by isostatic pressing and machined in the built prototype. The balls were characterized by measuring sphericity error and surface roughness.

O presente trabalho propõe uma nova perspectiva ao debate sobre bailes e danças na Espanha do século XVII. Diante das variadas classificações que a bibliografia intenta formular, observa-se uma preocupação em distinguir os dois conceitos. Nesse sentido, os bailes são colocados como descompostos em seus gestos e exercitados por subalternos, enquanto as danças apresentam compostura e são realizadas pelas elites. Entretanto, há divergências entre os autores e contradições em uma mesma classificação, as quais se manifestam de acordo com as fontes utilizadas. Ao analisar as fontes, nota-se que suas formulações sobre tais práticas corporais são construídas a partir de uma moral gestual e por um ideal cortesão. Logo, trata-se de representações elaboradas pela articulação daqueles valores e ideais, e não de uma realidade. Partindo dessas constatações, coloca-se a hipótese de que a maior repressão e depreciação aos bailes, ou a tal conceito, seria uma forma mais eficaz da Igreja controlar e reformar tais práticas, pois os bailes eram realizados pelas distintas ordens sociais e em diversos ambientes, como na própria igreja, além de terem sido os mais representados nos palcos durante o processo da teatralização. / This dissertation thesis proposes to develop a new perspective to the debate on balls and dances in seventeenth-century Spain. Given the various attempts to classify, there is in the up-to-date bibliography a need to distinguish both concepts from each other. Thus, balls are said to be decomposed in its gestures and performed by lower social classes, while dances preserve their composure and is performed by the elites. However, there is a disagreement between authors that contradicts the same classification, as can be seen in different sources used by them. By analyzing the sources, it´s evident that its foundation lies on bodily practices built under a moral gesture and an ideal courtier. Thus, these are representations wrought out from values and ideals, not from a reality. Based on these findings, our hypothesis is that the greater repression and depreciation of balls or similar concepts would be a more effective way that the Church used to control and reform these practices, for the balls were performed by different social orders, to an extent, the church in itself, besides being the first mostly depicted on stage during the process of dramatization.

Abstract Low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) based system-in-package (SiP) is an emerging multilayer module technology for wireless communication applications, mainly due to its excellent high-frequency material properties. LTCC-SiP modules are typically soldered onto an organic motherboard, but the lifetime of the 2nd-level solder joints is often poor due to the high stress level of the joints in test/field conditions. Moreover, using lead-free solders in the interconnections of LTCC modules raised new questions about the feasibility and reliability of the solder joints in LTCC applications. Therefore, the characteristic features of the 2nd-level solder joint configuration were determined in this thesis work. It was proved that collapsible Sn4Ag0.5Cu spheres are not a feasible option in LTCC/PWB assemblies with a large global thermal mismatch; a non-collapsible ball grid array (BGA) joint with a plastic core solder balls (PCSBs) was required to attain an adequate lifetime for such assemblies. To enhance the thermal fatigue endurance of the non-collapsible lead-free joints, a novel BGA joint consisting of Sn7In4.1Ag0.5Cu solder and PCSBs was developed. Moreover, this work proved that there is a relationship between the primary failure mechanisms of various Sn-based lead-free solders and thermomechanically induced stress level in the present non-collapsible BGA joint configuration. The effect of the plating material of the solder lands on the failure mechanism of the BGA joints in the LTCC/PWB assemblies was studied. The results showed that the adverse phenomena related to the sintered Ag-based metallization materials can be avoided using electroless nickel with immersion gold (ENIG) as a deposit material. On the other hand, this study also demonstrated that the inadequate adhesion strength of the commercial base metallization in the ENIG-plated modules resulted in the disadvantageous failure mechanism of the test assemblies. Therefore, the criteria for material selection and the design aspects of reliable 2nd-level interconnections are discussed thoroughly in this thesis.