Orientador: Antonio de Melo Serrano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T15:20:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbieri_MargaridaKikuta_M.pdf: 4912878 bytes, checksum: 03dc131dafb5b817a65bc46e5ab8e6f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994 / Resumo: Os métodos recomendados para determinação de matérias estranhas de uvas-passas, tâmaras e figos secos, baseados na flutuação em frasco armadilha de Wildman, foram testados em bananas-passas contaminadas artificialmente com ovos de mosca (Drosophila melanogaster), insetos (Cryptolestes ferrugineus) na forma de larvas, de adultos inteiros e cabeças, ácaros (Tyrophagus putrescentiae), pêlos de roedores e de humanos, e nenhum deles se mostrou adequado devido à grande quantidade de material constituinte da banana que aparecia na etapa de flutuação. A etapa de lavagem das bananas foi testada com água aquecida a 55-70°C obtida de dois sistemas hidráulicos diferentes, um com fluxo de 6,4L/min e outro com 2,7L/min, não havendo diferença na recuperação das matérias estranhas. O ataque ao resíduo foi testado com algumas enzimas (protease, alfa-amilase, pectinase, celulase, alcalase, amiloglicosidase) e hidróxido de sódio e ácido clorídrico em diferentes concentrações. O ataque ao resíduo com ácido mostrou-se mais adequado, pela diminuição da quantidade do resíduo e por não provocar alteração drástica na morfologia dos ovos de mosca recuperados. A concentração de HCl e o tempo de contato a serem utilizados foram otimizados e obtiveram-se os valores de 1,5% de HCl e 16 minutos de aquecimento como melhores. A recuperação média de matérias estranhas adicionadas nas amostras de banana-passa processada experimentalmente, com o novo método desenvolvido foi de 97,6% e o coeficiente de variação de 5,6%, demonstrando a sua adequação ao tipo de produto. A avaliação da contaminação de bananas-passas comerciais foi feita com o novo método, analisando-se 5 pacotes de 200g de diferentes marcas produzidas nos Estados da Bahia e São Paulo, num total de 55 amostras. A incidência média (n°/100g) observada nas bananas-passas dos dois Estados foi de 0, 5 ovos de Drosophila sp, 0,3 larvas de Drosophila sp, 0,4 insetos inteiros, 5,8 fragmentos de insetos, 0,1 ácaros, 0,1 fragmentos de fezes e de pêlos de roedores, 0,3 pêlos humanos, 5,4 fios diversos, 5,6 particulas carbonizadas e 0,6mg/100g de areia. Embora os valores médios obtidos sejam relativamente baixos em comparação aos limites estabelecidos pela "Food and Drug Administration - FDA" (FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, 1982) e pelo "Health Protection Branch - HPB" do Canadá (HEALTH PROTECTION BRANCH, 1984) para uvas-passas bem como para tâmaras secas, nenhuma das bananas-passas analisadas foi isenta de matérias estranhas. / Abstract: The recommended methods for foreign matter determination of raisins, dates and dried figs, based on flotation in Wildman's trap flask were tested on dried banana sticks artificially contaminated with fly eggs (Drosophila melanogaster), insects (Cryptolestes ferrugineus) in the form of larvae, while adults and heads, mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae), and rodent and human hairs. None of these methods was shown to be appropriate for dried bananas, due to the considerable amount of banana constituents which appeared in the flotation stage. Two different hydraulic systems were tested in the banana washing stage (water 55-70°C), one with a flow-rate of 6,4 l/min and the other 2,7 l/min, but no difference was noted. Various enzymes and different concentrations of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were tested for their capacity to attack the residue. Hydrochloric acid was shown to be were adequate than the remaining treatments, diminishing the amount of residue without producing drastic morphological alterations in the fly eggs recovered. After optimization of the process, an HCl concentration of 1,5% and a heating time of 16 minutes were chosen. Using the new method, an average recovery rate of 97,6% was obtained for the foreign matter added to the experimentally processed dried bananas, with a coefficient of variation of 5,6% showing that the method was adequate for this type of product. The evaluation of the contamination of commercial dried banana sticks was carried out by the new method, analyzing five 200g packets of different brands produced in the States of Bahia and São Paulo, giving a total of 55 samples analysed by the new method. The average values of incidence (nº/100g) observed in the dried bananas from the two states were 0,5 Drosophila sp eggs, 0,3 Drosophila sp larvae, 0,4 whole insects, 5,8 insect fragments, 0,1 acarids, 0,1 fragments of rodent faeces and hairs, 0,3 human hairs, 5,4 diverse strands, 5,6 burnt particles and 0,6mg/100g sand. Althoug the average values obtained were relatively low compared to the limits fixed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA (FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, 1982) and the Health Protection Branch (HPB) of Canada (HEALTH PROTECTION BRANCH, 1984) for raisins and dried dates, none of the dried banana sticks analyzed were devoid of foreign matter. / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

O amadurecimento é uma etapa exclusiva do estágio de desenvolvimento dos frutos, que envolve uma série de transformações metabólicas a partir de diferentes fontes de energia. Ele é mediado por um dinâmico complexo enzimático, resultando em síntese/degradação e conversão de compostos que tornarão o fruto aceitável para o consumo. Dependendo do tipo de fruto, essa fonte de energia pode ser na forma de ácidos orgânicos, sacarose vinda da própria planta e na forma de amido. A banana (Musa acuminata) é uma fruta de comportamento climatérico que utiliza como principal fonte de carbono o amido, que é reduzido durante o climatério de teores que variam de 12 a 20% a menos de 1 %. Concomitante à esta degradação, o teor de sacarose pode atingir até 15%, dependendo da cultivar. O ácido giberélico (GA3) é um fitohormônio da família das giberelinas que tem sido muito estudado em cereais por aumentar a transcrição gênica das α-amilase. Em frutos, ele é responsável por manter a textura firme e o teor de sólidos solúveis, e atrasar o amadurecimento. Ao estudar a influência do GA3 no metabolismo amido-sacarose em fatias de banana, observou-se neste trabalho que o fitohormônio não alterou o pico respiratório nem a síntese de etileno. Entretanto, atrasou a degradação do amido e o acúmulo de açúcares solúveis por três dias. Este atraso foi acompanhado pela diminuição/atraso na atividade das enzimas que degradam o amido e sintetizam sacarose, α e β-amilase e sacarose fosfato sintase, respectivamente, sendo que não foi observada uma diferença no aumento de expressão gênica da sacarose fosfato sintase e das fosforilases. / The ripening is an exclusive stage of fruit development, that involves a serie of metabolic transformation from different energy source. It is mediated by a dynamic enzymatic complex, resulting in formation/degradation of different coumpouds that will render fruit acceptable for the consumption. Depending on the type of fruit, this energy source can be in the form of organic acid, sucrose of the plant or starch. Banana (Musa acuminata) is a climateric fruit that uses starch as main carbon source, which is reduced during banana ripening of levels that vary from 12 to 20% to less than 1 %. Concomitant to the this degradation, the levels of sucrose can reach up to 15%, depending of the cultivar. The gibberellic acid, GA3-mediated is a plant growth regulation of the giberellins family, that has been studied in cereals because of their enhancing effect of gene expression of αamylase. In fruits, it is responsible for keeping the texture firm and the soluble solid levels, and delaying the ripening. The influence of the GA3 in the starch-sucrose metabolism in banana slices, were observed. That the phytohormone did not modify the respiratory peak nor the synthesis of ethylene. However, it delayed the starch degradation and the soluble sugars accumulation for about three days. This delay was followed by decrease and/or delay in the activity of the enzymes related to starch degradation: the α and β-amylases; and sucrose synthesis the sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS). However, was not observed a difference in the increase of gene expression of SPS and phosphorilase

As interações entre as plantas cultivadas e os outros organismos do agroecossistema podem afetar as características dos alimentos, trazendo implicações que abrangem desde as condições socioeconômicas dos produtores até a qualidade nutricional e sensorial dos produtos agrícolas. No caso de agroecossistemas equilibrados, a conservação da biodiversidade na propriedade contribui para diminuir a dependência de insumos externos, principalmente para o controle de pragas e doenças. Nesse sentido a produção de bananas no Vale do Ribeira constitui um mosaico de agroecossistemas, que pressionam os maiores e mais conservados remanescentes florestais de Mata Atlântica. A banana é um fruto climatérico típico, que mostrou grande potencial para o presente estudo, primeiro por ter boa parte de seus processos bioquímicos parcialmente elucidados, segundo, por apresentar seu genoma sequenciado e, terceiro, por ser um cultivo que permeia as áreas de Mata Atlântica do Vale do Ribeira. A perspectiva de análise do Proteoma label-free do fruto foi escolhida por sua ampla capacidade de compreensão de respostas biológicas, especialmente em delineamentos experimentais inéditos como esse, onde não é possível fazer grandes especulações acerca da resposta esperada. Dessa forma, inserido a um projeto de objetivo mais amplo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da biodiversidade atlântica no entorno do agroecossistema sobre a expressão de proteínas das bananas, considerando os aspectos físico-químicos, fisiológicos e bioquímicos, de modo a estimar as vias metabólicas influenciadas por esta condição ambiental. O projeto foi desenvolvido a partir da comparação de duas áreas comerciais de bananicultura que possuem idade e tratos culturais idênticos, sendo que a única diferença é que uma delas encontra-se cercada exclusivamente pelo monocultivo de bananeiras (parcela Controle) e a outra possui 60% do perímetro adjacente a um fragmento de Mata Atlântica (parcela Biodiversidade). Foi utilizada uma estratégia holística, contemplando diversos fatores do ambiente (fertilidade do solo e aspectos climáticos), da fisiologia da bananeira (diagnose foliar e infestação por doenças) e da banana (aspectos de qualidade, comportamento pós-colheita e proteoma da polpa). Os resultados mostram que as plantas da parcela biodiversidade apresentaram menor Índice de Severidade de Sigatoka Negra e produziram frutos com maior vida verde. Em relação ao Proteoma, as vias do Ciclo do ácido cítrico, do Metabolismo do piruvato e da Alanina, aspartato e glutamato foram as mais alteradas entre os frutos das duas parcelas, sinalizando uma maior tendência na síntese de ácidos graxos nos frutos da parcela Biodiversidade, que parece ter sido desviada para a síntese de aminoácidos nos frutos da parcela Controle. Algumas evidências reunidas sugerem que a presença da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica no entorno do agroecossistema favorece o restabelecimento da homeostase vegetal, trazendo efeitos benéficos para o cultivo e para o fruto. / Food quality is affected by crop and other agroecosystem organism interaction. These are a broad and diverse field of study, with unclear central issues, implying since socioeconomic condition of the producer, up to food quality, in terms of nutritional and sensorial issues. In this sense, banana production on Vale do Ribeira represents an agroecosystem mosaic, among the hugest and most conserved remaining Atlantic forest. Banana is a climacteric fruit with great potential for this study, firstly because its biochemical processes has been partially clarified, secondly, because its genome is already sequenced and, finally, because its cultivation area is surrounded by Atlantic forest areas from Vale do Ribeira. Proteomic label-free has been chosen, because of its great capability to understand biological response, especially in unprecedented experimental approaches, in which expectations cannot be done. Thereby, inserted on a broader project, the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of Atlantic forest biodiversity surrounding the agroecosystem on protein expression of banana fruit, considering physic-chemical, physiological and biochemical aspects, in order to highlight metabolic pathways influenced by this environmental condition. The development of this project is based on the comparison of two banana commercial plots, with similar age and cultural practices, being the only difference between plots the presence of an Atlantic forest remanant on 60% of the Biodiversity plot, while the Control plot is exclusively surrounded by banana crop. It has been adopted an holistic approach, including several environmental factors (soil fertility and climatic factors), crop physiology factors (foliar diagnosis and disease severity) and banana fruit (quality attributes, post-harvest behavior and pulp proteome). Results revealed a reduction on disease severity and a longer fruit greenlife, which represents the time available to transport and marketing, for plants of the Biodiversity plot. The Proteome has shown alterations on metabolic pathways, as Citric acid cycle, Piruvate metabolism and Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, suggesting a greater tendency on fatty acid biosynthesis on fruits from Biodiversity plots, whereas fruits from Control plot seems to enhance amino acid biosynthesis. Some evidence suggest that the Atlantic forest surrounding the agroecosystem can be helpful to plant homeostasis, with benefits to the crop and fruit.

O principal polo produtor de banana no estado de São Paulo está na Divisão Regional e Agrícola de Registro, que se estende do Vale do Ribeira até o litoral sul do estado. Nesta região, a produção de banana é a principal atividade dos produtores rurais e é responsável pela principal demanda de insumos e serviços de comercialização. No entanto, o Vale do Ribeira se caracteriza por ser uma região com baixos níveis de tecnologia e mecanização e a qualidade de vida é bastante baixa, fatores que contribuem para a baixa produtividade da banana. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer os efeitos que a proximidade da biodiversidade nativa da Mata Atlântica promove nos atributos físico-químicos e bioquímicos do fruto da bananeira, em decorrência da proximidade da biodiversidade. Duas parcelas foram escolhidas para fornecer as amostras posteriormente analisadas quanto a parâmetros fisiológicos, químicos e bioquímicos: a parcela \"Controle\" plenamente inserida em um bananal convencional e a parcela \"Biodiversidade\" com 60% de seu perímetro rodeado pela biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica. Foram feitas as seguintes avaliações nos frutos colhidos destas parcelas: análise dos perfis de etileno e CO2 endógenos por cromatografia gasosa, quantificação de amido por método enzimático, e açúcares solúveis por CLAE-DAD, análise de textura (penetrômetro) e cor (colorímetro), determinação de compostos voláteis relacionados ao aroma por cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massas. Além de avaliações em campo de incidência e severidade de pragas e doenças, de luminosidade, radiação fotossinteticamente ativa, análise de solo e foliar, monitoramento da Umidade Relativa e temperatura. Os resultados mostraram que as plantas na parcela próxima à Mata Atlântica foram menos atacadas pela Sigatoka Negra (cerca de 15%) quando comparada à parcela Controle (cerca de 36%). Nos frutos colhidos, foram encontradas diferenças nos padrões de etileno, respiração, textura, cor, açúcares e perfil de compostos voláteis. Os resultados relativos ao perfil destes compostos mostraram alterações na rede de vias de biossíntese de compostos voláteis diferentes dos comumente detectados em bananas. Compostos típicos de frutos imaturos, conhecidos na literatura como Voláteis de Folhas Verdes (VFVs) foram detectados nos perfis de compostos voláteis de frutos maduros das amostras da parcela Biodiversidade, indicando o desencadeamento de vias metabólicas relacionadas à defesa de plantas, tais como a Via da enzima Lipoxigenase (LOX) e a Via de Biossíntese de Terpenos. Este fato provavelmente teve origem na maior quantidade de sistemas ecológicos originários do fragmento florestal próximo à parcela, que favoreceram uma rede mais rica de relações entre as bananeiras e outros organismos, bem como entre as bananeiras e outras plantas, em comparação às plantas da parcela Controle. Constatou-se que as condições de cultivo no campo têm influência direta sobre o produto final, refletindo no processo de amadurecimento dos frutos. / In São Paulo, the main banana producing region is the Divisão Regional e Agrícola de Registro, extending from the Vale do Ribeira to the southern coast of the state. In this region, the banana producing is the farmer\'s main activity and is responsible for the main demand of inputs and commercialization services. However, the Vale do Ribeira is characterized as a region with low levels of technology and mechanization and the quality of life is quite low, factors that contribute to low banana\'s productivity. This study aimed to stablish the effects that the proximity of native Atlantic Forest biodiversity promotes on the physical, chemical and biochemical of banana, due to the proximity of biodiversity attributes. Two plots were chosen to provide samples subsequently analysed for physiological, biochemical and chemical parameters: a control plot fully inserted into a conventional banana produce and another plot, called by Biodiversity Plot, with 60% of its perimeter surrounded by the Atlantic Forest biodiversity. The following evaluations were made in the fruits harvested from such plots: analyses of endogenous ethylene and CO2 profiles by gas chromatography, quantification of starch by enzymatic method, and soluble sugars by HPLC-DAD, texture analyses (penetrometer) and color (colorimeter), determination of volatile compounds related to flavor by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Apart from field evaluations of incidence and severity of pests and diseases, brightness photosynthetically active radiation, soil and leaf analyses, monitoring of relative humidity and temperature. The results showed that the plants in the plot next to the Atlantic Forest were less attacked by Black Sigatoka (about 15%) compared to the plants from the control plot (about 36%). In harvested fruits, differences were found in ethylene profiles, texture, color, sugars and volatile compound profile. The results for the profile of these compounds showed changes in the biosynthetic pathways of volatile compounds network, commonly found in bananas. Typical compounds immature fruit, known in the literature as Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs) were detected in volatiles from samples of mature fruits portion Biodiversity profiles, indicating triggering of defense-related pathways in plants such as the Lipoxygenase Pathway and biosynthesis of terpenes pathway. This fact probably originated from the most amount of ecological systems originated near the plot forest fragment, wich favored a richer network of relations among the banana plants and other organisms as well as between the banana trees and other plants, compared to plants of the control plot. The growing conditions in the field have direct influence on the final product, reflecting on the fruit ripening process.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / In nature, saccharification is done by a variety of microorganisms, secreting a variety of cellulase in addition to other proteins. Co-culturing enables the production of more efficient enzyme preparations that would mimic the natural decomposition of lignocelluloses. During the decay of banana (Musa paradisiaca) pseudostem, a potential feedstock for second-generation biofuels, there may be a number of microorganisms producing cellulolytic enzymes, and other factors, which in combination might decompose the lignocelluloses more efficiently. The aim of the study was to establish a microbial co-culture for the production of highly active cellulase preparations. Banana pseudostems (BPS) and microbial samples from decaying banana pseudostems were collected in the Mopani District Allesbeste Nursery, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Fungi and bacteria were isolated using CMC agar plates. The best cellulase producing fungi and bacteria were tested for cellulase activity in monocultures and in various combinations (fungi-fungi, fungi-bacteria, bacteria-bacteria, fungi-live bacterial cells and fungi-dead bacterial cells) in submerged fermentation, using Avicel™ as a carbon source. Solid-state fermentation was also performed using banana pseudostem as a carbon source. Zymography was done in studying the variety of cellulase in the secretions from co-cultures/ mixed cultures. Identification of the bacterial and fungal isolates from decomposing banana pseudostems was also done using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) or DNA sequencing. A mixed culture of fungi in combination with dead bacterial cells was the best combination to produce higher levels of endoglucosidase and β-glucosidase activities in both submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation. During SmF, endoglucosidase was (0.229 after 144 h) and β-glucosidase (4.519 after 96 h) activities and SSF, endoglucosidase (12.793 after 48 h) and β-glucosidase (37.45 after 144 h). Endoglucosidase zymography showed that monocultures and co-cultures produced four active bands for endoglucanase, except for the monoculture Trichoderma longibrachiatum 1B that produced a faint or unclear band. The current study demonstrated that three fungal strains namely, T longibrachiatum 1B, Aspergillus fumigatus 5A, and Aspergillus flavus 2A and one bacterial strain Enterobacter asburiae 1 are capable of producing a variety of endoglucanases. It seems that a combination of fungi with dead cells could significantly improve endoglucosidase and v β-glucosidase activities. The use of A. fumigatus in mixed cultures is highly recommended in order to produce high levels of β-glucosidases, no matter the combination used. / Foodbev Seta

No description available.

The non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) components from apple, oat, broccoli and plantain were tested as growth substrates for representatives of the major groups of intestinal bacteria, none of which was able to fully utilise the NSPs for growth.  More bacteria were able to use the soluble plantain NSP fraction for growth than any other NSP tested, with the <i>Bacteroides </i>group showing the strongest growth response.  <i>E. coli</i> strains isolated from healthy people and Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients were all able to utilise the soluble plantain substrate to the same high extent. A wide range of commensal anaerobes were able to bind to the insoluble plantain NSP in a strain specific manner that was independent of the ability to utilize the soluble plantain NSP for growth, with <i>E. coli </i>binding in the highest numbers to the insoluble NSP. The effects of plantain NSP were monitored <i>in vivo</i>, and only the <i>Bacteroides </i>group increased significantly after soluble plantain supplementation.  <i>E. coli </i>populations were volunteer-specific and unaltered after plantain supplementation. <i>Bacteroides </i>and <i>E. coli</i> were the two main groups affected by plantain NSP after the <i>in vitro </i>work, both of which have been implicated in IBD.  Binding to, and growth on plantain may therefore selectively alter the composition of the gut microbiota in patients.  Despite the stimulation of <i>E. coli</i> growth, addition of plantain to the diet may help to prevent colonization of the gut wall by providing this alternative binding substrate.

Resumo: O experimento foi implantado na área do projeto Crer-ser, próximo ao Câmpus da UNIMONTES em Janaúba - MG, com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento e a produção das bananeiras Prata Anã, Caipira e Thap Maeo em diferentes sistemas de plantio, influenciados pela Sigatoka amarela no primeiro e segundo ciclo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, com 25 plantas nas parcelas dos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 5, e com 49 plantas nas parcelas dos tratamentos 4 e 6. Entre cada parcela plantou-se três linhas com a variedade Prata Anã. Para as características vegetativas como circunferência do pseudocaule e altura de planta no primeiro ciclo, número de folhas vivas na colheita no primeiro e segundo ciclo, a variedade Thap Maeo foi superior em relação à Caipira. Nas características de produção circunferência do engaço, peso da ráquis, peso do cacho, números de pencas/cacho, número de frutos/cacho e produtividade, a Thap Maeo apresentou as maiores médias nos dois ciclos de plantio, diferenciando-se estatisticamente da Caipira. Os tratamentos com uma linha de bordadura das variedades Thap Maeo e Caipira foram superiores aos com duas linhas de bordaduras, na maioria das características produtivas avaliadas, não se diferenciando estatisticamente do interplantio. A análise da Prata Anã, dentro dos seis sistemas de plantio, não apresentou diferenças significativas para as características vegetativas avaliadas, exceto número de folhas vivas na colheita, no segundo ciclo. Nas características produtivas apresentou diferença significativa para número de pencas/cacho e número de frutos/cacho. Embora não tenham sido detectadas diferenças significativas para outros caracteres avaliados, houve uma tendência inferior para o sistema de plantio convencional da Prata Anã. Nas avaliações... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The experiment was implanted in the area of the project Crer-ser, near to the Campus of UNIMONTES in Janaúba - MG, with the purpose of evaluating growth and production of the banana 'Prata Anã', 'Caipira' and 'Thap Maeo' in different planting systems, under the influence of yellow Sigatoka in the first and second cycle. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, with six treatments and four repetitions, with 25 plants in the plots of the treatments 1, 2, 3 and 5, and with 49 plants in the plots of the treatments 4 and 6. Between each plot, three rows were planted with the variety Prata Anã. Concerning to vegetative characteristics like circumference of the pseudostem and plant height in the first cycle, number of alive leaves in the crop in the first and second cycle, the variety Thap Maeo was superior in relation to the Caipira. Concerning to the characteristics of production, circumference and weight of the stalk, weight of the bunch, numbers of hands/bunch, number of fingers/ bunch and productivity the 'Thap Maeo' presented the largest averages in the two planting cycles differentiating significantly of the Caipira. The treatments in a row of border of the varieties Thap Maeo and Caipira were superior to the one with two rows of borders in the most evaluated productive characteristics do not differentiating significantly of the variety mixture. The analysis of the 'Prata Anã' inside of the six planting systems did not present significant differences for the evaluated vegetative xi characteristics, except number of alive leaves in the crop in the second cycle, while in the productive characteristics... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Carlos Ruggiero / Coorientador: Silvia Nietsche / Banca: Ronaldo Posella Zaccaro / Banca: Antonio Baldo Geraldo Martins / Mestre

Title page, table of contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library. / Chilling injury in banana fruit is caused by prolonged exposure to temperatures less than 13°C. This can occur during bunch development in the field or postharvest handling and storage. Mild symptoms of chilling injury are localised to peel tissue and reduce visual quality of fruit. Light microscopy was used in the present study to analyse symptoms of mild chilling injury in Cavendish cv. Williams banana. Following storage at 5°C for 24hours, symptoms of chilling injury in the form of brown discolouration was observed within laticifers in sub-epidermal peel tissue. Browning was not observed in other vascular tissues as previous research has suggested. Causal mechanisms associated with browning of latex within laticifers were investigated. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in fractions of banana peel latex was measured and found to be highest in the lutoid fraction. PPO activity also provided indirect evidence that phenolics were present in peel latex. Literature suggests possible compartmentalisation of PPO and phenolics in banana lutoids. In this study it is suggested that PPO and phenolics associated with lutoids in banana peel latex may be involved in browning due to chilling stress. The lipid content of lutoids from banana latex was also investigated using FTIR spectroscopy, but showed no further involvement of lutoids in the browning reaction caused by chilling. Control of field chilling using modified bunch covers was investigated. Bunch covers used in modern banana production are usually polyethylene bags, placed over bunches during development in the field. Experiments in a northern Queensland plantation investigated effects of modified bunch covers on fruit yield and quality characteristics of Cavendish cv. Williams bananas, including the development of mild chilling injury symptoms. A further field trial was conducted using different coloured bunch covers with varied interception of photosynthetically-active radiation (PAR), to determine any negative effects of bunch cover shading on fruit yield and quality. Different coloured and layered polyethylene films (blue, double green, silver yellow and silver black) modified PAR transmission of bunch covers (PAR transmission [%] = 56, 38, 7, 0). During summer 2003, varying PAR transmission of bunch covers significantly affected fruit size. Fruit from blue polyethylene covers, which transmitted most light, were larger than fruit from covers with less light transmission. Between cover treatments of lower light transmission, fruit size remained similar. It is suggested, during summer when cloud cover in northern Queensland limits solar radiation, bunch covers with high PAR transmission facilitate greater bunch photosynthesis, which improves fruit size. Fruit quality was generally unaffected by varying PAR transmission of bunch covers, but cover treatments were found to influence peel colour. Peel colour of fruit from 'silver black' covers was significantly paler. This may have impacted upon green life due to increased de-greening. Results from this experiment suggest that bunch photosynthesis significantly influences fruit size and peel colour during summer growing periods. Modified bunch covers constructed from existing bunch cover films and polyethylene bubble wrap ('blue + silver bubble' and sealed and non-sealed 'silver blue + silver bubble') were used to test control of field chilling during winter 2003 and 2004. Compared to standard blue polyethylene bunch covers, modified covers significantly reduced exposure of bunches to chilling conditions in the field and the development of visible chilling injury symptoms on the peel surface and in underpeel tissue. Greatest control of field chilling was shown using the non-sealed 'silver blue + silver bubble' cover design. Relative to the standard blue cover, in winter 2003 the non-sealed 'silver blue + silver bubble' cover design reduced chilling exposure by 95% at the top and 45% at the bottom of bunches. This totally controlled chilling injury symptoms in the top and middle bunch regions. In winter 2004 chilling conditions were more severe and chilling exposure was reduced by 85% using the non-sealed 'silver blue + silver bubble' cover. This reduced the severity of peel surface chilling symptoms by 67% in the top bunch region relative to fruit from blue covers. Yield characteristics were positively influenced by 'blue + silver bubble' and sealed and non-sealed 'silver blue + silver bubble' covers. Improved fruit size and weight was probably due to enhanced temperature conditions inside the bunch environment, relative to 'control' covers. Fruit quality was generally unaffected by 'blue + silver bubble' and sealed and non-sealed 'silver blue + silver bubble' covers. However peel colour was significantly influenced by these cover treatments, compared to the 'control' covers. Reduced light transmission of covers produced paler fruit. This may have influenced other quality characteristics, such as green life and SSC levels, as it confounded assessment of ripening stage. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1241852 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture and Wine, 2006

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-16T08:56:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0