Orientador: Ana Carolina Conti e Silva / Banca: Natália Soares Janzantti / Banca: Adriana Barbosa Santos / Banca: Valéria Paula Rodrigues Minim / Banca: Vanessa Dias Capriles / Resumo: A casca de banana é um resíduo agroindustrial, rica do ponto de vista nutritivo e com potencial para utilização no desenvolvimento de um novo produto. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito da adição da farinha da casca de banana na elaboração de barras de cereais. A metodologia de modelagem de misturas foi utilizada para investigar os efeitos da farinha da casca de banana, flocos de arroz e farinha de aveia na aceitação sensorial e características físicas das barras de cereais; as formulações mais e menos aceitas tiveram seus perfis sensoriais avaliados por meio de análise descritiva; e o armazenamento das barras de cereais foi estudado quanto aos compostos bioativos e propriedades de textura. Proporções equivalentes dos três componentes (farinha de casca de banana, flocos de arroz e farinha da aveia) e a interação binária de farinha de casca de banana e flocos de arroz resultaram em barras de cereais com um grau de aceitação na região de melhor resposta do diagrama triangular. Ainda, a farinha da casca de banana interagiu com flocos de arroz e a farinha de aveia, promovendo mudanças na cor, volume específico e adesividade das barras de cereais. O mapa de preferência externo mostrou que a barra de cereal com 50% de farinha de casca de banana e 50% de flocos de arroz e a barra de cereal com 17% de farinha de casca de banana/66% de flocos de arroz/17% de farinha de aveia foram caracterizadas pela aceitação pela aparência, textura, sabor e aceitação global, bem como maior volume específico, força de ruptura e dureza; a formulação com iguais proporções dos três ingredientes foi caracterizada pela aceitação pelo aroma e baixas intensidades de vermelho, amarelo e croma. A adição da farinha de casca de banana também mudou a intensidade dos termos descritores das barras de cereais, resultando em diferentes perfis sensoriais em relação à barra comercial. Barras com maior... / Abstract: The banana peel is an agro-industrial residue, rich regarding to nutritive value and with potential to be used in the development of a new product. In this way, the objective of this work was to study the effect of addition of the banana peel flour in production of cereal bars. The mixture modeling methodology was used to investigate the effects of banana peel flour, rice flakes and oat flour on the sensory acceptability and physical characteristics of the cereal bars; the most and least accepted formulations had their sensory profiles evaluated through descriptive analysis; and the storage of the cereal bars was studied regarding to bioactive compounds and texture properties. Equivalent proportions of three components and binary mixtures of banana peel flour and rice flakes resulted in bars with liking degree in the region of higher response in the triangular diagrams. Yet, the interaction between banana peel flour with rice flakes or oat flour promoted changes to the color, specific volume and adhesiveness of the cereal bars. The external preference mapping showed that cereal bar with 50% of banana peel flour and 50% of rice flakes and the cereal bar with 17% of banana peel flour /66% of rice flakes/17% of oat flour were characterized by the acceptability by appearance, texture, flavor and overall acceptability, as well as greater specific volume, force of rupture and hardness; the formulation with equal proportions of the three ingredients was characterized by acceptability by the aroma, and low intensities of red, yellow and chroma. The addition of banana peel flour also changed the intensity of descriptive terms of the cereal bars, resulting in different sensory profiles in relation to the commercial bar. Cereal bars with higher quantities of banana peel flour were characterized by dark color, banana aroma and bitter taste, while cereal bar with lowest quantity of banana peel flour was characterized by amount of rice flakes and ... / Doutor

East African highland bananas (Musa spp., AAA-EA genome group) are a major staple and income-generating fruit crop in the highlands of eastern and central Africa, grown across the countries of the Great Lakes region (i.e. Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and North-West Tanzania). Despite its importance, farmers and researchers are reporting that yields are declining, most notably in areas with low soil fertility. Although numerous studies have been conducted on yield constraints of bananas in the East African highland region, there is virtually no understanding of the impact of plant density management on the yields of these low-input banana systems. The productivity and profitability of various plant densities was studied in contrasting agro-ecological sites of Rwanda (Ruhengeri, Rusizi, Karongi, Butare, Ruhango, Kibungo and Bugesera), that differed distinctly in terms of altitude (1400-1960 m a.s.l), temperature (17-20°C), annual rainfall (950-1400 mm yr-1) and soil types (Nitisols, Ferralsols, Acrisols and Andosols). Under those cropping systems, the plant density is one management factor that resource poor farmers have some control over. An on-farm survey was conducted in all sites to determine the influence of climatic and edaphic factors on variations in on-farm plant density practices and bunch mass. In addition, three researcher-managed banana density experiments were conducted in contrasting agroecological sites (Kibungo low rainfall with medium soil fertility, Rubona high rainfall with low soil fertility and Ruhengeri high rainfall with high soil fertility) to (i) investigate the influence of plant density on the vegetative growth and yield parameters of AAA-EA bananas for typical highland agro-ecological zones, (ii) to assess the effect of plant density on nutrient deficiencies and imbalances, and (iii) to assess the magnitude and variability of nutrient depletion in the smallholder banana systems that are characterized by low external input use. Three different local EA highland banana varieties (i.e. “Ingaju”-cooking type, “Injagi”- cooking type, “Intuntu”-beer type) were each planted at five different plant densities (plants ha-1) of 1428, 2500, 3333, 4444 and 5000. Agronomic data (growth and yield traits) were collected over two cropping cycles (plant and ratoon crops). Soil, plant and climate data were also collected. Approaches such as compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND), boundary line functions and yield gap analysis were used to quantify the contribution of each identified yield limiting factor to yield gap. A first order magnitude of nutrient depletion was determined using partial nutrient balance calculations. Plant density positively correlated with water supply (i.e. difference between rainfall and evapotranspirative demand of bananas), with highest plant densities (>1500 mats ha-1) found in high rainfall areas (>1200 mm yr-1) with water surplus (218-508 mm yr-1) and lowest plant densities (1000-1400 mats ha-1) found in lower rainfall areas (1000-1200 mm yr-1) with water deficit (from -223 to -119 mm yr-1). Bunch masses were significantly higher at the lowest plant densities (18.1-20.8 kg fresh mass plant-1) when compared to the highest plant densities (14.7-15.5 kg). Lower soil and banana leaf nutrient contents were observed on weathered soils (Acrisols) and were associated with smaller bunch mass in comparison to fertile soils (Andosols, Nitisols). Farmers tended to reduce mat densities (i) if they wanted to intercrop, and (ii) to increase bunch mass to adapt to market preferences for large bunches. The plant densities generally recommended by extension bodies (3 × 3 or 2 × 3 m; i.e. 1111 and 1666 mats ha-1, respectively) are seldom practiced by farmers, nor do they seem to be very appropriate from an agronomic or economic perspective. Per hectare bunch and above ground biomass yields increased with increasing plant density, but maximum yield strongly depended on agro-ecological site. Bunch yields of beer bananas continued to increase with density, but maximum yields for the cooking cultivars were observed at 4444 plants ha-1 at Kibungo and Rubona, whereas yields continued to increase linearly beyond this level at Ruhengeri. Relationships between bunch yield, the total above ground dry matter yields and soil chemical properties suggest that nutrient deficiencies were larger at Kibungo (i.e. notably K) and Rubona (i.e. K, P, Ca, Mg) when compared with Ruhengeri. With increasing densities, leaf area index (LAI) continues to increase up to a value of 4 with 95% of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) intercepted by the crop canopy. This suggests that further density and LAI increases would probably have little additional positive effect on total per hectare production. Compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) indices showed that K, Mg and P were the most deficient elements in areas with low inherent soil fertility (Kibungo and Rubona) compared with relatively fertile areas (Ruhengeri). The boundary line functions and yield gap analysis also confirmed that K was the most limiting factor, contributing to an expected yield gap of 55.3% at Kibungo, while P and Mg contributed to a 35% yield gap at Rubona. An increase in plant density resulted in an increase in average yield gap from 45.6 % to 70.2% at Kibungo, whilst average yield gap decreased significantly from 47.5% to 30.2% at Rubona, and 76.6 to 53.7% at Ruhengeri. Nutrient uptake increased with plant density. Partial N and K balances (kg ha-1 yr-1) were estimated to be strongly negative at Rubona and Ruhengeri, while Ca and Mg were positive at Kibungo and Ruhengeri, but negative at Rubona. The results of this study indicate that, generally, soil fertility is a more limiting factor than water, but both CND norms and boundary line analysis showed that expected yield gaps seem to be high for plant density due to low inherent soil fertility. Partial nutrient balances provide a first order magnitude of nutrient depletion. Nutrient mining is significant, particularly for K. The current extraction rates will not allow farmers to sustain their yields, and options should be developed to improve the productivity of EAH banana cropping systems. The limited availability of manure and inorganic fertilizers is a real threat to the food and income security role that banana production plays in smallholder systems. In summary, the results from this study suggest the optimal density for bananas depends on water availability, soil fertility and cultivar. The agronomic optimal plant density is lower (< 4444 plants ha-1) in low rainfall (< 1000 mm yr-1) and less fertile areas, but seems to be higher (> 5000 plants ha-1) in areas with high fertility, which receive high rainfall (> 1300 mm yr-1). Improved plant density management can serve as an important entry point for resource poor farmers to maximize yield potential of EAH bananas in the various production zones. Blanket density recommendations do not make sense. While farmers can significantly improve their banana production, increased densities will put significant additional stress on limited nutrient resources, and region-specific integrated soil fertility recommendations should be developed and adopted to ensure sustained improvements of banana production and smallholder livelihoods. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

PhD (Agriculture) / Department of Food Science

Orientador: Luciana Francisco Fleuri / Resumo: Resíduos e subprodutos agroindustriais são extensivamente estudados a fim de se reaproveitar seu potencial biológico e agregar valor. A fermentação em estado sólido (FES) é uma das formas de utilizar estes resíduos e subprodutos para obtenção de enzimas, como as proteases. Este trabalho objetivou estudar a produção de proteases fúngicas por FES utilizando farelo de soja e farinhas de banana, caracterizar bioquimicamente as proteases mais promissoras e, por fim, aplicar na hidrólise da farinha de grilo (Gryllus assimilis), avaliando os produtos de hidrólise. O estudo da composição do meio de cultivo foi conduzido através de um delineamento experimental, o planejamento de misturas, para definir a proporção ótima de parte sólida dos substratos de fermentação. Posteriormente, realizou-se a cinética de produção de protease por FES, a caracterização bioquímica das proteases mais promissoras quanto ao pH e temperatura ótimos de atuação, bem como a influência de íons metálicos e L-cisteína em diferentes concentrações. Por meio de relargagem (salting-out), fez-se a purificação parcial das enzimas, seguida de diálise e liofilização, para então serem aplicadas na hidrólise da farinha de grilo. O fator de hidrólise, a atividade antioxidante e o perfil eletroforético dos produtos de hidrólise foram avaliados. O planejamento de misturas resultou em duas proporções com altas atividades proteolíticas, 50 % de farelo de soja (FS) e 50 % de farinha de casca de banana madura (FCBM) e um terço d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Agro-industrial waste and by-products are extensively studied aiming to add value and explore their full biological potential. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a technique that use agro-industrial waste and by-products and may be used to obtain enzymes, such as proteases. This study aimed to produce fungal proteases by SSF using soybean bran and banana flours as substrate, characterize biochemically and apply most promising proteases to hydrolysis of cricket flour (Gryllus assimilis), and evaluate the hydrolysis products. The composition of the culture medium was evaluated through an experimental design to define the optimal proportion of solid part of the fermentation substrates. Subsequently, the protease production kinetics were performed by SSF, the most promising proteases were characterized biochemically according to the optimal pH and temperature, as well as according to the influence of metal ions and L-cysteine ​​in different concentrations. Proteases were partially purified by salting-out, followed by dialysis and lyophilization and applied in hydrolysis of the cricket flour. The hydrolysis factor, the antioxidant activity and the electrophoretic profile of the hydrolysis products were evaluated. The mixture design resulted in two combinations with high proteolytic activities, 50% soybean bran (SB) and 50% ripe banana peel flour (RBPF) and one third of each component (soybean bran, ripe banana peel flour and green banana flour) for the microorganisms Trichoderma ko... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Leaf diseases are an integral part of banana production. While currently not a cause for major concern in South Africa, many of these diseases van reach epidemic proportions and cause severe crop loss. To determine the present status of leaf diseases in South Africa, a survey was conducted in the five banana-growing regions of the country. The study indicated the following: Yello Sigatoka, caused by Mycosphaerella musicola was the most prevalent disease and occurred in all five the regions. Mycosphaerella speckle and Cordana leaf spot, caused by M. musae and Cornana musae respectively, were present in four regions. Cladosporium speckle, caused by Cladosporium musae, was found only in the Levubu area. Various other fungi, mainly saprobes and endophytes, were also isolated. The most commonly encountered species included Alternaria alternate, Colletrichum gloeosporioides, Nigrospora oryzae, N. sacchari, N. Spaerica, Pestalotiopsis sp., Phoma glomerata, Selenophoma asterina and S. juncea. Following morphological identification of the pathogenic species, monoconidial isolates were established from representative isolates of each and their virulence confirmed in artificial inoculation studies. The identity of M. musciola and Cladosporium musae was verified molecularly by means of species-specific primers and/or sequencing of the ITS region. Validation of the identity of Cladosporium musae constitutes the first report of Cladosporium speckle on banana in South Africa. Sequence data of the ITS region of isolates from Mycospaerella speckle lesions indicated that the symptoms are caused by two species, M. musae and one closely related to M. colombiensis, the latter previously described only from lesions on leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla in Colombia. / Dissertation (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

The aim with this master thesis was to investigate the potential of using non-wood fibers to enhance the paper strength. Abaca, sisal and banana fibers were added to conventional bleached chemical softwood pulp. The effect of refining was investigated, both as co-refining and as separate refining. The fiber properties were determined with a Fiber Tester and the drainage resistance was determined with Schopper-Riegler. Density, tensile index, tear index and burst index were determined on paper sheets made in a Rapid-Köthen sheet former. The results showed that abaca had longer fiber length than softwood, while sisal had slightly shorter fiber length compared with softwood. Sheet density was lowered with addition of all three fiber types, while the drainage resistance was increased for the same. It was also observed that the tensile index increased with additions of abaca, while additions of sisal and banana fibers gave lower tensile indexes. The same trend was observed for the tear index and burst index. Refining gave higher values of the drainage resistance, density, tensile index and burst index. However, the tear index was affected differently depending on the fiber type and fiber blend. For sisal and banana fibers, the tear index was first increased at lower refining degrees and were thereafter decreased with further refining. When studying abaca and softwood, a declining trend was observed over the entire refining interval. The conclusion was that addition of abaca fibers increased all investigated strength properties. Sisal and banana fibers gave higher values of the tear strength, when exposed to mild refining.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第17839号 / 地博第157号 / 新制||地||53(附属図書館) / 30654 / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 繁男, 教授 河野 泰之, 准教授 竹田 晋也, 准教授 古澤 拓郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Two container production studies (nursery area and greenhouse) and a landscape performance study to evaluate bananas and cannas were performed at R. R. Foil Plant Science Research Center on the campus of Mississippi State University. Previous reports determined that there is greater need of K2O fertilization in addition to N for tropical monocot nutrition. Contradictory to previous cultural recommendations for landscapes, it was determined that a N:K2O ratio is not significant for container production of Musa, Ensete, and Canna in pine bark substrate. Nitrogen rate was the most significant variable in the containerized production of Musa, Ensete, and Canna. The purpose of the landscape performance study was to evaluate six cultivars of bananas for growth and cold hardiness. The three cultivars of bananas trialed which showed the greatest cold tolerance and vigor were Musa basjoo, Musella lasiocarpa, and Musa balbisiana ‘Thai Black’.

Banana holes are a common karst feature of The Bahamas and several theories have been presented to explain their origin. The current model for banana hole formation places their dissolution at the mixing zone at the top of the fresh water lens. This theory is based on the observation that banana holes are often found in the interior of islands, far from the dissolutionally aggressive fresh water lens margin. This study proposes that banana holes form at the lens margin as it follows a prograding strandplain. Spatial observations show that banana holes appear to be associated with low inland ridges and their orientation appears to correlate with features found on modern shorelines. Bedding features such as herringbone cross beds and back-beach rubble found in banana hole wall rock point to a progradational environment of deposition for banana hole host rock.