Orientadores: Florencia Cecilia Menegalli, Delia Rita Tapia Blácido / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T05:16:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndradeMahecha_MargaritaMaria_D.pdf: 4721286 bytes, checksum: d81a0051c1f91a999e9ea8c3e9fe0b20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Robert E. Lyons, Dept. of Plant & Soil Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientadores: Florencia Cecilia Menegalli, Delia Rita Tapia Blacido / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T13:43:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndradeMahecha_MargaritaMaria_M.pdf: 13503554 bytes, checksum: 744c46669728d982aa8ab0cda3d79f8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O interesse em filmes biodegradavéis éuma tendência mundial que tem aumentado de modo significativo nos ?timos anos motivando assim, estudos relacionados com o desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes a base de macromoléculas naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar biofilmes a partir de farinha de biri (Canna indica L.) e avaliar o efeito de quatro variaveis de processo: concentração de glicerol (15 ¿ 35%), temperatura de processo (70 ¿90 °C), temperatura de secagem (35 ¿ 55 °C) e umidade relativa de secagem (30 ¿ 70%) sobre as propriedades mecânicas (força, deformação, tensão, elongação e módulo secante), ópticas (cor, brilho e opacidade) e a solubilidade em água dos biofilmes. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, foram obtidos farinha e amido a partir de rizomas de biri cultivados no estado de São Paulo (Brasil). Estes materiais foram caracterizados quanto à composição centesimal, propriedades físicas e térmicas, análiise de microestrutura por microscopía eletrica de varredura (MEV), distribuição de tamanho dos grânulos de amido e análise estrutural por espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho (FTIR). Numa segunda etapa, filmes a partir de farinha de biri foram elaborados segundo um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional 24 (DCCR). Os resultados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente empregando a metodologia de superfície de resposta (RSM) que juntamente com a função de desejabilidade (D) permitiu a obtenção das condiçoes de processo ótimas (concentração de glicerol de 17%, temperatura de processo de 90 °C, temperatura de secagem de 44,8 °C e umidade relativa de 36,4%). Nas condições ótimas os biofilmes apresentaram altos valores de resistência mecânica (7,0 MPa), baixa solubilidade (38,3%) e valores de elongação satisfatórios (14,6%). Na útima etapa do trabalho, foram elaborados biofilmes de farinha e de amido de biri para determinar o efeito das fibras, proteínas e lipídios sobre as propriedades dos filmes de farinha. Os biofilmes foram caracterizados com base em suas propriedades mecânicas, ópticas, microestrutura e analise estrutural por MEV e FTIR. Os biofilmes de farinha apresentaram maior flexibilidade em termos de elonga?o (14,6%), maior permeabilidade ao vapor de ?ua (5,3 ?0,2 x 10 ¿10 g.m/m2.h.Pa) e menor resistência mecânica e rigidez (7,0 N e 231,7 MPa) quando comparados com os biofilmes de amido de biri (1,4%; 18,6 N; 1772 MPa e 3,2 ± 0,01 x 10 -10 g.m/m2.h.Pa, respectivamente). A partir das análiises MEV, observouse que os biofilmes de farinha apresentaram imperfeições na sua superfície e uma seção transversal menos densa e com pequenas fissuras quando comparados com os biofilmes de amido. Os espectros de FTIR evidenciaram a presença De grupos OH, CH2 e amida III em ambos os biofilmes enquanto que o grupo amida I só foi evidenciado nos filmes de farinha. Em relação às propriedades ópticas, os filmes de farinha apresentaram cor amarelada enquanto que os filmes de amido apresentaram-se mais claros e menos opacos / Abstract: The focus in biodegradable films is a global trend and has received a significant attention in recent years, thus motivating studies related to the development and characterization of films based on natural macromolecules. The objective of this study is to develop edible films from biri flour (Canna indica L.) and evaluate the effect of four process variables: glycerol concentration (15 - 35%), process temperature (70 - 90 °C), drying temperature (35 ¿ 55 °C) and drying air relative humidity (30 ¿ 70%), on both mechanical (puncture force, deformation, tensile strength, elongation at break and secant modulus), and optical (color, brightness and opacity ) properties, as well as on water solubility of films. In the first stage of this work, flour and starch were obtained from rhizomes of biri cultivated in the S? Paulo State (Brazil). The evaluation of such materials dealt with proximate chemical composition, physical and thermal properties, microstructural analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), size distribution of starch granules and structural analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. On the second stage, edible films from the biri flour were prepared according to a Central Composite Rotational Design 24 (CCRD). The results were statistically analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM), which along with the desirability function (D) allowed to obtain the optimum process conditions (17% for glycerol concentration, 90 °C for process temperature, 44,8 °C for drying temperature and 36,4% for air drying relative humidity). In optimum conditions the films showed high values of tensile strength (7,0 MPa), low solubility (38,3%) and satisfactory values of elongation at break (14,6%). On the last stage of this work, the films were prepared from flour and starch biri in order to determine the effect of fiber, protein and fat on the properties of the flour biofilms. The films were characterized based on their mechanical and optical properties, microstructure and structural analysis by means of SEM and FTIR. The results showed that flour films have greater flexibility in terms of elongation at break (14,6%), high water vapor permeability (5,3 ?0,2 x 10 -10 g.m/m2.h.Pa) and lower tensile strength and secant modulus (7,0 N and 231,7 MPa) when compared with the starch films (1,4%; 18,6 N; 1772 MPa and 3,2 ?0,01 x 10 -10 g.m/m2.h.Pa respectively). From SEM analysis it was observed that the flour films have flaws in its surface and a cross section less dense, with small cracks compared with the starch films. FTIR spectra showed presence of OH groups, CH2 and amide III in both films, while the amide group I was only observed in flour film. Optical properties showed that the flour films were yellowish while the starch films were clearer and less opaque / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Canna edulis, une plante amylacée pluriannuelle, de la famille Cannaceae, originaire d'Amérique du Sud, accumule de l'amidon dans son rhizome. L'objectif des travaux de thèse est d'étudier la culture du Canna à La Réunion en fonction des conditions pédoclimatiques et des saisons avec caractérisation de la qualité des rhizomes selon ses stades de développements. Sept parcelles expérimentales sont suivies sur deux sites contrastés : la Plaine des Palmistes et Bassin Plat. Tout au long de la croissance des plants, des données sont enregistrées sur la qualité des sols, la pluviométrie, les températures moyennes, et le rayonnement pour caractériser les sites. Des indicateurs de stades de développements sont suivis pour informer de l'état de maturité des plants et évaluer l'effet des conditions pédoclimatiques sur leur développement. Des échantillonnages réguliers sont réalisés pour caractériser le développement et la composition des rhizomes mais également les propriétés technologiques et intérêts nutritionnels en fonction de leurs maturités. C'est ainsi que des dosages d’amidons, de sucres libres, en lien avec la viscosité et la gélatinisation, de même que les teneurs en composés phénoliques et leur activité antioxydantes, ont été évalués sur plusieurs types de produits intermédiaires : rhizomes lyophilisés, amidons ou fibres alimentaires. Outre son caractère innovant dans le domaine des procédés d'extraction d’amidon à forte valeur ajoutée, la particularité de ce travail de thèse réside dans le fait qu'il s'inscrit dans le cadre plus vaste de mise en place de la filière Canna et de sa valorisation agronomique, technologique et nutritionnelle. / Canna edulis, is a multiannual plant, from the Cannaceae family, originating from South America, that accumulate starch in its rhizome. This thesis work aims to study Canna’s culture on Réunion Island depending on soil, climate and season specificities using rhizome quality changes depending on the plants development stages. Seven experimental crops were followed at two contrasted sites: La Plaine des Palmistes and Bassin Plat. During plant growth, soil quality, rain, mean temperatures and solar radiation data were collected in order to characterize the planting locations. Development stage indicators were monitored to enlighten plants maturity status and evaluate soil and climate effects on their development. Regular samplings were scheduled to characterize the rhizomes development and composition but also their technological properties and nutritional interests as influenced by their maturity. Thus, starch, free sugars, viscosity, gel formation properties as well as phenolics contents and their antioxidant activities were evaluated on several intermediate products namely freeze-dried rhizomes, starches and dietary fibers. Besides its innovative nature on the high-valued starch extraction process field, this thesis particularity relies on the fact that it is integrated in the wide project of Canna culture settlement and its agronomic, technologic and nutritional enhancement.

Swine wastewater is one of the major pollutions in Taiwan. The abundant nutrition and organic matters in it may lead eutrophication of water body. Meanwhile, the low dissolved oxygen level and high suspended solids concentration may also make it more difficult to handle the wastewater treatment. At present facility of swine wastewater in Taiwan is the three-process treatment which includes the solid-liquid separation, anaerobic digestion, and activated sludge system. Even though the three-process treatment is widely used, the efficiency of sediment and filter effectively to remove the nutrition, e.g., ammonia and phosphate is still in question. On the other hand, the activated sludge system is a difficult technique that the swine farmers can¡¦t easily to operate. Based on these reasons, an efficient swine wastewater treatment process should be established. In this study, we replace the activated sludge system in three-process treatment with the horizontal biofilter (HBF) and subsurface system constructed wetland (SFSCW) to assess the practicability of improving the traditional process. HBF is a fix-biofilm system which is superior to the suspended growth of activated sludge system by its simple operation and no need to return the sludge from the final clarifier. Porosity in the gravel of SFSCW and the root zone of Canna indica can also help to remove the nutrients from the outflow of HBF. The tested HRT (hydraulic retention time) has been controlled at about 30 hours and results show that SS, BOD and COD removal efficiencies as 84.07%, 86.48%, and 68.45%, respectively. HBF and SFSCW provided approximate 70~80% and 10~20% removal efficiencies, respectively. This design of combining HBF and SFSCW system has high potential to treat the swine wastewater, and adding the backwash unit may further facilitate the operation in the future.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Two container production studies (nursery area and greenhouse) and a landscape performance study to evaluate bananas and cannas were performed at R. R. Foil Plant Science Research Center on the campus of Mississippi State University. Previous reports determined that there is greater need of K2O fertilization in addition to N for tropical monocot nutrition. Contradictory to previous cultural recommendations for landscapes, it was determined that a N:K2O ratio is not significant for container production of Musa, Ensete, and Canna in pine bark substrate. Nitrogen rate was the most significant variable in the containerized production of Musa, Ensete, and Canna. The purpose of the landscape performance study was to evaluate six cultivars of bananas for growth and cold hardiness. The three cultivars of bananas trialed which showed the greatest cold tolerance and vigor were Musa basjoo, Musella lasiocarpa, and Musa balbisiana ‘Thai Black’.

O presente trabalho tem por principal objetivo analisar se a responsabilidade administrativa pela queima irregular de palha de cana-de-açúcar tem caráter objetivo (como a responsabilidade civil por dano ambiental), subjetivo (como a responsabilidade por crime ambiental) ou é uma categoria sui generis. Paralelamente também visa aferir quais seriam os pressupostos para a caracterização da responsabilidade por se beneficiar de queima irregular e quais seriam as penalidades aplicáveis às infrações de provocar queima irregular e se beneficiar de queima irregular. Para isso, o trabalho percorre quatro grandes etapas. Na primeira, busca-se desvendar a natureza jurídica da responsabilidade administrativa ambiental, com base no exame da Constituição de 1988 e da legislação federal. Na segunda, passa-se a estudar como está estruturada, na legislação do Estado de São Paulo, a responsabilidade administrativa por provocar queima irregular de palha de cana-de-açúcar e por se beneficiar desta infração. Na terceira, faz-se uma exposição de julgamentos de casos reais envolvendo suposto episódio queima irregular. Nessa fase, primeiramente, são abordadas decisões proferidas pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo CETESB e pela Polícia Militar Ambiental em processos administrativos instaurados em virtude da lavratura de autos de infração por provocar queima irregular de palha de cana-de-açúcar, por se beneficiar de queima irregular ou por provocar queima de vegetação nativa (em circunstâncias relacionadas a suposta operação de queima controlada de cana). Após, são descritos acórdãos da 1ª e da 2ª Câmara Reservada ao Meio Ambiente do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo (TJSP) que versam sobre responsabilidade administrativa por queima irregular de palha e por se beneficiar desta. Finalmente, na última parte, a autora faz algumas observações e considerações críticas sobre o conjunto de decisões exposto. / The present work has as its main objective to answer whether the administrative liability for the irregular firing of sugarcane straw and by benefiting from this infraction has objective (as the civil liability by environmental damage), subjective (as the liability by environmental crime) character, or it is a sui generis category. At the same time, it has the objectives to verify how can be characterized the administrative liability by benefiting from irregular firing of sugarcane straw and to search what are the penalties for this infraction. In this regard, the work covers four major stages. In the first, the aim is to unravel the legal nature of the environmental administrative liability, based on the examination of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution and the federal legislation. In the second, we shift to study how it is structured, under the legislation of the State of Sao Paulo, the administrative liability for the irregular firing of sugarcane straw and by benefiting from this infraction. In the third, it is an exhibition of trials of actual cases involving alleged irregular firing episode. In this stage, first of all, are dealt with the decisions issued by the Environmental Company of the State of Sao Paulo (CETESB, in its Brazilian abbreviation) and by the Environmental Military Police in the administrative procedures initiated due to the transcription of the infringement acts by cause irregular sugarcane straw firing, by benefiting from irregular firing or by cause native vegetation firing, in circumstances related to the alleged operation of controlled sugarcane firing. After, are described the judgments of the 1st and 2nd Reserved House for the Environment of the Court of Justice of the State of Sao Paulo (TJSP, in its Brazilian abbreviation) that deal with the administrative liability for infractions of cause of irregular sugarcane straw firing and benefiting from this. Finally, in the last section, the author writes some notes and critical considerations on the set of exposed decisions.

[Truncated abstract] The use of constructed wetlands for tertiary purification of municipal wastewater has received increasing attention around the world because direct discharge of secondary-treated municipal wastewater to water bodies has caused eutrophication. Plant species selection and vegetation management may enhance nutrient removal efficiency in constructed wetlands. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the relations between plant growth and nutrient removal efficiency in constructed wetlands. The objective of this study is to better understand how plant growth and resource allocation are influenced by nutrients in wastewater and how nutrient removal efficiencies are affected by plant species and vegetation management. The preliminary experiment was conducted to select macrophytes, especially ornamental species, to grow in the wastewater in the wetland microcosms. Ten plant species, comprising six ornamental species: Alocasia macrorrhiza, Canna indica, Iris louisiana, Lythrum sp., Zantedeschia aethiopica, Zantedeschia sp., and four sedge species: Baumea articulate, Baumea juncea, Carex tereticaulis and Schoenoplectus validus, were planted in the wetland microcosms and fed a simulated wastewater solution in the concentrations similar to the secondary-treated municipal wastewater. C. indica has shown vigorous and healthy growth, and a relatively high potential of rooting-zone aeration and nutrient removal efficiency. B. articulata and S. validus also showed relatively high nutrient removal efficiency. ... The high nutrient availability and optimum N/P ratio were required for stimulating plant growth, resulting in allocation of more resources to above-ground tissues compared to below-ground parts, and enhancing nutrient removal efficiency. Nutrient removal efficiencies were significantly influenced by growth of C. indica and S. validus, nutrient loading rates and N/P ratios in the wastewater. The nutrient uptake kinetics of C. indica and S. validus were investigated to elucidate the differences in nutrient uptake between species. Wetland plant species have shown differential nutrient uptake efficiency and different preferences for inorganic N source, with C. indica preferring NO3-N and S. validus preferring NH4-N. C. indica had greater capacity than S. validus to take up PO4-P when the concentration of PO4-P in the solution was relatively low, whereas S. validus was more capable than C. indica to take up NO3-N when the concentration of NO3-N in the solution was relatively low. The PO4-P uptake capacity was higher in younger than older plants. Overall, the study has suggested that different plant species have differential capacity to take up nutrients. In addition to nutrient uptake, plants have significant other roles in terms of nutrient removal from the wastewater (such as leaking oxygen into the rhizosphere in which oxidation of substances like ammonia can occur). The properly high nutrient availability and optimum N/P ratio are required to stimulate the plant growth, resulting in enhancing the treatment performance in the wetlands. These findings have important implications for improving our ability to engineer ecological solutions to the problems associated with nutrient-rich wastewater.