The central question I address is whether the inclusion of a right to subsistence among human rights can be justified. The human right to subsistence is conventionally interpreted as a fundamental right to a basic living standard characterized as having access to the material means for subsistence. It is widely thought to entail duties of protection against deprivation and duties of assistance in acquiring access to the material means for subsistence (Shue 1996, Nickel, 2004, Griffin 2008). The inclusion of a right to subsistence among human rights interpreted in this way has been met with considerable resistance, particularly on the part of those who argue that fundamental rights cannot entail positive duties (Cranston 1983, Narveson 2004, O’Neill 1996, 2000, 2005). My purpose in this dissertation is to consider whether a plausible interpretation of the human right to subsistence can succeed in overcoming the most forceful and persistent objections to it. My main thesis is that a minimal interpretation of the human right to subsistence according to which it is a right not to be deprived of access to the means for subsistence provides the strongest interpretation of this right. Although the idea that the human right to subsistence correlates with negative duties is not new, discussion of these duties has been overshadowed in the literature by debate over the positive duties conventionally thought to be entailed by it. I show that the human right to subsistence interpreted as a right not to be deprived of access to the means for subsistence makes an important contribution to reasoning about the normative implications of global poverty.

Need is a concept that carries intuitive appeal in moral decision-making. As it stands, need is relatively under-theorised, given its currency not just in philosophical argumentation but in news coverage, charitable appeals, and political practice. Need claims carry compelling normative force, and they are amenable to widespread support as our most basic needs are some of the things we most transparently share with our fellow human beings. However, how should we understand that normative force? Is need best understood to compel us as a matter of justice? I begin my account by considering the kind of need relevant to the project. I build from an understanding of need as a three-place relation, which is by its nature needing for a purpose. I suggest that morally important needs are those which aim at the objective interests that all people have in virtue of what is good for each of us qua human beings ('non-arbitrary needs'). Further, I distinguish the existentially urgent subset of those non-arbitrary needs as 'basic needs.' Given this understanding, I consider how basic needs theory relates to its conceptual neighbours. I focus on capabilities as the nearest neighbours, but also comment on wants, interests, and rights. I judge that the theories developed by Martha Nussbaum (capabilities) and Len Doyal and Ian Gough (needs) benefit from a complementary reading, with each supplementing the other. I then draw from Amartya Sen's early writings on capabilities to ultimately see capabilities and needs as two sides of the same coin. This helps to situate needs theory in relation to a mainstream branch of political theory more generally, and indicates that we can recognise the special significance of needs without eschewing other morally important categories. I then move to establish a scope of justice that allows us to distinguish between duties of justice and other moral duties. If we think that duties of beneficence are weak and optional, whereas duties of justice are binding and enforceable, a great deal rides on how we characterise our duties to the global poor. I offer a 'moral enforceability' account, claiming that duties of justice are those which are, in principle, morally enforceable. It is the in-principle enforceability of justice duties which gives them teeth. Returning to need, I then ask how another's need comes to give me a moral reason for action. I canvas a range of existing accounts, many of which furnish important insights. I then propose that it is the morally relevant capacities of the being in need which gives them moral status such that their needing is morally significant. We are morally required to answer this need with responsiveness, as a demonstration of appropriate respect for the sort of being that the human in need is. If this is right, we are morally required to be responsive to need, even if we are not always required to reduce it. Finally, I bring the diverse strands of the foregoing argument together to return to the relationship between need and justice. I consider what a duty of responsiveness might amount to in practice, and suggest that our duties of responsiveness are best thought of as collective duties, grounded in the capacity of the global well-off to contribute. Further, I argue that duties of responsiveness are a matter of justice, as they are the sort of duties that are, in principle, morally enforceable. A wide range of threats to the necessary conditions for human flourishing, and even human life, are on the horizon, and many of these are uniquely collective challenges. The seriousness of those challenges, and the extent to which we have treated our responsibilities to those in need as discretionary in the past, means collective action and problem solving are called for when there are no easy answers.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2002 / Refer to document

Syftet med studien är att erhålla ökad förståelse för hur medarbetare upplever att arbetsmotivation kan främjas och ledarens påverkan på främjandet av arbetsmotivationen. Vidare undersöks vilka faktorer som verkar  motivationsfrämjande för medarbetarna i den organisation där studien utförts samt hur väl deras arbetsmotivation främjas. Studien utgår ifrån en kvalitativ metod och det empiriska materialet har insamlats genom åtta intervjuer på medarbetarnivå. Studiens resultat visar att medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation främjas genom flera faktorer, bland annat sociala faktorer och lönen betonas. Medarbetarnas motivation främjas men skulle kunna främjas mer än vad den gör idag genom ett antal motivationsfrämjande faktorer som diskuteras. Ledaren har påverkansmöjligheter över flertalet av de faktorer som skulle kunna höja medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation. Fokus bör därför riktas mot dessa motivationsfrämjande faktorer. / The purpose of this study is to contribute to increased knowledge about how employees´ perceive that work motivation can be enhanced and the leaders’ impact on it. Furthermore the authors wish to examine which motivational factors that contribute to employees’ work motivation in the organization where the study was conducted and how well their work motivation is promoted. A qualitative method has been used to conduct this study and its material has been gathered from eight qualitative interviews with employees in the organization. The result shows that several factors contribute to the work motivation, for example the influence of social factors and the salary is stressed. The work motivation could, through a series of motivational factors, be more promoted. The manager plays an important role and can influence most of the motivational factors that are needed for enhancing the employees’ work motivation. Focus should therefore be directed towards these motivational factors.

The level of savings in South Africa has been described as dismal and on the verge of becoming an economic crisis. Household savings has declined to a level of dissavingand is therefore in need of rectification. Savings can be broken down into household, corporate and government saving. The purpose of this research is to identify measures to improve household savings in South Africa. A critical review of household savings is conducted in chapter two utilising secondary data to examine household savings, identify factors affecting savings as well as establish measures to improve household savings. The study gathers primary data from 10leading economists and financial experts located in South Africa.A qualitative study is undertaken as it helps provide intrinsic information on the thoughts and opinions of the sample group on measures to improve household savings. The research has revealed that South African households are not saving sufficiently and that there are a few key factors affecting households savings. The key factors are indentified and investigated in the literature review and further examined by the respondents for their expert opinions. The respondents have identified thathousehold savings behaviours are insufficiently contributing to savings and there is a lack of a savings culture to encourage positive savings growth. Consumers are caught up in a web of consumerism with easy access to credit as a result of financial liberalisation. These two factors have created a debt trend and left many households in a downward spiral of debt. The respondents have identified the main factors affecting households as: savings culture,financial literacy, consumerism, income levels, education and interest rates. Measures identified to improve household savings are: Tax breaks, government incentives to saving, education, budgeting as well as developing a national culture of saving. These suggestions help outline a path for government, corporations and individuals to follow in achieving greater household savings. The research has outlined measures to improve household savings and stressed that there is no one single measure to rectify the savings dilemma, but rather it is to identify and acknowledge that the savings solution lies in addressing each of the factors affecting saving with a view to improving saving as a whole. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2011.

No Brasil, a aplicação dos royalties do petróleo não é feita necessariamente de forma a gerar benfeitorias para a população da localidade que recebe o recurso. Estudos têm mostrado que as populações residentes em localidades beneficiadas pelos royalties não estão usufruindo deste recurso, sendo notórias as desigualdades sociais e os impactos no meio ambiente. O objetivo desta tese foi o de verificar se as Leis que regulam o setor do petróleo no Brasil visam a destinação dos recursos com o intuito de satisfazer as necessidades básicas das pessoas, melhorar a qualidade de vida, preservar o meio ambiente e resguardar os recursos para as gerações futuras. Para isso, foi feita uma verificação detalhada da legislação do petróleo e da aplicação de royalties no Brasil e nos cinco países grandes produtores de petróleo considerados desenvolvidos pelo IDH. Pretendeu-se investigar se as Leis que regulam o setor de petróleo nos países grandes produtores considerados desenvolvidos são voltadas para a satisfação das necessidades básicas das pessoas, preservação ambiental, gerações futuras e qualidade de vida. Foi feito um comparativo entre o conteúdo das Leis brasileiras que regulam o setor atualmente e o das Leis dos países grandes produtores para entender se existem, no modelo brasileiro, lacunas em relação aos conceitos definidos. Os resultados mostraram que conceitos como gerações futuras e qualidade de vida são pouco abordados, tanto na legislação brasileira quanto nas Leis internacionais. Foi possível observar também diferenças significativas entre os requisitos de aplicação dos royalties de algumas Leis internacionais e os das Leis brasileiras. São sugeridas modificações no modelo brasileiro. Entre elas, requerer monitoramento dos investimentos, através de um comitê com participação popular, responsabilizar as empresas pelo financiamento das pesquisas referentes a danos ambientais cometidos e a criação de um fundo para emergências ambientais. / In Brazil the petroleum royalties application not necessarily is made trying to generate better life quality for people. Some studies show that population who lives in locations that receive royalties are not facing life quality improvements. The objective of this thesis was to verify if the Brazilian laws that regulate the petroleum sector establish rules for royalties application requiring that they are used to satisfy people life necessities, improve life quality, preserve the environment and guarantee resources for future generations. To be able to to that, it was developed a detailed verification of the Braziliam petroleum legislations and the royalties process application in Brazil. It was also developed a detailed verification of the legislation of 5 countries known as important petroleum producers and considered developed nations by the IDH. It was a review to verify if the laws that regulate the petroleum sector in these coutries are designed to satisfy basic needs, to preserve the environment, the future generations and the quality of life. Brazilian laws were compared with international laws to understand if there are, in the Brazilian model, gaps related to these concepts. Results showed that concepts as future generations and quality of life are not frequently mentioned, nor in Brazilian or in international laws. It was possible to observe significant differences between royalties application requirements when comparing Brazilian and international laws. Changes are being suggested. Some examples are: create a system to monitor royalties investments through a committee with community participation; petroleum producers to be responsible for paying environmental damages that they caused and the criation of a fund for environmental emergencies.

No Brasil, a aplicação dos royalties do petróleo não é feita necessariamente de forma a gerar benfeitorias para a população da localidade que recebe o recurso. Estudos têm mostrado que as populações residentes em localidades beneficiadas pelos royalties não estão usufruindo deste recurso, sendo notórias as desigualdades sociais e os impactos no meio ambiente. O objetivo desta tese foi o de verificar se as Leis que regulam o setor do petróleo no Brasil visam a destinação dos recursos com o intuito de satisfazer as necessidades básicas das pessoas, melhorar a qualidade de vida, preservar o meio ambiente e resguardar os recursos para as gerações futuras. Para isso, foi feita uma verificação detalhada da legislação do petróleo e da aplicação de royalties no Brasil e nos cinco países grandes produtores de petróleo considerados desenvolvidos pelo IDH. Pretendeu-se investigar se as Leis que regulam o setor de petróleo nos países grandes produtores considerados desenvolvidos são voltadas para a satisfação das necessidades básicas das pessoas, preservação ambiental, gerações futuras e qualidade de vida. Foi feito um comparativo entre o conteúdo das Leis brasileiras que regulam o setor atualmente e o das Leis dos países grandes produtores para entender se existem, no modelo brasileiro, lacunas em relação aos conceitos definidos. Os resultados mostraram que conceitos como gerações futuras e qualidade de vida são pouco abordados, tanto na legislação brasileira quanto nas Leis internacionais. Foi possível observar também diferenças significativas entre os requisitos de aplicação dos royalties de algumas Leis internacionais e os das Leis brasileiras. São sugeridas modificações no modelo brasileiro. Entre elas, requerer monitoramento dos investimentos, através de um comitê com participação popular, responsabilizar as empresas pelo financiamento das pesquisas referentes a danos ambientais cometidos e a criação de um fundo para emergências ambientais. / In Brazil the petroleum royalties application not necessarily is made trying to generate better life quality for people. Some studies show that population who lives in locations that receive royalties are not facing life quality improvements. The objective of this thesis was to verify if the Brazilian laws that regulate the petroleum sector establish rules for royalties application requiring that they are used to satisfy people life necessities, improve life quality, preserve the environment and guarantee resources for future generations. To be able to to that, it was developed a detailed verification of the Braziliam petroleum legislations and the royalties process application in Brazil. It was also developed a detailed verification of the legislation of 5 countries known as important petroleum producers and considered developed nations by the IDH. It was a review to verify if the laws that regulate the petroleum sector in these coutries are designed to satisfy basic needs, to preserve the environment, the future generations and the quality of life. Brazilian laws were compared with international laws to understand if there are, in the Brazilian model, gaps related to these concepts. Results showed that concepts as future generations and quality of life are not frequently mentioned, nor in Brazilian or in international laws. It was possible to observe significant differences between royalties application requirements when comparing Brazilian and international laws. Changes are being suggested. Some examples are: create a system to monitor royalties investments through a committee with community participation; petroleum producers to be responsible for paying environmental damages that they caused and the criation of a fund for environmental emergencies.

Orientador: Marcos Lutz Muller / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T08:41:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fraga_PauloDenisarVasconcelos_M.pdf: 887433 bytes, checksum: b534bcf40324562e89f7347a6960b83f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O tema deste estudo é a teoria das necessidades (Bedürfnisse) em Marx. Analisa os Manuscritos econômico-filosóficos e, em segundo, os Cadernos de Paris, de 1844. Aborda a dialética do reconhecimento em Hegel, que resolve no Estado ético o problema das necessidades. Considera a redução da religião aos desejos e necessidades humanas em Feuerbach, que repercute na migração de Marx do idealismo ativo para o materialismo. Marx recusa a eficácia social do Estado e chega à crítica da economia política. Demanda uma nova formulação teórica, urdida numa analítica do ser social, onde tematiza as necessidades, que compõem um dos fundamentos do seu novo materialismo. A riqueza das necessidades elevasse a pressuposto lógico da crítica nos Manuscritos. A idéia de uma comunidade humana emancipada nega, dialeticamente, a sua negação pelo trabalho estranhado. Afirma-se uma nova relação dos homens com a natureza e dos homens entre si, onde os mesmos não mais se reúnam exteriormente, mas internamente, pela riqueza de suas necessidades / Abstract: This study is about the theory of needs (Bedürfnisse) in Marx. It analyses the Economic and philosophic manuscripts, according to ¿Pariser Hefte¿ in 1844. It approaches the recognition dialectics in Hegel, which solves in Ethic State the problem of needs. It considers the reduction of religion to wishes and human needs in Feuerbach, which reverberates in Marx migration from active idealism to materialism. Marx refuses the social efficiency of the State and reaches the critics on political economy. It requires then a new theoretical change built in an analytical of social being, where it brings the needs that compound the new materialism basements. The enrichment of these needs rises to the logic presupposed of the Manuscripts critics. The idea of an emancipated human community denies, dialectically, its denying for the estranged work. It is affirmed a new relationship of men with the nature and men among themselves, where the same do not join themselves exteriorly, but inner for the enrichment of their needs / Mestrado / Mestre em Filosofia

This study commences with an overview of the concept “quality of life” as perceived from a developmental point of view. The study focuses on the current measures of the improvements in quality of life which operate at different measurement levels. Most of the measures are economic in nature like household income and income per capita, gross domestic product (GDP) and Gross national product (GNP) (Todaro, 1997). Other quantitative measures considered by the current study include measures of wealth particularly the Living standards measurement (LSM) by the South African advertising and research foundation (SAARF), Consumer confidence index (CCI), Index of economic well-being and the Human Development index (HDI) among others (Hagerty et al., 2001). A household-based measure using nominal level data, the LSM in particular tracks improvements in household wealth (as opposed to household income) through changes in household possession of durable items. Subjective measures of quality of life and changes in life satisfaction are looked at by the current study, including studies by Erikson (1993), Moller (1987, 1996, 1997) and, the wellbeing measures by Diener and Suh (1997) amongst others. Quality of life however, is not just about money as economics might have it portrayed. It is not just about how individuals feel because, according to Diener and Suh (1997), feelings are in most cases a response to external influences. Quality of life is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon which needs to be viewed holistically. As a result this study embarked on developing a measure of quality of life (a quality of life index) using household data pertaining to socio-economic aspects. The level of measurement for the data is ordinal. Operatinalised at household level, the measure was intended to analyse changes in household quality of life (QOL) between 1996 and 1999. Data for October household surveys for the period 1999-1996 was used in the study. The analysis focused on changes in household access to selected indicators of quality of life. The study applied cluster analysis to group households accessing similar QOL indicators into QOL groups. Identifying the indicator or indicators which differentiate the QOL conditions among QOL groups was achieved through the use of discriminant function analysis. The entire array of QOL groups or clusters from a particular set of data (OHS 1996-OHS1999) constituted the QOL index. The main findings of this study are that broadly, there has been an improvement in household quality of life (QOL), basing on the developed measure of quality of life. This is revealed by an increase in the number of clusters of households or QOL groups from five in 1996 to eight in 1999. The study attributes the increase in QOL groups to an increase in households’ ability to access the selected QOL indicators. In spite of the increase in the number of QOL clusters, the study finds that proportionally fewer households are found in the QOL groups with better material living conditions (i.e. measurable QOL) than otherwise. This is contrary to the expected pattern in development terms based on empirical evidence in South Africa (see SAARF, 2002; SAARF, 2004; Stats SA, 1996; Stats SA, 2001; Stats SA, 2004). The study also finds that female headed households are generally predominant in groups with poor QOL. Discriminant function analysis results highlight access to toilet, refuse disposal services and water source as discriminant indicators in addition to Highest level of education completed by a household head and, Employment status of household head, among others. The latter consistently differentiate between groups of households throughout the reference period except in 1999. Findings relating to the influence of household material conditions on perceived quality of life show that proportionately more households in groups with the better access to the selected QOL indicators being satisfied with life than otherwise. A point worthy noting is the consistency in the proportions of households which felt that things had not changed after all, irrespective of the groups’ ranks, throughout the reference period. The key conclusion drawn from these findings is that low levels of education and employment status among household heads strongly influence household quality of life. These two indicators have been found to consistently differentiate the QOL conditions among the QOL groups that emerged. Groups on the poor side of the QOL index are characterized by high unemployment, illiteracy and dysfunctional levels of education for most household heads therein. Most households belonging to the poorest QOL groups are rural-based (found in Eastern Cape, Limpopo, Kwazulu Natal and Mpumalanga), with poor access to basic services identified under discriminant function analysis. The situation is likely to be complicated by the existence of substantial proportions of households headed by people aged 15-19 identified in this study. This needs to be taken seriously particularly in the current era of the HIV/AIDS pandemic (see HSRC, 2002; Rosa, 2003). The study’s findings have revealed that poor QOL among households is not related to the sex of the household head. Although female headed households are predominant in groups of households with poor QOL conditions, adjacent to such groups are households in groups with almost equally poor living conditions the majority of which are males-headed. What is needed therefore is a holistic focus on the factors that impede households’ ability to sustain better living conditions. Most of the study’s recommendations reinforce initiatives which are being undertaken in the development agenda. For instance the need to improve people’s level of education does not need any more emphasis given the study’s results. Sustaining improved household QOL will require households to have a capability of meeting their needs. Successful completion of education – tertiary as opposed to functional literacy- opens channels for households to lead a better life. Achieving this level of education requires time, which from a demographic point of view, most of the currently uneducated household heads may not have. While much has been done in enabling households to access basic services like housing, electricity and water, payment for such services remains the responsibility of individual households. Inability to pay for services – due to unemployment and lack of education-will just perpetuate household dependency on social grants. It is also recommended that in-depth qualitative studies be undertaken to establish the apparent consistent gap between objective living conditions and subjective life satisfaction among households if realistic policy objectives are to be achieved. The study recommends a further application of the formulated QOL index particularly on current data with similar indicators. A more rigorous thinking around the weighting of individual QOL indicators will iron out the inconsistencies observed in the study’s results. This will provide an opportunity to standardise the indicators, update the results of the QOL index while enhancing triangulation at the same time. / Thesis (DPhil(Sociology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Sociology / DPhil / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Patientbesöken på svenska akutmottagningar har minskat men väntetider har ökat. Systemet triage används av sjuksköterskor för att prioritera patienter med utifrån deras anamnes och symtom. En god vårdmiljö, regelbunden kommunikation, information, ökad delaktighet och personcentrerad vård kan minska uppkomsten av vårdlidande för patienter som sökt vård på svenska akutmottagningar. Syftet: Syftet var att belysa hur det är att vara patient under väntetiden på svensk akutmottagning. Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt som är baserad på tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ metod. Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier mötet med sjuksköterskan, faktorer som påverkar upplevelsen, konsekvenser av bristande vård. Sex underkategorier positiva erfarenheter, negativaerfarenheter, vårdmiljöns inverkan, grundläggande behov, utsatthet och sårbarhet samt situationen accepteras. Diskussion: I diskussionen redogör författarna patientersupplevelser från akutmottagningen. Det diskuterades kring tre begrepp personcentrerad vård, vårdlidande och delaktighet. Konklusion: Det framkom att när grundläggande behov blev tillgodosedda, information gavs och när sjuksköterskan gav bekräftelse kunde delaktigheten öka och vårdlidande förhindras. / Background: Patient visits at Swedish emergency departments have decreased, but waitingtimes has increased. The triage system is used by nurses to prioritize patients based on their health background and symptoms. A good care environment, regular communication, information, increased participation and person-centered care can reduce the incidence of caregiving for patients who have sought care at Swedish emergency departments. Aim: The aim of this study was to illustrate what it is like to be a patient under waiting time at a Swedish emergency department. Method: This study is a literature review based on ten scientific articles with a qualitative method. Results: Three main categories of meeting with the nurse, factors affecting the experience, consequences of inadequate care. Six subcategories of positive experiences, negative experiences, the impact of the care environment, basic needs, exposure and vulnerability and situation is accepted. Discussion: In the discussion, the authors emphasize patients’ experiences from the emergency department. It was discussed around three concepts person-centered care, caregiving and participation. Conclusion: It emerged that when basic needs were met, information was provided and when the nurse gave confirmation, participation increased, and care sufferers could be prevented.