This doctoral dissertation deals generally with the reform of the Chinese (Mainland) foreign banking law in the context of the international convergence of supervisory standards. The starting premise is that the current foreign banking laws are out of line with international supervisory standards and practices in various fundamental respects. Moreover, the Chinese legislators and bank supervisors lack a meaningful appreciation and practical cultivation of commonly accepted supervisory values. These realities have underscored the importance of overhauling the foreign banking laws. The overarching thesis of this dissertation is that for China to develop a viable and modern banking system, it will need to develop and to implant a suitable legal infrastructure consistent with emerging international supervisory standards and with WTO requirements and aspirations for financial sector liberalization. On this vein, I propose a set of reforms that would create a legal environment for competitive equality between foreign banks, while at the same time protecting the "safety and soundness" of the Chinese banking system. I start by looking at the entry of foreign banks into the Chinese market. My major proposal, in this respect, is that the Chinese foreign banking law should clearly specify mandatory and discretionary licensing criteria. Since the licensing of a foreign bank is a process of mutual cooperation between Chinese and foreign supervisors, I recommend that the foreign banking law should incorporate into the licensing process the negotiation of a supervisory agreement between Chinese and foreign supervisors. I then examine the on-going regulation of foreign banks. In this respect, I propose that foreign banks should have autonomy to determine the adequacy of capital, liquidity and provisioning, although some quantitative prescriptions are still necessary. I suggest further that the foreign banking law should introduce risk-focused supervision. I also propose that bank supervisors should play an important role in ensuring that foreign banks establish sound bank management and public disclosure. Finally, I consider foreign bank crisis management. I propose that the Chinese foreign banking law should establish a joint responsibility of China and foreign countries on "lending of last resort" functions. Foreign banks should be required to participate in China's or their own countries' deposit insurance schemes. I also advocate a rule-based approach to foreign bank failure resolution in order to reduce traditional strong political pressure on the Chinese supervisors when they deal with bank failures. In sum, this dissertation conducts a critical examination of the current Chinese foreign banking laws vis-a-vis an analysis of compatibility with international standards and practices. The end result of this research is a number of considered recommendations for legal reform that I think should improve significantly the CUlJ'ent Chinese foreign banking laws.

O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é estudar a adequação de capital em bancos, com ênfase na implementação das regras do Acordo da Basiléia no sistema financeiro do Brasil. Mesmo tratando-se de pesquisa de natureza acadêmica, na qual nos preocupamos em ressaltar os pontos de vista de diversos autores sobre os principais conceitos relacionados com o assunto, tais como, Capital, Risco, Insolvência e Desregulamentação, não nos furtamos em fornecer uma visão prática das medidas necessárias à implementação do Acordo da Basiléia nos bancos brasileiros, a partir da entrada em vigor da Resolução nº 2099, do Conselho Monetário Nacional. Realizamos, também, um estudo crítico dos principais pontos constantes do Acordo da Basiléia, tecendo comentários a respeito dos aspectos que julgamos mais relevantes e relacionando-os com a realidade do mercado financeiro brasileiro. Apresentamos evolução trimestral do índice de capitalização obtido de uma amostra de 10 bancos, no período de dezembro/94 a dezembro/96. Para cada um dos bancos foi feito um gráfico, que permite uma visualização adequada do grau de capitalização no período analisado. Nosso estudo constata que as medidas de prudência aplicadas pelos organismos supervisores, notadamente no que se refere ao Acordo da Basiléia, se não forem aplicadas pelos bancos observando a essência dos seus ativos de risco, pouco contribuem para se mensurar o capital mínimo necessário para absorver eventuais perdas, nem possibilitam uma divulgação dos efeitos danosos dos créditos de alto risco nos demonstrativos financeiros, necessários para a tomada de decisões dos acionistas e demais usuários. / This dissertation studies the capital adequacy of banking, giving emphasis to the implementation of rules from the Basle Accord in the Brazilian Financial System. Even though this is an academic research, in which we tried to underline many of authors\' points of view about the most important concepts related to the subjetct, such as Capital, Risk, Insolvency and Deregulation, we did not avoid a practical view of the necessary acts to implement the Basle Accord in Brazilian banks, since Resolution nº 2099, from the National Monetary Council, was put in practice. We also made a critical study about the main issues of the Basle Accord, making comments about the aspects we judged more relevant and relating them to the Brazilian financial market reality. We present a three-month evolution of the capitalization ratio, taken from a sample of 10 banks, for the period from December/94 to December/96. To each bank a chart was prepared showing the degree of capitalization in the period analyzed. Our study shows the prudent acts used by the supervision entities, specially refering to the Basle Accord. If these acts were not used by the banks observing the substance of their assets under of risk, they would not be very useful to measure their minimum capital needed to absorb eventual losses, and they would not be helpful to disclose the adverse effects from high risk credits in the financial statements such disclosure is necessary to help stockholders and other users to make their decisions.

O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é estudar a adequação de capital em bancos, com ênfase na implementação das regras do Acordo da Basiléia no sistema financeiro do Brasil. Mesmo tratando-se de pesquisa de natureza acadêmica, na qual nos preocupamos em ressaltar os pontos de vista de diversos autores sobre os principais conceitos relacionados com o assunto, tais como, Capital, Risco, Insolvência e Desregulamentação, não nos furtamos em fornecer uma visão prática das medidas necessárias à implementação do Acordo da Basiléia nos bancos brasileiros, a partir da entrada em vigor da Resolução nº 2099, do Conselho Monetário Nacional. Realizamos, também, um estudo crítico dos principais pontos constantes do Acordo da Basiléia, tecendo comentários a respeito dos aspectos que julgamos mais relevantes e relacionando-os com a realidade do mercado financeiro brasileiro. Apresentamos evolução trimestral do índice de capitalização obtido de uma amostra de 10 bancos, no período de dezembro/94 a dezembro/96. Para cada um dos bancos foi feito um gráfico, que permite uma visualização adequada do grau de capitalização no período analisado. Nosso estudo constata que as medidas de prudência aplicadas pelos organismos supervisores, notadamente no que se refere ao Acordo da Basiléia, se não forem aplicadas pelos bancos observando a essência dos seus ativos de risco, pouco contribuem para se mensurar o capital mínimo necessário para absorver eventuais perdas, nem possibilitam uma divulgação dos efeitos danosos dos créditos de alto risco nos demonstrativos financeiros, necessários para a tomada de decisões dos acionistas e demais usuários. / This dissertation studies the capital adequacy of banking, giving emphasis to the implementation of rules from the Basle Accord in the Brazilian Financial System. Even though this is an academic research, in which we tried to underline many of authors\' points of view about the most important concepts related to the subjetct, such as Capital, Risk, Insolvency and Deregulation, we did not avoid a practical view of the necessary acts to implement the Basle Accord in Brazilian banks, since Resolution nº 2099, from the National Monetary Council, was put in practice. We also made a critical study about the main issues of the Basle Accord, making comments about the aspects we judged more relevant and relating them to the Brazilian financial market reality. We present a three-month evolution of the capitalization ratio, taken from a sample of 10 banks, for the period from December/94 to December/96. To each bank a chart was prepared showing the degree of capitalization in the period analyzed. Our study shows the prudent acts used by the supervision entities, specially refering to the Basle Accord. If these acts were not used by the banks observing the substance of their assets under of risk, they would not be very useful to measure their minimum capital needed to absorb eventual losses, and they would not be helpful to disclose the adverse effects from high risk credits in the financial statements such disclosure is necessary to help stockholders and other users to make their decisions.

Pleinement en phase avec le contexte de crise financière internationale d'une part, et avec les discussions autour de la réforme de la réglementation bancaire (Bâle III) d'autre part, cette thèse met l'accent sur la notion de la discipline de marché dans le secteur bancaire, l'un des piliers du dispositif bâlois. La thèse cherche, particulièrement, à répondre à la problématique suivante : les actionnaires de la banque peuvent-ils être considérés comme acteurs de la discipline de marché ou, au contraire, comme des acteurs contrariant les objectifs des autorités réglementaires ? Par le biais de deux études empiriques menées sur un échantillon de 247 banques européennes, sur une période allant de 2004 à 2006, cette recherche a étudié les déterminants de la probabilité de défaillance des banques (en tant que mesure de risque) et le rôle disciplinaire de l'actionnaire (à travers l'impact de la charter value sur la prise de risque des banques). Les résultats de ces études montrent : (1) que le ratio de solvabilité (ratio de Bâle I et II) n'est pas un indicateur robuste de la défaillance bancaire; (2) que d'autres critères (autres que l'adéquation des fonds propres), telles que la qualité des actifs, la profitabilité ou encore la liquidité, peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la détermination de la probabilité de défaillance des banques ; (3) que la charter value permet de discipliner la prise de risque des banques, ce qui est en faveur de l'hypothèse du rôle actif des actionnaires dans la discipline de marché ; (4) que la discipline par la charter value est totalement inefficace pour les grandes banques systémiques (too big to fail). Ces résultats vont globalement dans le sens de la réforme de Bâle III qui vise, notamment, à réviser la composition des fonds propres réglementaires et à appliquer un traitement particulier aux banques systémiques. Ce travail doctoral donne lieu à une contribution théorique qui permet d'éclairer le concept de discipline de marché dans le secteur bancaire, ainsi qu'à des contributions opérationnelles sous forme de recommandations aux régulateurs et superviseurs de l'activité bancaire. / Fully in line with the international financial crisis on the one hand, and with the discussions on the reform of banking regulations issued by Basel III on the other, this thesis focuses on the concept of market discipline in the banking sector, one of the pillars of Basel accords. The thesis seeks, in particular, to answer the following question: can bank shareholders be considered as potential source of market discipline or, conversely, as actors frustrating the objectives of regulators? Using two empirical studies conducted on a sample of 247 European banks over a period from 2004 to 2006, this study investigated the determinants of banks failure probability (as a measure of bank risk) and the shareholder disciplinary role (through the effect of charter value on banks risk-taking). Results highlight that: (1) the solvency ratio (Basel I and II ratio) is not a robust indicator of bank failure, (2) other criteria (others than capital adequacy), such as the asset quality, the profitability or the liquidity, can play an important role in the determination of bank failure probability (3) the charter value constrain the risk-taking of banks which confirms the effectiveness of shareholders discipline (4) that the charter value discipline is totally ineffective for large systemic banks (TBTF). These results converge globally with the Basel III reform which aims, in particular, to revise the composition of regulatory capital and apply special treatment on systemic banks. This doctoral work brings theoretical contributions which add to bank market discipline literature as well as operational contributions in the form of recommendations for regulators and supervisors of banking system.

This thesis shows the changes the new Basel III banking regulation from the original Basel II regulation in Czech and European legislation. The next section brings the results of foreign studies concerning the effect of changes in spreads on lending rates, gross domestic product and unemployment. These studies are based on various input data and assumptions. The practical part analyzes three selected Czech banks through scenarios and identifies possible impact of the new regulation in lending rates in 2012 - 2019th.

The overall objective of this study was to determine the effect of Basel ll on the South African banking system through possible changes in the way in which a bank conducts its business. This purpose arose from the publication of the new Basel ll Framework on 26 June 2004, which has been adopted for implementation by the South African Reserve Bank. South Africa has set January 1, 2008 as the implementation date for Basel ll. The South African banks have mainly been focussing their efforts on becoming Basel ll compliant. Business line management and marketers have up until now not paid much attention to the likely impact of Basel ll on their markets and product offerings. A literature study was undertaken which included a review of the Basel ll Framework, impact studies and a review of the relevant literature on the topic. The Framework was analysed in order to determine the major impact themes. Once these impact themes were identified, the literature on those areas of impact was researched. The analysis of the Basel ll Framework identified three important themes that will have a significant impact on banks. There will firstly be an impact on market segments and product offerings. Secondly, there will be an internal impact on the banks in the form of increased costs, decision-making and capital management. The final theme identified was the global impact on the banks, especially regarding procyclicality and mergers and acquisitions. vii The research indicates that there will be both winners and losers. Banks that have large retail and mortgage exposures will benefit the most from Basel ll, whereas banks that have large exposures to sovereigns, banks and specialised lending portfolios will be negatively impacted. A capital charge for operational risk will mean that some areas such as corporate finance and asset management will be allocated capital, which was not the case under Basel l. Studies indicate that this new operational risk capital requirement more than outweighs any reduction in credit risk capital requirements. Customers that have high credit ratings are more likely to benefit from lower credit spreads. Similarly customers that have poor credit ratings can expect an increase in their pricing due to the higher capital requirements for these customers, unless they can provide a bank with ancillary revenues. Competition in the retail and mortgage markets will intensify due to the favourable capital requirements for these portfolios. The large South African banks will become takeover targets because of their large exposures to these markets. Basel ll will have a major impact on the way in which banks will do business in the future and as a result banks should view the implementation of the Framework as an opportunity to gain strategic advantages rather than just a compliance obligation. / Prof. A. Boessenkool

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-113). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The new Basel Capital Accord is intended to align capital adequacy of banks more closely with the key components of banking risk and to provide incentives for banks to improve their risk measurement and management capabilities. This has important implications for banks, particularly in the area of credit risk management. The purpose of this study is to take an in-depth look at the implications for banks in the area of credit risk management and the choice of approach (i.e. standardised versus internal ratings based approach) to be adopted. These changes in approach to credit risk will have broader economic implications and the study will in its final analysis explore these in the context of South Africa, as an emerging market. The study is split into three sections: Section A • Introduction and background to the New Basel Capital Accord; • Detailed overview on the New Basel Capital Accord with a particular emphasis on the internal ratings based approach to calculating minimum capital. Section B An in-depth discussion of credit risk management and the practical implications of moving towards an internal ratings based approach, which will eventually allow banks to take on a full portfolio approach to credit risk management. This will enable banks to manage credit risk across sub-portfolios and set economic capital based on the portfolio loss distribution of the banks entire lending book. This is an extremely important development in credit risk management and as a consequence is covered in some detail. The adoption of an internal ratings based approach offers significant rewards in the form of lower statutory capital. A profile of the current capitalisation of SA banks is provided followed by the likely effect of the standardised versus the internal ratings based approach to credit risk management, on the minimum level of statutory capital of banks. Section C The final section covers the envisaged macro effects of the New Accord on emerging markets (procyclical trends, lending concentrations, foreign capital flows and bank failures) with specific comment provided on the implications for the SA banking environment and economy. In conclusion, South African banks should as a priority move towards an internal ratings based approach to credit risk management in order to benefit from the lower statutory requirements, which accrue in the advanced phase. While the accord is likely to impact significantly on emerging markets, South Africa fortunately has a sophisticated banking system by international standards, making the adoption of an internal ratings based approach by the larger SA banks inevitable. The benefits for smaller banks are questionable and at this stage they are unlikely to move beyond the standardised approach, unless compelled to do so. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die "New Basel Capital Accord" het ten doel om die kapitaal vereistes neergelê vir banke meer in lyn te bring met die risiko komponent gekoppel bankwese. Dit hou 'n belangrike implikasie vir banke in en verskaf voorts ook 'n dryfveer vir banke om die bestuur van krediet risiko en algehele bestuursvaardighede te verbeter. In hierdie studie word 'n indiepte ondersoek onderneem aangaande die implikasie op banke van krediet risiko-bestuur en die keuse van die benadering wat gevolg word. Hierdie veranderings in die benadering (dws.standard teenoor interne-graderings benadering) tot krediet risiko hou breër ekonomiese implikasies vir banke in. Hierdie ekonomiese implikasies op SA as 'n ontwikkelende mark word in die finale analise ondersoek. Die studie kan in drie afdelings verdeel word: Afdeling A: • Inleiding en agtergrond tot die "New Basel Capital Accord" en • 'n Gedetaileerde oorsig van die "New Basel Capital Accord" met spesifieke verwysing na die interne-graderings benadering om die minimum vereiste kapitaal te bepaal. Afdeling B: Hierdie afdeling ondersoek krediet risiko bestuur en die praktiese implikasies van die aanvaarding/instelling van 'n interne graderings benadering, en die effek wat dit sal hê op 'n totale portefeulje benadering tot krediet risiko. Die gevolg is dat banke krediet risiko oor sub-portefeuljes sal kan bestuur en kapitaal vlakke vasstel gebaseer op verwagte portefeulje verliese. Hierdie is 'n belangrike ontwikkeling in krediet risiko bestuur en word vervolgens in diepte behandel. Die aanvaarding van 'n interne-graderings benadering tot gradering hou voordele in vir banke in die vorm van laer statutêre kapitaal vereistes. 'n Profiel van die kapitalisasie van SA banke word verskaf, gevolg deur die verskil in die effek van die standaard benadering tot die interne graderings benadering op krediet risiko bestuur en die vereiste minimum statutêre kapitaal. Afdeling C: Die finale afdeling ondersoek die beoogde makro ekonomiese effek van die "New basel capital Accord" op ontwikkelende marke (pro-sikliese neiging, lenings konsentrasies en bank mislukkings) met spesifieke verwysing na die implikasies op SA bankwese en ekonomie. Ter afsluiting moet SA banke so spoedig moontlik die interne-graderings benadering tot krediet risiko aanvaar om voordeel te trek uit die laer kapitaal vereistes wat "ophoop in die gevorderde stadium." Daar word verwag dat die "New Basel Capital Accord" 'n wesenlike invloed op die ontwikkelende mark sal hê. SA het egter 'n gesofistikeerde en gevestigde bankstelsel wat goed vergelyk met internasionale standaarde. Die aanvaarding van 'n interne-graderings benadering deur die die groter SA banke is onafwendbaar. Die voordele wat dit vir kleiner banke inhou kan bevraagteken word en is op hierdie stadium onwaarskynlik dat so 'n benadering deur hulle geïmplimenteer sal word.

<p>This dissertation contains an edition of <i>Dyalogus super Reuelacionibus beate Birgitte</i>, which is a discussion and defence of the Revelations (<i>Reuelaciones</i>) of St. Birgitta of Sweden (ca. 1303-1373). In legal proceedings at the Council of Basle (1431-1449), the <i>Reuelaciones</i> were accused of heresy, examined and defended. Among the defenders was Heymericus de Campo (1395-1460), who at that time was professor of theology at the University of Cologne. In addition to the formal examination reports, Heymericus wrote a dialogue on the subject. The <i>Dyalogus</i>, which was probably composed as a contribution to a debate, is tentatively dated to have been written between October 1434 and February 17, 1435. The main part of <i>Dyalogus </i>consists of 123 text passages extracted from the <i>Reuelaciones</i> and accused of heresy, and Heymericus’ defence of these text passages. The aim of the defence is to prove that the <i>Reuelaciones</i> are truly orthodox and thus inspired by God. In addition, Heymericus intends to display the reasons and arguments the impugners had for questioning the <i>Reuelaciones</i>. <i>Dyalogus</i> and the other defences were read and copied foremost within the Birgittine order. The judgement passed at the proceedings called for a commentary before the <i>Reuelaciones</i> could be disseminated to the whole of their extent. To the Birgittines the defences of Basle filled this purpose, at least for some time. </p><p>The extensive introduction of the thesis deals with the historical context of the text, its use and importance, its place within the author’s literary production, the contents and language of the text, and finally the textual transmission. Vadstena Abbey’s copy of the text is chosen as base manuscript for the edition.</p>

Η έρευνά μας συμβάλει στην αντιμετώπιση του πιστοληπτικού κινδύνου της εισηγμένης σε ενιαία μορφή, συνυπολογιζομένης της μη-γραμμικής υποτιθέμενης σχέσης μεταξύ κινδύνου και χρηματιστηριακής αξίας της μετοχής, μιας και η ενδεχόμενη θέση της σε Επιτήρηση/Αναστολή αυξάνει δραματικά τις πιστοληπτικές επιπτώσεις στους πιστωτές, ιδιαίτερα σε όσους κατέχουν μετοχικό ενέχυρο, δημιουργώντας μια μη-γραμμική σχέση μεταξύ αξίας δανείων και αξίας μετοχής. Συνέπεια λοιπόν των επιταγών της Βασιλείας ΙΙ είναι και η κατηγοριοποίηση που διενεργούμε εμείς στο δείγμα των επιχειρήσεων που έχουν εισηγμένη μετοχή στο χρηματιστήριο, μιας και αναμένουμε να διαφοροποιείται ο κίνδυνος πτώχευσης και κίνδυνος από την έκθεση σε κίνδυνο και ζημιά από πτώχευση στην περίπτωση θέσης των μετοχών σε αναστολή ή Επιτήρηση. Πιστεύουμε ότι με αυτόν τον τρόπο συνεισφέρουμε στην εκτίμηση του κινδύνου που πηγάζει από την συστηματική αυτή εξάρτηση της εταιρίας και του πιστοληπτικού της κινδύνου από την έκθεση των μετοχών της στο χρηματιστήριο. / Our research contributes in the credit risk estimation for a listed company in an integrated framework, incorportating the assumed non-linear relationship between credit risk and stock-market performance deriving from a potential Stock Exchange trading Suspension/Supervision which modifies dramatically counterparty creditworthness and at the same time stock collateral held in a non-linear fashion. As a result of Basle II Accord's integrated credit risk estimation approach, we categorize the sample of listed enterprises according to their modified credit risk based on the potential Stock Exchange Supervision/Suspension. Our overall methodology of credit risk estimation stemming from a systematic dependence of credit and stock collateral risk contributes to the overall risk assesment of listed companies.