El presente volumen ofrece un corpus del castellano hablado que consiste en 20 entrevistas realizadas en el municipio de Getxo, País Vasco. En la breve introducción se resume el marco de la investigación en la que se recogieron los datos, se describen los criterios de selección de los informantes y se explican los aspectos más importantes de la convención de transcripción aplicada. / Bei dem vorliegenden Buch handelt es sich um ein Korpus des gesprochenen Spanisch. Es besteht aus 20 Interviews, die in der Gemeinde Getxo, Baskenland, erhoben wurden. In der kurzen Einleitung werden der Rahmen, in dem die Daten erhoben wurden, beschrieben, die der Informantenauswahl zugrunde gelegten Kriterien erklärt und die wichtigsten Aspekte der angewandten Transkriptionskonvention skizziert. / In this volume we offer a corpus of spoken Spanish consisting of 20 interviews collected in the municipality of Getxo, Basque Country. The short introduction describes the framework within which these data were collected, explains the criteria for the selection of the interviewees and outlines the most important aspects of the transcription conventions used.

The aim of the present Master`s Degree Thesis is to make an approximation to the Basque theme in the selected works of Pío Baroja. Concretely, it`s close to twenty short stories and the novels of the tetralogy Tierra vasca (Basque country), namely, La casa de Aizgorri, Zalacaín el aventurero, La leyenda de Jaun de Alzate y El mayorazgo de Labraz. First, the San Sebastian writer`s relation with the Basque country is presented, as well as his vision of his fatherland in the history context. Second, the presence of the Basque language - as known as euskera - in the works is described, as in the vocabulary, the onomastic or for example in phrases or in popular songs. Third, we study concrete Basque motives, such as the landscape, the cities and towns, the people, the history or the Basque sorcery and mythology.

This master thesis deals with the autonomous community of the Basque Country, its economic situation, its economic development and future perspectives. At first the thesis focuses on Spain and its basic characteristics with emphasis on administrative division of the country. The second part deals specifically with the Basque Country and its political and historical development especially in the 20th century. Next chapter concerns current economic situation, its development, economic sectors and international trade which is crucial for its economy. The last part analyses the economic relations between the Basque Country and the Czech Republic.

This thesis aims to investigate if state oppression towards independence movements affects their chosen strategies for achieving autonomy, as well as examine whether the state oppression results in political jiu-jitsu and/or backfire for the state. In recent years there have been more studies regarding state oppression towards non-violent movements examining in what ways this affects the non-violent movements, as this has been seen as unjust methods. Furthermore, it has been examined in relation to political jiu-jitsu and backfire, however not specifically regarding independence movements in a qualitative study. The study is based on the theoretical framework political jiu-jitsu by Gene Sharp and the backfire framework by Brian Martin. This has been done with a qualitative comparative case study through a process tracing method with the independence movements UCK and ETA as analytical units. The result from the study firstly indicates that there is a connection between the experience of state oppression and the prominence of political jiu-jitsu and backfire for states - that states experience political jiu-jitsu and backfire when choosing oppressive methods towards non-violence movements. Second, the independence movements are likely to choose violence as methods to achieve their political goals. These results are of importance to understand how violence can affect non-violent movements and how states using oppression can end up suffering from it - acknowledging it may not be the way to go.

Vi har genom kvalitativa intervjuer valt att undersöka fotbollsklubben Athletic Bilbaos rekryteringspolicy som innebär att klubben endast använder sig utav spelare med baskisk härkomst. Syftet med vår studie var att diskutera och analysera huruvida detta speciella koncept eventuellt är diskriminerande utifrån ett moraliskt, ett juridiskt och ett politiskt perspektiv. Vidare har vi sökt svar i de ledande svenska idrottsorganisationerna om huruvida det skulle kunna vara genomförbart i Sverige med en sådan policy. För att få en ökad förståelse för problematiken har vi valt att arbeta efter en rad teoretiska begrepp såsom etnicitet, lokal och social identitet samt globalisering. Vår slutsats är att problematiken kring föreningens policy och Baskiens politiska ställning komplicerar beslutsfattandet i diskrimineringsfrågan och att en rättspraxis från EG-domstolen krävs för att nå ett klargörande i fallet. Angående möjligheterna till ett svenskt genomförande av liknande natur som den Athletic Bilbao använder sig av har vi kommit fram till att det är genomförbart men att föreningar som idkar detta med allra största sannolikhet kommer att bli utesluten ur svensk tävlingsidrott under Riksidrottsförbundets regi. / We have through qualitative interviews chosen to investigate the football club Athletic Bilbao's recruitment policy, which means that the club only uses players out of Basque descent. The aim of our study was to discuss and analyze whether this particular concept may violate discrimination laws seen from a moral, a legal and a political perspective. Furthermore, we have sought answers in the leading Swedish sport associations as to whether it could be feasible in Sweden with such a policy. To get a better understanding of the problem we have chosen to work with a series of theoretical concepts such as ethnicity, local and social identity, and globalization. Our conclusion is that the problem of the club's policy and the Basque Country's political status complicates decision-making in the discrimination issue and that a Justice of the Court is required to achieve a clarification of the case. On the possibilities of a Swedish implementation of a similar nature as the cantera policy we have come to the conclusion that it is feasible but that the corporation engaged in this with the utmost probability, will be excluded from the Swedish competitive sport assigned by Riksidrottsförbundet.

El presente volumen ofrece un corpus del castellano hablado que consiste en 20 entrevistas realizadas en el municipio de Getxo, País Vasco. En la breve introducción se resume el marco de la investigación en la que se recogieron los datos, se describen los criterios de selección de los informantes y se explican los aspectos más importantes de la convención de transcripción aplicada. / Bei dem vorliegenden Buch handelt es sich um ein Korpus des gesprochenen Spanisch. Es besteht aus 20 Interviews, die in der Gemeinde Getxo, Baskenland, erhoben wurden. In der kurzen Einleitung werden der Rahmen, in dem die Daten erhoben wurden, beschrieben, die der Informantenauswahl zugrunde gelegten Kriterien erklärt und die wichtigsten Aspekte der angewandten Transkriptionskonvention skizziert. / In this volume we offer a corpus of spoken Spanish consisting of 20 interviews collected in the municipality of Getxo, Basque Country. The short introduction describes the framework within which these data were collected, explains the criteria for the selection of the interviewees and outlines the most important aspects of the transcription conventions used.

Au Pays Basque de France, le nombre de bascophones ne cesse de diminuer. Pour autant, les dernières enquêtes sociolinguistiques présentent, chez les plus jeunes générations, une progression du nombre de locuteurs. Ce phénomène est en grande partie lié à la scolarisation en basque qui ne cesse de se développer. Entre les rentrées scolaires de 2004 et de 2016, les trois filières principales de l'enseignement en basque (bilingue publique, bilingue privée et immersion en ikastola) ont connu une augmentation de leurs effectifs de 68% tandis que le nombre d'enfants scolarisés au Pays Basque de France n'augmentait que de 6%. À l'heure où les échanges mondiaux favorisent l'acquisition de langues internationales, le succès de l'apprentissage d'une langue régionale interroge. Dans le cadre d'une intervention sociologique (qui a consisté à réunir 5 fois, durant près de deux heures, 5 groupes d’une dizaine de participants), nous avons, avec des parents ayant scolarisé leurs enfants en basque, analysé leurs pratiques. Nous avons ainsi pu définir le sens social de ce choix qui leur semblait a priori évident et personnel. En plus d’une volonté de s'inscrire dans la transmission de cette langue identitaire ou du fait de bénéficier des avantages liés au bilinguisme précoce, les parents rencontrés donnent une dimension plus militante à leur choix, dimension sous-tendue notamment par des principes universels (égalité des langues, respect des cultures, préservation du patrimoine mondial, etc.). Mais cet engouement pour la scolarisation en basque peut aussi se comprendre comme la volonté d'être acteur d'un nouveau projet social. Il apparaît que le choix de la scolarisation en basque n’est pas porté par une seule motivation mais relève d'une expérience sociale qui combine ces différentes logiques d'action. Nous cherchons dans cette thèse à identifier et analyser la pluralité des motivations évoquées par les parents, et à comprendre les liens qui les unissent dans une même expérience sociale. / In French Basque Country, the number of Basque speakers keeps decreasing. Yet, the last socio-linguistic surveys show that the number of speakers increases among the youngest generations. Such a growth is partly related to the growing enrolment of children in schools in Basque. Between the school years 2004 and 2016, the three main branches of schooling in Basque (the public one, the private one, and the immersive one in ikastola) show a dramatic increase of 68% of the number of pupils in French Basque Country, whereas the total number of pupils increases by 6% only. While globalisation strengthens international languages, the growing popularity for placing young children in schools in Basque in order to acquire a regional language is challenging.Thanks to a sociological intervention (which consisted in bringing together 5 groups of about 10 parents, and meeting them 5 times each, for 2 hours) we co-analysed the practices of parents who decided to place their children in schools in Basque. This way, we defined the social meaning of their choice, which, at first, could appear obvious and personal to them.The parents involved in the sociological intervention want to take part in the transmission of an identity-sensitive language. They want to take advantage of an exposure to a bilingual learning from an early age. But they also show a sort of activism by assuming universal principals (such as equality between languages, respect for cultures, preservation of the world’s heritage, etc.). Finally, the will to take an active part in a new social project can also be considered as a driver of the desire to place their children in schools in Basque.It appears that the choice to place children in schools in Basque is never driven by a single reason only. The motivation stems from a sociological experience that articulates the different logics previously mentioned. Here, we look for identifying and analysing the diversity of the reasons the parents give, and understanding the system that relates those reasons in a same social experience.

Rechercher les bases d’une connaissance des toponymes renouvelée et renforcée se situe au fondement de cette thèse. Ce projet repose sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle les approches récentes et actuelles des faits toponymiques peuvent être améliorées. Sa mise en oeuvre invite à engager une réflexion sur les méthodes et les théories de la toponymie. Il s’agit, en s’efforçant de satisfaire aux conditions de cohérence et de rigueur d’une approche scientifique, de poursuivre un but de conceptualisation et de généralisation. Cette démarche répond à l’observation de principes essentiels : 1° aligner la toponymie sur les méthodes et les théories de la linguistique générale ; 2° privilégier l’oralité, les synchronies observables et le point de vue des locuteurs natifs, d’après un idéal d’adéquation de la toponymie, science sociale et science de terrain, à son objet, l’étude des phénomènes toponymiques ; à cette fin, 3°, tirer profit d’une longue expérience des informateurs et du terrain ; et, 4°, soumettre l’étude des toponymes à une analyse progressive, en abordant les faits toponymiques dans leur ordre logique, des plus simples au plus complexes, à travers trois thèmes de recherche majeurs – l’établissement de corpus toponymiques oraux, l’exploration approfondie des lieux désignés par des topoymes, et l’étude des formations toponymiques, menée à rebours de travaux de toponymie dont l’étymologisation constitue le thème directeur. Fondés sur la pratique d’un terrain privilégié – celui d’une toponymie francoprovençale –, les acquis de cette recherche font l’objet d’une évaluation : soumis au contrôle de toponymies-tests – futunienne, basque et comorienne –, ils ne sont tenus pour généralisables qu’après s’être vu corroborés ou amendés. / The purpose of this research is to contribute to an improvement of the knowledge of toponyms. Its basic assumption is that the recent and present day toponymical approaches can be improved. Implementing it calls for a reflection on the methods and theories of toponymy with the aim of conceptualizing and generalising subject to conditions of scientific coherence and rigour. It relies on several essential principles. They are: i- to make toponymy obey the methods and theories of general linguistics; ii- to give a primacy to orality, to observable synchronies and to native speakers’ standpoints, and thus make toponymy adequate to its object of study of toponymical phenomena, as a social and field science; iii- to rely on a long experience with the informants and the fieldwork; iv- to rely on a progressive analysis. In the progressive analysis developed here, toponymical phenomena are addressed in an increasing order of complexity through three major issues that include establishing oral toponymic corpuses in a first step, exploring in depth the places that are referred to by the toponyms in a second step, and the study of toponymic formations in a final step. This final step goes against the toponymic literature which relies mainly on etymologization. This research is mainly based on a practical experience of a Francoprovençal ground and is checked through contrasting it with East Futunan, Basque, and Comorian toponymies taken as specific test-toponymies.

The work focuses on a new phenomenon in international relations - paradiplomacy. The aim is to analyze this relatively new phenomenon and describe the practice use of paradiploamcy on the example of the Autonomous Basque Community.

No description available.