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With discussion of Indigenous laws on the rise in Canada, this thesis explores the question of law’s power: jurisdiction. In this project, I ask whether Indigenous jurisdiction is active in conflicts between Indigenous and state actors over the environment, in the context of the Heiltsuk Nation on the central coast of British Columbia. This project looks to critical legal theory for an understanding of jurisdiction. It identifies three aspects of jurisdiction that are discussed in critical legal theory and related fields: that it is technical, it is authoritative, and it is spatial. Adopting these qualities as provisional indicators of jurisdiction, it applies thefzm to three case studies of Heiltsuk (or “Haíɫzaqv”) conflicts with the state, which engage colonial law in different ways. The three case studies concern (1) herring harvest and management, which was litigated in R v Gladstone; (2) land use and forestry, which is the subject of the Great Bear Rainforest agreements; and (3) trophy hunting for bears, which is the subject of a grassroots campaign based on Indigenous law. Adopting a qualitative approach adapted from institutional ethnography, this project applies a critical jurisdictional lens to each case study, using documentary review and interviews to explore the technical, authoritative, and spatial aspects of each conflict. Ultimately, I find that expressions of Heiltsuk jurisdiction – as understood from a colonial, critical perspective – are already at play in each conflict, although this is not immediately visible from the point of view of colonial law. In the conclusion, I explore the different manifestations and strategies of Heiltsuk jurisdictional expressions, and the ways that colonial jurisdiction interacts with them. / Graduate / 2021-12-19

L'histoire de la région, ainsi que les grandes étapes de la conquête romaine sont connus mais le but de cette thèse est de comprendre quel était le quotidien des populations de basse Provence, aux alentours du changement d'ère. La céramique est un excellent outil pour répondre à ce type de problématique. L'ensemble des récipients utilisés pour la confection, le service et la consommation des aliments est pris en compte. L'étude céramologique conduit à la détermination d'un faciès culturel permettant une réflexion sur les traditions indigènes, les influences italiques et le degré d'intégration du processus de romanisation sur chacun des sites étudiés. Ces derniers ont été choisis en fonction de leur histoire (site indigène, colonie romaine…) et selon leur position par rapport aux voies commerciales et de communication connues en basse Provence. Ce travail a pour but de contribuer à l'étude des populations gauloises et du processus d'intégration du modèle romain dans la société. Mais aussi de répondre à des problématiques d'ordre culturel sur les étapes de l'adoption du mode de vie romain par les Gaulois. Cette thèse pourra permettre une réflexion sur la position spatiale des villes qui ont plus ou moins vite intégré le modèle romain. Ce type d'approche, proposant une comparaison culturelle de différents sites de notre région est nécessaire dans la mesure où il n'a pas encore été entrepris. / The history of the region as well as the grand stages of the Roman conquest are known, but this thesis' aim is to understand what was the every day life of the population of Basse Provence around the era change. Ceramics are an excellent tool to answer this kind of problematic. All the containers used for the preparation, the service and consumption of food have been taking into account. The study of ceramics conducts to the determination of a cultural feature allowing a reflection on natives' traditions, Italics' influences and the degree of integration of the Romanisation process on each of the sites studied. These, were chosen according to their history (native site, Roman colony, ...) and according to their position in relation to commercial and travel routes in Basse Provence. The goal of this thesis is to contribute to the study of Gallic's populations and the integration process of the Roman model in the society. But also to answer cultural problems concerning the stages of adoption of the Roman's way of life by the Gallic. This thesis will allow a reflection on the spatial position of the cities that have more or less rapidly integrated the Roman model. This type of approach, proposing a cultural comparison of different sites of our region, is necessary because it has not yet been undertaken.

Die Dissertation "Löwinnen von Juda. Frauen als Subjekte politischer Macht in der judäischen Königszeit" behandelt den möglichen Anteil von Frauen innerhalb von Politik und Verwaltung des antiken Juda (c. 950-589 v.Chr). Eingesetzt wird mit einem kurzen Überblick zu Leben und Arbeit von Frauen in der Epoche. Hierbei erfolgt erstmals eine systematische Zusammenstellung bislang publizierter Frauensiegel. In einem zweiten Schritt werden Frauen am Jerusalemer Königshof in den Blick genommen und besonders ihr Part im "öffentlichen Leben" diskutiert. Hiervon gesondert wird die in der bisherigen Forschung aufgestellte These von einer "weiblichen Leitungsfuktion" am Jerusalemer Hof diskutiert, dem sog. "Gebirah-Amt", das meist von den Müttern der Könige von Juda besetzt worden sein soll. In einem letzten Schritt wird das die politischen Aktivitäten ebendieser Königsmütter betreffende Material untersucht. / "Lionesses of Judah. Women as agents of political power in Ancient Judah" deals with the part women might have played within the politics and administration in the classical period of the Judean Kingdom (c. 950-589 BC). After an introductory chapter, the second chapter sketches briefly what is known on women?s occupations in that period in general. Specail attention is drawn to the existence of a fair number of seals bearing women?s names: The function of these seals equials a credit card in modern times in signifying its owner?s economic and hence possibly political power. The third chapter focusus on women?s presence an functions at the royal court in Jerusalem. Former research in the field having hypothesised that the Hebrew word "Gevirah" denotes a specific office at the Judean court held exclusively by females, viz. the queen mothers, both the meaning of the Hebrew word and the attached theory are exxamined in great detail in the fourth chapter. The last chapter discusses the known material on the diverse political activities of the Judean queen mothers in chronological order.

This thesis deals with diplomatic relations in the Chunqiu period or the Spring and Autumn period. It introduces characterization of process of diplomatic meeting, how they are described in the text of the Zhouli. As a main source it uses early chinese text of the Yanzi chunqiu - Annals of Mister Yan. It gives information about a personage of Yan Ying - a minister in the state of Qi in the 6th century BC, as well as about the text itself, including history, authenticity and other questions. It presents own translations of episodes concerning diplomatic relations. For a comparison it presents episodes from the text of Zuo Zhuan, in which we can find Yan Ying. Based on a summary of political situation of this period it resumes, how could episodes of diplomatic meetings correspond to reality of this period. As a result it summarize, how opinions claimed during diplomatic meetings could differ from other episodes.

As Canada’s courts recognize and redefine the scope of Aboriginal title and rights in the country, alliances between Indigenous communities and environmental groups are playing an increasingly central role in the fight to stop fossil fuel infrastructure projects and address the global threats of climate change. Recognizing the importance of relationships between environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGO) and Indigenous peoples to environmental campaigns in Canada, and the need to include land-politics into the national conversation of reconciliation, this research project aims to investigate the role of reconciliation efforts in environmental campaigns in BC. Indigenous-ENGO relationships offer important opportunities to learn how actions and language of reconciliation are (or are not) being expressed in environmental campaigns, and to learn how ENGOs are approaching their work with Indigenous communities in an era of reconciliation. Using two campaigns as my case studies I explore these topics by interviewing ENGO staff and Indigenous peoples working collaboratively on the Site C Dam campaign in the Peace River region of Treaty 8 in northeast BC, and the Pacific Northwest liquid natural gas (LNG) terminal project in the Skeena River watershed region in the traditional territories of the Tsimshian, Gitxsan, and Wet’suwet’en nations of northwest BC. Informed by Indigenous and anti-colonial research methodologies, a principle of relational accountability is used to center relationships with land as a foundation for reconciliation, and for recommendations on how Indigenous-ENGO relationships can be improved. / Graduate

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The World Health Organization and the United Nations state that people normally access water through their place of residence. However, in North America people regularly need access to water services, such as toilets, fountains, or bathing facilities, when not in a private residence. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the current situation of access to water for personal uses for people outside a place of residence as an emergent research topic. To accomplish this, I conducted a literature review and a thematic analysis of nine key-informant interviews with stakeholders in Victoria. Findings from the research reveal that access to water for personal uses is limited in Victoria when outside a place of residence. Furthermore, the consequences and implications of this limitation directly and indirectly influence both individuals and the broader community. Finally, policy recommendations, action responses, and future research directions inform possible responses to address this issue.

Grasses are widely used in revegetation to control erosion, build soil and maintain habitat. In northeast British Columbia, non-native grass species are commonly seeded to reclaim industrially disturbed sites. Widespread concern about degradation of biodiversity and key ecological processes has led to increasing value placed on native species and management practices leading to a more resilient landscape. I undertook this study to fill the restoration knowledge gap relating to native grasses in northeast BC. I did an extensive inventory of grasses on 217 sites in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Functional traits were measured in the field and in a greenhouse growth experiment. I found ninety-nine grass species occuring in the region, 70% of which are native. The number, proportion and extent of non-native grasses are increasing and four of these – Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra, Bromus inermis, and Phleum pratense represented almost a quarter of all occurrences. Several native species were common throughout the region: Calamagrostis canadensis, Leymus innovatus, Elymus trachycaulus, Poa palustris and Agrostis scabra. Other native species, including Festuca altaica, Koeleria macrantha, Pascopyrum smithii, and Schizachne purpurascens, strongly favoured intact habitats. Elevation, soil moisture regime, proportion of bare ground, and land use were significant factors related to local grass species composition and abundance. Agrostis scabra, Alopecurus aequalis, Beckmannia syzigachne, Bromus ciliatus, Cinna latifolia, Deschampsia cespitosa, Elymus alaskanus, Elymus trachycaulus, Festuca saximontana and Hordeum jubatum grew commonly on severely damaged well sites. Field measurements for Specific Leaf Area (SLA) and Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) of 11 species showed an inverse correlation. Bromus ciliatus, Bromus pumpellianus, and Elymus trachycaulus had high SLA/low LDMC linked to rapid growth, whereas Festuca altaica, Deschampsia cespitosa, and Calamagrostis stricta had low SLA/high LDMC linked to slow growth and persistence. In the greenhouse experiment, Poa palustris, Cinna latifolia and Bromus ciliatus produced the most overall biomass and Pascopyrum smithii and Poa palustris produced the greatest aboveground biomass. Calamagrostis stricta, Poa palustris, Elymus glaucus, Leymus innovatus and Pascopyrum smithii exhibited clonal growth. Beckmannia syzigachne, Bromus ciliatus Cinna latifolia produced viable seed during the 135-day experiment. Considering all attributes five native species, Calamagrostis canadensis, Elymus trachycaulus, Poa palustris, Leymus innovatus, and Agrostis scabra are recommended for general restoration use in northeast B.C. Other native species show promise when matched to particular site conditions, including Alopecurus aequalis, Arctagrostis latifolia, Beckmannia syzigachne, Bromus ciliatus, Calamagrostis stricta, Cinna latifolia, Deschampsia cespitosa, Elymus glaucus, Festuca saximontana, Glyceria striata, Hordeum jubatum, Koeleria macrantha, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa alpina, Schizachne purpurascens and Trisetum spicatum. This information will be valuable to land managers interested in moving beyond reclamation to ecological restoration of sites disturbed by oil and gas development. Developing practices that are environmentally sound and socially acceptable requires ongoing botanical inventory. Plant traits may be useful in matching species to site conditions and restoration goals. Policy recommendations include phasing in of requirements to use native seed while restricting the use of agronomic species, promoting natural colonization, and supporting a native seed industry.

Legal decisions on Aboriginal rights and title and treaty negotiations with First Nations in British Columbia (BC) are inextricably linked. While much has been written on the impacts of a small number of such legal decisions, there has been very little research that critically examines how legal decisions on Aboriginal rights and title, in general, influence the way the parties to the BC treaty process conduct treaty negotiations. In-depth interviews with ten First Nations, provincial, and federal chief negotiators/advisers, together with British Columbia Treaty Commission (BCTC) commissioners and senior-level program staff, suggest that legal decisions on Aboriginal rights and title influence the conduct of treaty negotiations in an indirect and serpentine manner. Further to this, the results suggest that legal decisions on Aboriginal rights and title may act to simultaneously facilitate and constrain the conduct of negotiations.