[pt] A partir da constatação de que, embora venha ganhando destaque, o período de iniciação à docência não é privilegiado para investigações no Brasil e, portanto, reconhecendo a necessidade de continuidade de investimentos na temática, desenvolvo esta pesquisa cujo objetivo é ampliar o conhecimento sobre aspectos do trabalho, do desenvolvimento profissional e da socialização de professores iniciantes em uma perspectiva relacional. Baseando-me no estudo sobre o ciclo de vida profissional docente (HUBERMAN, 1995), tomo como sujeitos professores que se encontram nas duas primeiras fases da sua carreira, que possuem até seis anos de atuação profissional. Sustentada na noção de campo (BOURDIEU, 2009) que implica pensar relacionalmente, trabalho com iniciantes de três redes de ensino, duas públicas e uma privada, a fim de identificar homologias e divergências no modo como a organização do trabalho se processa e se objetiva nessas diferentes redes, no Rio de Janeiro. A literatura (MARCELO GARCÍA, 1999; 2009; PAPI; MARTINS, 2010) sobre o período de inserção mostra que o início da carreira docente apresenta demandas específicas e que esse momento pode ser experimentado de modo mais fácil ou mais difícil, dependendo do acolhimento, do apoio e do lugar em que atuam os novatos. Assim, busco saber como vivenciam esse período docentes de diferentes redes e que aspectos parecem favorecer ou dificultar a inserção e o desenvolvimento profissional dos mesmos. Optei por trabalhar com narrativas de professores porque meu interesse foi construir esse objeto a partir da visão de quem está vivendo essa fase. Foram realizadas vinte e três entrevistas semiestruturadas, do tipo depoimento, com professores das séries iniciais do ensino fundamental e da educação infantil. Através delas pude apreender aspectos do cotidiano de trabalho e identificar estratégias (BOURDIEU, 2004) das instituições e dos agentes para se inserirem nesses espaços sociais, bem como perceber de que maneiras elas influenciam o seu modo de se constituir “professor” e sua perspectiva de carreira. No diálogo “empiria-teoria”, a pesquisa se beneficia das contribuições de Bourdieu (2004), que ajudam a iluminar as estratégias de inserção presentes no campo educacional, bem como homologias e discrepâncias presentes entre elas e como vão influenciando a constituição do habitus associado à função docente (PENNA, 2011); de Marcelo García (1999; 2009) e Marcelo García e Vaillant (2012), no que tange ao desenvolvimento profissional de professores e ao início da carreira docente; de Barroso (2005), que fornece elementos para pensar as bases de uma autonomia construída; entre outros. As análises revelam formas variadas de investimento em desenvolvimento profissional e lógicas distintas de construção do trabalho. Por um lado, reforçam achados de outras pesquisas no que tange à importância dos pares na inserção profissional e confirmam que o capital tempo, ainda que sofra variações, é fator de distinção entre jovens professores e professores mais antigos. Por outro, assinalam a importância da organização das redes e das escolas na socialização dos iniciantes, que vão construindo percepções e intenções diferenciadas em relação ao seu trabalho, à profissão e aos investimentos na carreira. / [en] Upon finding that the period of initiation in the teaching profession has not been privileged with investigations in Brazil—although it has gained recent prominence—and, therefore, acknowledging the need for continuity in terms of investments in this theme, I hereby develop this research work, with the goal of expanding current knowledge on the aspects of the work, the professional development, and the socialization process of beginning teachers, from a relational perspective. Drawing upon the study of the professional life cycle of teachers (HUBERMAN, 1995), I have taken, as subjects of the study, teachers who find themselves in the first two phases of their career, having up to six years of professional experience. Supported by the notion of field (BOURDIEU, 2009), which implies thinking relationally, I have worked with beginning teachers of three school systems—two schools in the public school system (municipal and federal), and one in the private school system—in order to identify homologies and divergences in the way that work structure is intended and processed in these different systems, in Rio de Janeiro. Literature on the period of initiation (MARCELO, 1999, 2009; PAPI; MARTINS, 2010) shows that the beginning of the teaching career has specific demands, and that this period may be experienced with more or less difficulty, depending on the acceptance and support of beginning teachers and their work location. Thus, I have sought to know how teachers of different systems experience this period and which aspects seem to foster or hinder their professional insertion and development. I chose to work with teachers’ narratives, as my interest was to build this object of study from the viewpoint of those who experience this phase. Twenty-three semi-structured interviews (testimonial style) were carried out with teachers of the first few grades of elementary and early childhood education. Through these interviews, I was able to apprehend aspects of their daily work and identify strategies (BOURDIEU, 2004) used by institutions and agents to gain ground in these social spaces. I also perceived how these strategies influence their way of becoming a “teacher” and their career perspectives. As regards the dialogue between empiricism and theory, this research project benefits from the contributions made by Bourdieu (2004), which help clarify the professional insertion strategies present in the field of education, as well as homologies and discrepancies present in them and how they come to influence the formation of the habitus associated with the teaching position. The contributions made by Marcelo (1999, 2009) and Marcelo e Vaillant (2012) touch on the professional development of teachers and the beginning of the teaching career, and Barroso (2005) provides elements to reflect on the basis of autonomy construction, among others. Analyses show various ways to invest in professional development, and distinct logical processes of work building. On the one hand, they reinforce findings of other research projects concerning the importance of peers in professional insertion and confirm that time (as a valuable asset), although it may vary, is a differing factor between young teachers and more experienced professionals. On the other hand, the analyses highlight the importance of organizing the school systems and units in the socialization process of beginning teachers, who build their own perceptions and different intentions in relation to their work, profession, and investments in their career.

This thesis seeks to gain greater knowledge of the process of transition and development that beginning primary teachers undergo over their first year of teaching. The research focus is on investigating and understanding this process from the standpoint of the beginning teacher. Of particular interest is an examination of how the teacher preparation programme, contextual features of the school, and participants' own beliefs and biographies influence and impact on their transition to teaching and their professional and identity development as first year teachers. This longitudinal study takes an interpretive approach to investigate the first year teaching experiences of 12 beginning teachers in 11 primary schools. The qualitative methodology used in this thesis shares characteristics with a case study approach and utilizes procedures associated with grounded theory. Data were gathered systematically over a year by way of 48 semi-structured, individual interviews, two focus group interviews, and 48 questionnaires, supplemented by field notes. The collected data were analyzed, coded, and categorized, and explanations and theory that emerged from this process were grounded in the data. The findings of this study have three broad sets of implications for the education and induction of beginning teachers. Firstly, they question the role that practicum plays in the transition from student to teacher. The findings suggest that the practicum component of teacher preparation programmes should be re-conceptualized and redesigned to provide authentic opportunities for student teachers to be exposed to the full range of work demands and complexity that they will encounter as beginning teachers. Secondly, becoming a successful teacher appears to depend on the quality of the school's professional and social relationships, particularly in terms of the frequency and type of formal and informal interactions that ii beginning teachers have with colleagues. While the major source of satisfaction and self-esteem came from seeing the children whom they taught achieving socially and academically, the beginning teachers also had a strong need for affiliation, which was enabled through positive, structured interactions and relationships with colleagues. The study also indicates that employment status influences the way that the beginning teachers view their work and themselves as teachers, with those in relieving positions displaying greater variability in terms of emotional reactions and a sense of professional confidence than those employed in permanent positions. The third set of implications relate to beginning teacher induction. The study points to variability in the quality of induction experiences and challenges policy makers and principals to ensure that all beginning teachers are provided with sound and systematic advice and guidance programmes which are necessary for their learning and development. While the study confirms the critical role played by tutor teachers in beginning teacher induction, it suggests that the focus is on emotional and practical support rather than on educative mentoring to enhance new teachers' thinking and practice. This thesis provides a comprehensive and nuanced view of how beginning to teach is experienced and interpreted. It paints a complex picture of the relationship between biography, beliefs, preparation, and context in the process of learning to teach. The study contributes to the literature on the education of beginning teachers. It highlights the need for developing a shared understanding amongst policy makers, teacher educators, and schools regarding the multiplicity and complexity of factors that influence the transition and development of beginning teachers.

<p>Syftet med denna undersökning var att få ta del av en nyexaminerad lärare och en mentors erfarenheter och upplevelser av mentorskap. Metoden var att intervjua en adept och en mentor, som tillsammans hade haft en mentorskapsrelation. Intervjuerna gjordes av två personer med öppna och ostrukturerade frågor, vilket ledde till följdfrågor. Resultatet visade att de båda enbart hade positiva erfarenheter och upplevelser av mentorskap. Det visade sig att det viktigaste med ett väl fungerande mentorskap var erfarenhet inom yrket hos mentorn och en vilja och ett engagemang hos alla inblandade parter.</p>

Syftet med denna undersökning var att få ta del av en nyexaminerad lärare och en mentors erfarenheter och upplevelser av mentorskap. Metoden var att intervjua en adept och en mentor, som tillsammans hade haft en mentorskapsrelation. Intervjuerna gjordes av två personer med öppna och ostrukturerade frågor, vilket ledde till följdfrågor. Resultatet visade att de båda enbart hade positiva erfarenheter och upplevelser av mentorskap. Det visade sig att det viktigaste med ett väl fungerande mentorskap var erfarenhet inom yrket hos mentorn och en vilja och ett engagemang hos alla inblandade parter.

Abstract This research investigated the influence of the childhood literacy learning experiences of 6 beginning elementary teachers on their literacy teaching practice. This qualitative case study employed 5 interviews and classroom observations of each participant over the first 3 years of his or her teaching. Three main findings emerged from the research. First, participants’ early literacy experiences shaped their identity as students. The participants’ images of themselves as students, in turn, influenced their images of themselves as teachers. Second, the participants’ early literacy learning experiences influenced the types of literacy environments and literacy activities that they provided for their students. Participants employed teaching approaches that had worked for them, or that they believed would have worked for them as students. Third, participants’ early literacy experiences influenced how they understood their students’ learning. The participants who had struggled as students were more focused on detecting and addressing the needs of their students who struggled. Implications for school literacy teaching include understanding and valuing the literacy knowledge and skills that young children bring to school and systematically addressing the needs of students who struggle with school literacy. Implications for preservice teacher education in literacy include an increased focus on supporting student teachers to reflect on how their early literacy learning affects their attitudes and assumptions about learning and teaching, more instruction on how to address the needs of struggling literacy learners, and the provision of a coherent teacher education program that combines theory and practice more effectively. Implications for in-service teacher education in literacy include providing induction programs that are tailored to meet the needs of individual beginning teachers, an expanded range of professional development options, and ongoing opportunities to engage in effective reflective practice. Implications for further research include investigations of the influence of early literacy learning on student achievement and on literacy teacher educators’ practice.

Abstract This research investigated the influence of the childhood literacy learning experiences of 6 beginning elementary teachers on their literacy teaching practice. This qualitative case study employed 5 interviews and classroom observations of each participant over the first 3 years of his or her teaching. Three main findings emerged from the research. First, participants’ early literacy experiences shaped their identity as students. The participants’ images of themselves as students, in turn, influenced their images of themselves as teachers. Second, the participants’ early literacy learning experiences influenced the types of literacy environments and literacy activities that they provided for their students. Participants employed teaching approaches that had worked for them, or that they believed would have worked for them as students. Third, participants’ early literacy experiences influenced how they understood their students’ learning. The participants who had struggled as students were more focused on detecting and addressing the needs of their students who struggled. Implications for school literacy teaching include understanding and valuing the literacy knowledge and skills that young children bring to school and systematically addressing the needs of students who struggle with school literacy. Implications for preservice teacher education in literacy include an increased focus on supporting student teachers to reflect on how their early literacy learning affects their attitudes and assumptions about learning and teaching, more instruction on how to address the needs of struggling literacy learners, and the provision of a coherent teacher education program that combines theory and practice more effectively. Implications for in-service teacher education in literacy include providing induction programs that are tailored to meet the needs of individual beginning teachers, an expanded range of professional development options, and ongoing opportunities to engage in effective reflective practice. Implications for further research include investigations of the influence of early literacy learning on student achievement and on literacy teacher educators’ practice.

Instructional scaffolding is a powerful tool that many teachers utilize to meet the challenge of individualizing instruction for diverse learners. The concept of instructional scaffolding is complex (Meyer, 1993), in that teachers have to determine what, how much, and what kind of help to give to students in a moment’s notice (Rodgers, 2004/05). Gaining expertise with scaffolding can take years, which leads us to worry about the effectiveness of novice teachers. A scarcity of research examining how to support a teacher’s development of instructional decisions such as scaffolding is reported (Anders, Hoffman, & Duffy, 2000). The ability to make scaffolding decisions requires teachers to be cognitively flexible, drawing from multiple domains of understanding to meet the individual needs of a group of students. However, little is known about which domains and understandings teachers draw on during scaffolding events or the rationales underlying this decision-making process. This naturalistic study examined the decision-making processes of a novice elementary ESOL teacher as she scaffolded instruction for her third-grade students. As she videotaped what she considered to be a successful scaffolding event each week, we unpacked the event together using the lens of Cognitive Flexibility Theory (CFT). The guiding questions were: (1) How can the decision-making processes underlying a novice ESOL teacher’s instructional scaffolding be described? (2) How can the lens of Cognitive Flexibility Theory inform a novice ESOL teacher’s scaffolding decisions? Data sources included interviews, field notes, and reflections of the sessions. Constant comparative analysis (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Miles & Huberman, 1994) was used to analyze data. Rigor was demonstrated by establishing credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability (Lincoln and Guba). A grounded theory model of a kaleidoscope was created to describe the novice ESOL teacher’s decision-making processes during scaffolding events. The participant’s decisions were influenced by a variety of pedagogical and contextual domains while also being impacted by her views on scaffolding, on assessment, and on the connection between theory and practice. The participant’s conceptions of scaffolding became more complex and her confidence and sense of agency became stronger as a result of mentoring underpinned by CFT.

What influences the evolution of junior school reading programmes in the classrooms of beginning teachers? Of all the classroom skills required of beginning teachers, those contributing to the implementation of an effective instructional reading programme perhaps represent some of the most complex and sophisticated challenges that will be encountered. Add to this the critical importance to young children of successfully learning to read and the very obvious picture of reading progress revealed by modern assessment practices, and the result is an aspect of teaching that can assume a position of significant focus. This is especially true for teachers working with junior school children. This study investigated the current practices of three junior school teachers during their first two years teaching, how these practices have evolved over time and identifies the factors that have influenced each teacher. Participants' stories were gathered during individual interviews to establish current practices and these were compared with a typical sample of classroom reading instruction that had been captured on video prior to the initial interviews. Each teacher also participated in an individual follow up interview during which they were able to observe the sample video excerpt and comment reflectively upon their practice in the light of their observations. This study found that developing effective junior school reading programmes generated considerable angst for these beginning teachers. While they were able to draw upon preservice preparation when articulating their intentions, the transition from the abstractions of theory to the realities of classroom practice challenged their teaching skills in this fledgling stage of their career. Despite an apparent commitment to guided reading as emphasized in pre-service literacy courses, each participant implemented round robin reading as their initial teaching strategy. In order to implement reading pedagogy as advocated within their pre-service experiences, the emergence of a professional conscience appears to have been critical. The way that teachers' understanding of literacy acquisition consolidates is greatly influenced by their practical classroom experiences and the personal capacity that they bring to the teaching role. The findings of this study support Berliner (1994) and Huberman (1989) because each of the teachers could be placed on a trajectory of teacher development. However stage related views of professional development do not fully reflect the complexity of individuals combined with the uniqueness of their contexts. The broader perspective highlighted in the work of Nias (1989) provided a framework more accommodating of the realities encountered during this study.

In this workshop we present an innovative teaching, learning and research setting that engages beginning teachers in mathematical inquiry as they investigate, represent and connect mathematical ideas through mathematical conversation, reasoning and argument. This workshop connects to the themes of teacher preparation and teaching through problem solving. Drawing on new paradigms to think about teaching and learning, we orient our work within complexity theory (Davis & Sumara, 2006; Holland, 1998; Johnson, 2001; Maturana & Varela, 1987; Varela, Thompson & Rosch, 1991) to understand teaching|learning as a complex iterative process through which opportunities for learning arise out of dynamic interactions. Varela, Thompson and Rosch, (1991) use the term co-emergence to understand how the individual and the environment inform each other and are “bound together in reciprocal specification and selection” (p.174). In particular we are interested in the conditions that enable the co-emergence of teaching|learning collectives that support the generation of new mathematical and pedagogical ideas and understandings. The setting is a one-week summer math program designed for prospective elementary teachers to deepen particular mathematical concepts taught in elementary school. The program is facilitated by recently graduated secondary mathematics teachers to provide them an opportunity to experience mathematics teaching|learning through rich problems. The data collected include questionnaires, interviews, and video recordings. Our analyses show that many a-ha moments of mathematical and pedagogical insight are experienced by both groups as they work together throughout the week. In this workshop we will actively engage the audience in an exploration of the mathematics problems that we pose in this unique teaching|learning environment. We will present our data on the participants’ mathematical and pedagogical responses and open a discussion of the implications of our work.

[pt] O professor iniciante e o início de sua carreira têm merecido pouca atenção por parte dos pesquisadores brasileiros, embora seja uma fase importante para a construção da identidade e desenvolvimento profissional do professor. O objetivo mais amplo desta pesquisa foi compreender como o professor iniciante constrói sua aprendizagem profissional no ciclo de alfabetização de modo a se desenvolver profissionalmente. Parti, para realizá-lo, das ideias de que o professor é um sujeito ativo no seu processo de aprendizagem, capaz de relacionar suas experiências formativas e práticas (MARCELO GARCIA, 2009) e de que, ao ser inserido na carreira, ele passa por um ciclo de aprendizagem profissional (HUBERMAN, 1992). A pesquisa foi realizada com 6 professores, com tempo de experiência profissional variando entre 2 e 4 anos, que atuavam ou tinham atuado no ciclo de alfabetização na fase de iniciação (HUBERMAN, 1992), em escolas públicas – municipais e federais – e privadas do município do Rio de Janeiro. Adotei o procedimento metodológico de entrevistas semiestruturadas, entendidas como espaços de produção de narrativas que, como texto que são, abrem-se a múltiplas interpretações (KRAMER, 2002). Compartilho com Emilia Freitas de Lima (2006) o pressuposto de que a formação de professores é um processo contínuo, sem um fim estabelecido a priori, do qual fazem parte a experiência acumulada durante a passagem pela escola enquanto estudante; a formação profissional específica – formação inicial –; a iniciação na carreira e a passagem de estudante a professor e a formação contínua. A primeira parte das análises se concentrou nas trajetórias dos professores na educação básica, passando pela formação – inicial e contínua – e chegando até suas atuais experiências e práticas como professores em início de carreira. As análises foram fundamentadas nos conceitos de campo, habitus, capital e estratégias da Sociologia de Pierre Bourdieu (2004, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013). Destacam-se a opção pela docência marcada por uma não escolha (LELIS, 1996) e a presença da família incentivando, apoiando, influenciando ou rejeitando essa opção (NOGUEIRA, 1998). A segunda parte se estruturou a partir de dois eixos que emergiram das narrativas como significativos para a compreensão do problema de pesquisa: o início e os meios. Com relação ao primeiro, foi possível chegar à conclusão de que as dificuldades inerentes ao início da carreira, tais como mau comportamento dos alunos, competição entre os colegas e interferência dos pais são mais facilmente superadas com o apoio da equipe gestora da escola. No que diz respeito aos meios foram relatadas práticas pedagógicas de leitura e escrita, bem como autores de referência em torno da alfabetização, enfatizando a centralidade desse período do ensino fundamental, que demanda conhecimentos específicos tanto da parte de quem ensina, quanto da parte de quem aprende. Considerando o início da docência como uma fase diferenciada, com características e necessidades próprias, que demanda apoio e formação específicos (MARCELO, 1999, 2011; MARIANO, 2006; PAPI E MARTINS, 2010), a pesquisa destaca a necessidade de viabilizar um maior apoio institucional ao professor (alfabetizador) iniciante nas escolas, aliado a programas e políticas de iniciação/inserção e formação. / [en] Despite of being an important stage for the development of its professional identity, the early stages of professor s professional career seems to be yet underexplored by Brazilian researchers. From the perspective that professors have an active role on their learning process, able to connect their practical and theoretical experiences (MARCELO GARCIA, 2009), and once initiated on their careers they go through a professional learning cycle (HUBERMAN, 1992), the broader aim of this research is to understand how professors on their early stages build their professional learning at the literacy cycle, connecting its theoretical and practical experiences in order to obtain professional development. Present research was completed with six professors with professional experience between 2 and 5 years, that have currently or past experience at the literacy cycle on the initiation stage (HUBERMAN, 1992); at public schools – municipal and federal – and private schools within Rio de Janeiro city. Interviews were used as a methodological tool. Interviews, understood as narrative production spaces, give room for multiple interpretations (KRAMER, 2002). Based on Lima s (2006) assumption that professor s development is a continuous process, without a firm established end, in which takes part its own experience as a student; specific professor formation – undergraduate degree - ; career commencement and its passage from student to professor to continuous development, first phase of the analysis was concentrated on the professors paths at the basic education, passing through formation – initial and continuous – up to their current practices and experiences as early stage professors. Analysis were completed having Bourdieu (2004, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013) concepts of habitus, strategy and capital as drivers. It should be highlighted the option for a professorial career as a nonoption (LELIS, 1996) and family s influence, either supporting or rejecting this option (NOGUEIRA, 1998). Second phase was structured based on three axis that arose from the narratives as important for the research problem understanding: early stages, learning and literacy cycle. Regarding the early stages it was possible to conclude that difficulties associated with early stages of the career, such as students behaviour; competition among colleagues and parents interference are easily overcome with support given by school managerial team. In connection to the learning process, professor were unanimous in point the insufficiency of their degree, highlighting their relationship with their pairs – either within the school and outside the school as a privileged element of its professional learning. Finally, regarding the literacy cycle, pedagogical practices such as reading and writing, together with prestigious authors and public policy associated with literacy, highlighting the key importance of such period of the fundamental cycle, which demands specific knowledge (TARDIF, 2007) have been described by professors interviewed. Considering the early stages of a professor career as a differential stage, with particular characteristics and needs, demanding specific support and education (MARCELO, 1999, 2011; MARIANO, 2006; PAPI E MARTINS, 2010) current research highlights the need for a major institutional support for the literacy professors in the early stages of their career, complemented by induction/ introduction policies together with continuous developing programs.