Operant conditioning using positive reinforcement techniques has been used extensively in the management of nonhuman primates in both zoological and laboratory settings. Based on a large body of previous research that demonstrates the utility of such techniques in reducing stress, abnormal behavior, and aggression, this research project was intended to develop and test the usefulness of habituation and counter-conditioning techniques in reducing the fear-responses of singly-housed male rhesus macaques living in the laboratory environment. Additionally, we investigated the variable of temperament as it relates to the reduction of fear-responsivity and overall training success. Based on a Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Sign Test, we found that animals exposed to desensitization training were significantly likely to show a reduction in the rate at which they engaged in cringing toward humans (exact significance = .016, one-tailed, N ties = 6), cringing in general (exact significance = .016, one-tailed, N ties = 6), and in stress-related behaviors (exact significance = .016, one-tailed, N ties = 6). Animals exposed to basic husbandry training or exposed to no training at all were not significantly likely to show a reduction in the rates of these behaviors. When these same behaviors were analyzed in terms of duration of behavior, desensitization-exposed animals were significantly likely to show reduction in the amount of time spent cringing toward humans (exact significance = .016, one-tailed, N ties = 6), but not in cringing behaviors in general or in stress-related behaviors. Neither the husbandry-exposed group nor the group exposed to no training showed a significant number of subjects exhibiting a reduction in duration of any of these behaviors. Additionally, initial temperament assessments were found to significantly predict the relative ability of subjects exposed to training to acquire trained behaviors such that animals generally ranked as more inhibited in terms of temperament also ranked as slower learners based on a Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks test, z = -.316, p = .752 (two-tailed). Results of this study could enhance both laboratory animal welfare and laboratory animal research, and could be a first step in developing techniques for reducing fearful behavior in rhesus monkeys in the laboratory environment.

School-Wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Support (SWPBIS) is an evidence- based application of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) to address and prevent problem behaviors from occurring, promote pro-social behaviors, and create a positive learning environment for all students. There are many secondary interventions that have been utilized within the framework of SWPBIS that have high success rates. However, the research conducted on the use of Check-In/Check-Out (CICO), a secondary intervention, has focused its attention more on its effectiveness in public elementary schools. There is a lack of research evaluating the effectiveness of CICO in alternative school settings. This study provides an extension to the literature by examining the effects of the CICO program with school-aged children residing in a mental health treatment facility. Using a concurrent multiple baseline across participants design, students were exposed to a CICO intervention strategy in which problem behaviors were targeted for reduction and academic engagement was targeted for acquisition. All three students showed substantial decreases in problem behavior and increases in academic engagement when the CICO intervention was in place.

Bakgrund: År 2010 infördes ISO 10668, en standard som skulle öka transparensen och kvaliteten i varumärkesvärderingar. Trots standarden så skiljer det idag miljardbelopp på kända varumärken mellan olika värderingsaktörer, något som talar för att det fortfarande finns en problematik kring värderingar. En nyhet som kom i och med standarden var den beteendemässiga aspekten där hänsyn ska tas till kunders uppfattningar, kännedom och associationer gentemot ett varumärke. Standarden uttrycker dock inte specifikt hur värderare ska beakta denna aspekt vid en värdering. Syfte: Studien syftar till att analysera hur kunderna beaktas som en del av varumärkets värde vid en värdering. Dessutom kommer studien beskriva varumärkesvärderingens betydelse utifrån olika aktörers befattningar, samt analysera eventuella skillnader och svårigheter i deras tillvägagångssätt vid värderingar. Metod: För att uppnå syftet har vi använt oss av en abduktiv forskningsansats och tillämpat ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt. Empirin har samlats in genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer utförda med aktörer som besitter kunskap inom värdering. Slutsats: Våra intervjupersoner har haft skilda åsikter kring hur varumärkets värde ska och bör beräknas, med anledning till deras olika befattningar och kunskap inom området. Överlag har de med lokal förankring ett enklare synsätt än de som arbetar i större revisions- och konsultbolag. I praktiken tycks det dock till slut alltid handla om vad en köpare är villig att betala, eller hur man som värderare skjuter från höften. Det har dessutom visat sig att kunderna inte räknas som ett adderat värde på ett varumärke utan att de istället ska fungera som ett bevis på det värde som ett varumärke påstås besitta, något som det dock finns begränsad kunskap kring. / Background: In 2010, ISO 10668 was introduced as a new standard to increase the transparency and quality of brand valuation. Despite the standard, there is a huge divergence in the value of famous brands between different valuators which implicates that brand valuation still is a problematic area. A new feature that came along with the standard was the behavioral aspect which considers customers perceptions, knowledge and associations towards a brand. Although, the standard does not specify in what way valuators should consider this in a brand valuation process. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze in what way customers are taken into account as a part of the valuation of a brand. Also it will describe the significance of brand valuation out of various actors’ positions and analyze possible differences and complications in their procedures. Method: To achieve the purpose of this thesis we have used an abductive research approach and applied a qualitative method. The empirical findings have been gathered through semi-structured interviews with five actors within the valuation industry. Conclusion: Our respondents has different opinions in how, and if, the value of a brand should be measured, mostly because of their different positions and knowledge. Overall, the local valuators have a simpler approach than those working in larger auditing and consulting companies. In practice, however, it seems to be a matter of what a buyer is willing to pay, or how the valuator shoots from the hip. It has also been shown that customers are not counted as an added value of a brand, instead their opinions work as a proof of a brands value, although it is something that there’s limited knowledge about.

Submitted by Taís Abreu (ttaisabreu@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-13T19:12:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Taís Abreu_2018.pdf: 821701 bytes, checksum: 4d087449da9f7fcfa069251c7725cacc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2018-03-21T18:29:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Taís Abreu_2018.pdf: 821701 bytes, checksum: 4d087449da9f7fcfa069251c7725cacc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-21T18:29:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Taís Abreu_2018.pdf: 821701 bytes, checksum: 4d087449da9f7fcfa069251c7725cacc (MD5) / Tendo em vista a necessidade e relevância de sistematizar a produção de conhecimento sobre um determinado tema e, por consequência, estabelecer uma memória acerca de tais produções, esta pesquisa trata-se de um estado do conhecimento sobre práticas parentais na perspectiva da Análise do Comportamento. O objetivo foi analisar teses e dissertações que discutem o tema práticas parentais na perspectiva da Análise do Comportamento, no período de 2001 a 2015, e os descritores utilizados na busca foram “práticas parentais” e “análise do comportamento”. Práticas parentais são estratégias de socialização utilizadas pelos pais em relação ao comportamento de seus filhos. Tais práticas podem ser positivas e favorecer o desenvolvimento socioemocional de crianças e adolescentes, melhorar o desempenho acadêmico e promover habilidades sociais, ou podem ser negativas e promover problemas de comportamento e até comportamento antissocial. Entre os principais resultados, o estilo autoritativo apareceu como o estilo parental mais adequado, bem como práticas parentais como monitoria positiva e comportamento moral como as mais desejáveis ao desenvolvimento de crianças e adolescentes. Pesquisas também investigaram os resultados de treinos parentais sobre o comportamento dos filhos, que se mostraram ferramentas eficazes de mudança, tanto de comportamentos problemas quanto da qualidade da relação parental. A região sudeste foi a que mais produziu no período analisado (45,83% das produções), evidenciando a hegemonia da região na produção de conhecimento apontada pela literatura. Além disso, 41,93% das produções apresentaram fundamentação teórica da Análise do Comportamento de forma explícita, evidenciando contribuição significativa de tal aporte teórico para a compreensão do tema. Lacunas foram encontradas na produção de conhecimento presente nesta amostra, como a escassez de estudos longitudinais que abordem adolescentes e jovens adultos, bem como estudos que abordem a relação entre práticas parentais, educação e desempenho acadêmico. Concluiu-se que há potencialidade nas pesquisas neste tema para subsidiar práticas preventivas baseadas em orientação e treino de pais, práticas estas norteadas pela Análise do Comportamento, que se mostrou útil e capaz de contribuir para a problemática. Espera-se colaborar com os pesquisadores e profissionais da área. / ABSTRACT In view of the need and relevance of systematizing the production of knowledge on a given topic and, consequently, to establish a memory about such productions, this research is a state of knowledge about parental practices from the perspective of Behavior Analysis. The objective was to analyze theses and dissertations that discuss the topic parental practices from the perspective of Behavior Analysis, from 2001 to 2015, and the descriptors used in the search were "parental practices" and "behavioral analysis". Parental practices are socialization strategies used by parents in relation to their children's behavior. Such practices can be positive and favor the socio-emotional development of children and adolescents, improve academic performance and promote social skills, or may be negative and promote behavioral problems and even antisocial behavior. Among the main results, the authoritative style appeared as the most appropriate parental style, as well as parental practices such as positive monitoring and moral behavior as the most desirable to the development of children and adolescents. Researches have also investigated the results of parental training on children's behavior, which have proved to be effective tools for change in both problem behavior and the quality of the parental relationship. The southeastern region was the one that produced the most during the analyzed period (45.83% of the productions), evidencing the hegemony of the region in the production of knowledge pointed out in the literature. In addition, 41,93% of the productions presented the theoretical basis of the Analysis of Behavior explicitly, evidencing a significant contribution of such a theoretical contribution to the understanding of the theme. Gaps were found in the production of knowledge present in this sample, such as the shortage of longitudinal studies that address adolescents and young adults, as well as studies that address the relationship between parental practices, education and academic performance. It was concluded that there is potential in the research on this subject to subsidize preventive practices based on guidance and training of parents, practices guided by Behavior Analysis, which proved useful and capable of contributing to the problem. It is hoped to collaborate with the researchers and professionals.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-04-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:32:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 chirinea_g_me_bauru.pdf: 517463 bytes, checksum: df83153ec432854159e0aa3bd3ea803d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O modelo de mudança conceitual,de reconhecida difusão na área do Ensino de Ciências,foi alvo de diversas críticas e revisões ao longo dos mais de vinte anos desde sua proposição inicial. oder-se-ia afirmar,no entanto,que tanto os proponentes do modelo quanto seus críticos apresentam um enfoque restritivo no tratamento das medidas comportamentais correspondentes à ocorrência ou não de mudança conceitual. Admite-se,como hipótese deste trabalho,que o Behaviorismo Radical propicia ferramentas capazes de uma avaliação da pertinência das críticas dirigidas ao modelo e da própria proposta de avaliação dos resultados obtidos através de sua utilização,tal como apresentada por seus proponentes . Para tanto, o presente trabalho concentrou ênfase na tentativa de,considerando estudos que ilustram a difusão posterior do modelo em trabalhos empíricos,descrever as medidas comportamentais que parecem fundamentar inferências sobre a ocorrência ou não da mudança conceitual,analisando se e como o tratamento de tais medidas foi considerado em alguns dos artigos que expressam uma revisão crítica do modelo Argumenta-se que tais artigos falham em descrever semelhanças e diferenças dos instrumentos e das interações que definem a obtenção das medidas comportamentais de conhecimentos prévios e posteriores à intervenção,bem como as intervenções intencionalmente planejadas e as condições de avaliação que sucedem a tais intervenções. / The conceptual change model, well-known spread in Science Teaching, has been reviewed and criticized, since its initial proposal, for over twenty years. It could be argued, however, that either authors or critics present a restrictive view concerning the behavioral measures related to the absence or occurrence of conceptual change. The hypothesis within this paper is that Radical Behaviorism provides tools that can assess the pertinence of criticisms toward the model as well as the result evaluation proposal obtained from their application, as referred to by their proponents. Thus, the emphasis of this paper, taking into account studies that illustrate the posterior spreading of the model in empirical applications, is the attempt to describe the behavioral measures that seem to support inferences about the occurrence or absence of conceptual change, analyzing whereas and how the treatment of such measures were considered in some articles expressing a critical revision of the model. We understand that such articles have failed to describe similarities and differences concerning the instruments and interactions that define the achievement of behavioral measures from the knowledge (and not about responses) before and after the intervention, as well as intentionally planned interventions and the assessment conditions subsequent to the interventions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Chequer Saraiva Messa.pdf: 890277 bytes, checksum: 88d3147519c3551c3708f9f3a3139e4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-30 / This paper presents two studies of verbal irony in Behavior Analysis. This work shows the contributions of other areas (Linguistics, Cognitive Psychology) for Behavior Analysis, so that it can construct in behavioral foundations, a sustainable framework for studying the functions of production and comprehension of verbal irony, and, at the same time, so they can test empirically some of the verbal irony interpretations. The first study is conceptual and is intended to introduce the concept of irony in two areas of knowledge :Linguistics, through the author Paiva (1961), A Contribution to The Stylistics Irony, and Behavior Analysis, through the author Skinner (1957), Verbal Behavior. From these two classics, was analyzed and discussed through the method of BAS (Behavioral Analysis of Speech), the concept of verbal irony and the possibilities for a functional analysis of verbal behavior that involves the phenomenon. This method is self-description of the effects of text-speech under the researcher. The results showed that the irony in Skinner can be conceptualized as verbal behavior under multiple control - multiple audience, multiple stimuli (especially non-verbal) and motivational operations from these stimulus and multiple audiences - with the function of allowing the listener to produce a response (in general, contrary to what was said). The different consequences on audiences, functionally classify subtypes of irony (sarcasm, satire, allegory, cynicism, etc).The authors Skinner and Paiva share the same elements of irony concept. Skinner describes the function of irony from the context of multiple control on verbal behavior (ironic), that includes more than one audience as part of that context; Paiva demonstrates an outstanding contribution in the differentiation of five types (pure, satirical, disfemistic, restrictive and contornant) and climates (naive, rhetoric, sacred, scientific and familiar) of irony. The junction of the approaches of Skinner and Paiva suggests that investigation of irony in speech should analyze the production and comprehension of verbal irony considering the context (stimulus control) and the audience that define multiple types of climates and ironies. We conclude that functional analysis of verbal irony helped to go beyond simply saying how irony it is "used", indicating where, how and why (for what) this behavior is emitted. Study II presents an empirical analysis of production and comprehension of verbal irony in the legal environment. A Jury was recorded, filmed and the speech of the Prosecutor and Lawer was analysed. From the recorded statements, four ironic phrases were selected from each participant, chosen by the researcher and judged by three people (a trainee, the supervisor of this dissertation and the participant s opponent). The phrases were separated and analyzed using the BAS method. The results demonstrated a clear understanding of the participant s irony by definition in the dictionary. Moreover, the high emission of manipulative autoclitics made the irony be issued more in order to persuade listeners than to humor function, for example. It was concluded that the emission of irony can be understood as something inappropriate in legal environment. Furthermore, when investigated by the Behavior Analysis (along with the addition of Linguists definitions), is issued under multiple control, highlighting the humor functions and disqualification of the opponent s speech (such as sarcasm or mockery) / Neste trabalho são apresentados dois estudos sobre ironia verbal na Análise do Comportamento. Essa dissertação traz as contribuições de outras áreas (Linguística, Psicologia Cognitiva) para a Análise do Comportamento, de maneira que se possa construir, em alicerces comportamentais, um arcabouço sustentável para o estudo das funções da produção e da compreensão da ironia verbal; e, ao mesmo tempo, para que se possam testar empiricamente algumas das interpretações behavioristas sobre a ironia verbal. O Estudo I é conceitual e seu objetivo é apresentar o conceito de ironia em duas grandes áreas do conhecimento: a Linguística, através da autora Paiva (1961), Contribuição Para Uma Estilística Da Ironia; e a Análise do Comportamento, através do autor Skinner (1957), Verbal Behavior. A partir dessas duas obras clássicas, foi analisado e discutido, através do método da ACD (Análise Comportamental do Discurso), o conceito de ironia verbal e as possibilidades de uma análise funcional do comportamento verbal que envolve o fenômeno. Esse método é auto-descrição dos efeitos do texto-discurso sob o pesquisador. Os resultados mostraram que a ironia em Skinner pode ser conceituada como comportamento verbal sob controle múltiplo audiência múltipla, estímulos múltiplos (especialmente não verbais) e operações motivacionais a partir desses estímulos e audiências múltiplas com a função de deixar que o ouvinte produza uma resposta (em geral contrária ao que foi dito). As diferentes consequências sobre as audiências classificam funcionalmente subtipos de ironia: sarcasmo, sátira, alegoria, cinismo, etc. Esses elementos do conceito de ironia do autor são compartilhados pelas definições de ironia de Paiva. Skinner descreve a função da ironia a partir do contexto do controle múltiplo do comportamento verbal (irônico), que inclui mais de uma audiência como parte desse contexto; Paiva demonstra uma relevante contribuição na diferenciação dos cinco tipos (pura, satírica, disfemística, restritiva e contornante) e climas (ingênuo, retórico, sagrado, científico e familiar) da ironia.A junção das abordagens de Skinner e de Paiva aponta que o estudo da ironia no discurso deve analisar a produção e a compreensão do comportamento verbal irônico levando em consideração o contexto (controle de estímulo) e a audiência múltipla que definem tipos e climas de ironias. Conclui-se que a análise funcional do comportamento verbal irônico ajudou a ir além de simplesmente dizer como a ironia é utilizada , apontando onde, como e porque (para que) esse comportamento é emitido. No Estudo II é apresentada uma análise empírica da produção e compreensão da ironia verbal em ambiente jurídico. Foi gravado e filmado um Júri Popular e analisadas as falas do Promotor e do Advogado. Dessas falas gravadas foram selecionadas quatro frases irônicas de cada participante, escolhidas pela pesquisadora e julgadas por outras três pessoas (um estagiário, o orientador desta dissertação e o oponente do participante). As frases foram separadas e analisadas com base no método da ACD. Os resultados demonstraram uma clara compreensão da ironia por parte dos participantes pela definição mais dicionarizada. Além disso, a alta emissão de autoclíticos manipulativos fez com que a ironia fosse mais emitida com o objetivo de persuadir os ouvintes do que com função humorística, por exemplo. Concluiu-se que a emissão da ironia pode ser compreendida como algo inapropriado em ambiente jurídico. Além disso, quando investigada pela Análise do Comportamento (juntamente com a junção das definições na Linguística), é emitida sob controle múltiplo, destacando-se as funções de humor e de desqualificação da fala do oponente (como sarcasmo ou deboche)

A Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (FAP) baseia-se no behaviorismo radical e propõe como mecanismo de mudança a modelagem de comportamentos clinicamente relevantes (CCR) na interação terapêutica. Diversas pesquisas tem comprovado a eficácia desse mecanismo de mudança, porém um estudo detalhado das variáveis envolvidas nessa modelagem se faz necessário. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivos verificar os efeitos sobre os CCRs produzidos por dois tipos de intervenções: FAP não sinalizada (FAPNS) e FAP sinalizada (FAPS), e comparar essas intervenções com intervenções analítico comportamentais com foco em análise de contingências externas à terapia (ACE). As intervenções FAPNS consistiram na modelagem de CCRs na interação terapêutica. Já as intervenções FAPS, além da modelagem continham as seguintes variáveis: 1. sinalização e descrição pelo terapeuta da ocorrência de CCRs na interação com o cliente; 2. descrição do terapeuta ao cliente do impacto que os CCRs produzem nele (com relação a sentimentos, pensamentos, etc.); e 3. paralelos realizados pelo terapeuta dos comportamentos do cliente em sessão e fora dela.. Foi utilizado um delineamento intra-sujeito de reversão, de tratamentos múltiplos (A1 B1 A2 C1 A3 B2 A4 C2 A5) para estudar os efeitos dessas intervenções em dois clientes com problemas em relacionamentos interpessoais. A ordem de apresentação das fases foi alternada para cada participante. As sessões foram filmadas e analisadas utilizando o instrumento Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Rating Scale FAPRS. Foram analisadas 27 sessões de cada participante. Os resultados corroboram que a modelagem dos CCRs é o mecanismo de mudança na FAP, visto que os CCRs2 aumentaram de frequência e os CCRs1 diminuíram nas fases em que a FAPS ou FAPNS foram introduzidas. Com o delineamento utilizado conseguimos observar as reversões nas frequências de CRBs nas mudanças entre as fases FAP e ACE. Não foram encontradas diferenças evidentes entre as duas formas de intervenção, FAPS e FAPNS, indicando que a modelagem ocorre quando o terapeuta apresenta a consequência adequada aos CCRs, independente da descrição dos comportamentos / Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) is based on radical behaviorism and proposes that the shaping of clinically relevant behavior (CRB) is the instrument of behavioral change. Many researches demonstrated this mechanism, but a detailed analysis of the variables is necessary. The objective of this research was to study the effects of two different FAP interventions on CRBs: Non-signalized FAP Interventions (FAPNS) and signalized FAP interventions (FAPS), and compare those interventions with sessions of behavioral psychotherapy, with focus on analysis of contingencies external to therapy (ACE). FAPNS interventions consist of shaping the client´s behavior throughout the course of therapeutic interaction. FAPS interventions, in addition to shaping CRBs during therapeutic interaction, contain the following variables: 1) signaling and description by the therapist of the occurrence of CRBs during the interaction with the client, 2) description of the CRBs impact on the therapist (e.g., the therapists feelings, thoughts, etc., produced by the clients CRBs), and 3) description of parallels between CRBs and the clients behavior outside therapeutic setting. We used a within-subject withdrawal design with multiple treatments (A1 - B1 - A2 - C1 - A3 - B2 - A4 - C2 - A5) to study those variables in two clients with interpersonal relationship problems. We controlled the order of presentation of each phase for the participants. The sessions were filmed and then coded using the Functional Analytic Psychotherapy Rating Scale-FAPRS. 27 sessions of each participant were analyzed. The results show that the shaping process of CRBs is the main mechanism of change in FAP since the CRBs 2 increased while the CRBs 1 decreased during FAPS and FAPNS phases. We observed the reversion of CRBs frequencies between FAP and non FAP phases (ACE), but we did not find differences between FAPS and FAPNS interventions. This indicates that the shaping process of CRBs occur when the therapist presents the precise consequences for each CRBs, even if the consequences do not include the description of the behaviors that take place between therapist and client

The thesis investigates APT attacks, which are professional targeted attacks that are characterised by long-term duration and use of advanced techniques. The thesis summarises current knowledge about APT attacks and suggests seven symptoms that can be used to check, whether an organization is under an APT attack. Thesis suggests a system for detection of APT attacks based on interaction of those symptoms. This system is elaborated further for detection of attacks in computer networks, where it uses user behaviour modelling for anomaly detection. The detector uses k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) method. The APT attack recognition ability in network environment is verified by implementing and testing this detector.

With the ratification of the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) in 2006, states were required to permit public schools to provide varying levels of intervention for students who showed that they were struggling in one or more core educational areas (Department of Education 300.307(a) (2), 2006). This recommendation supported the use of the framework known as Response to Intervention (RtI) that was familiar in the research literature (Department of Education, 2006). The theoretical framework chosen to support the RtI process in which three RtI programs are being analyzed is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). ABA is a theory that suggests interventions initiated to create improvement for an area in which a person has learning or developmental challenges needs to be carefully evaluated individually with each case and then a series of proactive responses to the data are initiated with the goal of having the individual experience improvement and growth (Axelrod, 2012). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the CST reading proficiency scores of socio-economically challenged middle school students who participated in one of three interventions: low reading students who participated in an intensive reading program, low reading students who participated in the English Language Development (ELD) program, and low reading students who only participated in a Sustained Silent Reading program. The methodology chosen was a quasi-experimental study because there were three independent variables: the Intensive Intervention Group (II), the English Language Development Intervention Group (ELD), and the Silent Sustained Reading Intervention Group (SSR). A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was conducted on all three independent variables using the dependent variable to establish any significant differences and to measure any possible academic mean growth. Two research questions were analyzed, including how the three groups scores would compare using the MANOVA and the impact of the interventions when comparing sixth, seventh, and eighth graders to each other as separate groups. The results indicate that the use of Applied Behavior Analysis Creating research based intervention systems at the middle school can have positive results and can justify utilizing financial resources at the middle school level to provide RtI systems.

No description available.