The understanding of behavioral patterns in different species is an important part of the proper management and conservation of wild populations of animals. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of behavioral patterns in the samango monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis erythrarcus) of northern South Africa. Using the scan- sampling procedure, the behaviors of an isolated population of free-ranging samango monkeys in the Soutpansberg, Limpopo Province, were recorded during 16 days in the summer of 2010. The day was divided into the intervals: morning, midday and afternoon, and the behaviors social, resting, movement, and feeding were recorded and analyzed. The results showed a behavioral pattern in which the relative frequency of occurrence of social behaviors and movement were significantly different depending of the time of day, whereas the behaviors resting and feeding were not. During midday, social behaviors increased, while movement decreased. The groups’ degree of arboreality was also recorded and analyzed. The group spent significantly more time on the ground during midday compared to morning and afternoon. The amount of time this group spent on the ground is not entirely consistent with what has been described in the literature, where the samango has been described as strictly arboreal. A longer study including more environmental parameters, and using focal animal sampling together with the scan sampling method would be valuable for the further understanding of the behavior of the samango monkey.

The main theme of this thesis is the influence of stress factors on the students at the Medical Social Science Faculty. Stress is a very broad theme and has a wide range of effects on the students. It can affect every part of our life. If we truly want to understand its influence on students Medical Social Science Faculty we first have to find its origin. In the theory part we find that a lot of authors agree that stress originates in us, it is in us, it comes from us and that we create it within ourselves. This diagnosis, however, is not satisfactory because there are great differences between the ways people create their own stress. We go on to find out what influences we tend to follow in creating behavioral patterns, as a nation, family or as individuals. These influences we regard as true and indiscriminately use as guidelines for our day to day lives. We find that from our early years we develop a view of the world around us using different mechanisms. One sees a glass half full and another half empty. So, also each one of us deals with problems and stressful situations in various different ways. We find different opinions on how to deal with the wrong influences and patterns in our lives. We realize that anyone, if they want and believe, can completely change beyond recognition and be happy. We also find that happiness is closely connected with the spiritual. The practical part of this thesis is done in the form of deep interviews with the students Medical Social Science Faculty. To my surprise the students were very open to these interviews. The thesis describes the stress factors on the students. I find that the field of stress factors is very wide and the students often have trouble dealing with it. Because they don?t know the principles, functions of stress and methods of how to work on themselves and how to get rid of it, they often seem to negatively influence its effects. Thanks to acquiring a deeper understanding of the subject, the obtained information can serve as a basis for improving the quality of education and the students? life. It can also be used for further research in the area of stress and its complications. I hope that my thesis will be an inspiration for others like myself who are trying to deal with stress and the problems and difficulties of student life and that it will encourage and help guide them in dealing with everyday life.

This diploma thesis deals with computer identification using network behavioral patterns. Security functions providing privacy are described together with user privacy threats. Then, several approaches to the computer identification based on network behaviour are described. The proposed tool is based on data mining method Multinomial Naive Bayes. Then, the implementation of proposed tool is described and the experiments recognizing success in the identification are performed.

A atividade exercida pelos administradores de sociedades anônimas envolve a prática de uma série de atos de gestão não previamente ou exaustivamente definidos, estando sujeita, portanto, a uma margem de discricionariedade. Apesar das limitações impostas pela Lei e pelos Estatutos Sociais, ao administrador caberá, cotidianamente, escolher uma alternativa, dentre muitas possíveis, para cada negócio realizado pela companhia. A proposta deste trabalho é estudar a influência da regulação jurídica sobre as escolhas que são tomadas pelos administradores, mais precisamente o chamado dever de diligência, estudando, deste modo, como a escolha de determinados padrões de conduta pela regulação jurídica pode determinar a relação dos administradores com o risco empresarial e afetar a atividade econômica de um país. O estudo é conduzido em grande parte com a utilização da metodologia da análise econômica do direito, tendo em vista as frutíferas contribuições que as ferramentas de microeconomia podem trazer para construção de análises sobre os comportamentos de agentes econômicos. / The activity rendered by managers ahead of corporations contemplate series of acts not previously or thoroughly defined, being subjected, therefore, to a discretionary margin. Nonetheless all limits imposed by Law and by the company by-laws, a manager, every day, still should choose one alternative amongst many possible, for each company business. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of legal regulation over the choices made by company managers, more precisely about the duty of care, studying, in this sense, how certain behavioral patterns imposed by legal regulation can determine the relationship of company managers with business risks and, hence, affect economic activities in a country. The study is grounded in the methodology proposed by Law & Economics, considering all prolific contributions received by the microeconomic tools for the construction behavioral analysis of economical agents.

Une étude de Nielsen (2006), largement citée, indique que les internautes explorent les pages Web suivant un pattern en forme de "F". Ce résultat a amené les concepteurs à organiser les informations d'une page en fonction de ce comportement, même si aucune étude n'a permis de répliquer ces résultats. Bien que les conclusions de cette étude portent sur le comportement visuel, la question des patterns comportementaux permettant de décrire la navigation des internautes se pose de manière plus générale. L'objectif de cette thèse a donc été de déterminer si des patterns pouvaient être mis en lumière à partir de différents indicateurs. Trois études ont été réalisées. Dans la première étude, 112 participants devaient réaliser quatre tâches de recherche d’information sur deux sites web différents. Le protocole impliquait une répétition immédiate de ces mêmes tâches. Une classification automatique a permis d'identifier 4 patterns qui se distinguent à la fois en termes de navigation sur la page d’accueil, mais aussi de performances. Lors des répétitions, la classification nous a permis d’identifier 3 des 4 patterns précédents. Ceci implique que les individus ne répètent pas forcément leur façon de rechercher l'information et ceci, peu importe la tâche, et le site. La deuxième étude a porté sur 27 individus et impliquait, pour les participants, de se présenter trois fois consécutives à 48 heures d’intervalle, afin de refaire les mêmes tâches. La répétition des tâches, que ce soit à court ou à moyen terme, entraîne une augmentation des performances, c'est-à-dire que les tâches sont réalisées plus rapidement et de façon plus efficiente. Toutefois, les patterns identifiés diffèrent entre les répétitions à court et moyen terme. Un autre résultat observé est que les stratégies ou patterns ne sont pas propres aux individus. En d'autres termes, un individu peut présenter ou adopter plusieurs patterns d'une tâche à une autre, d'un site à un autre ou d'une répétition à l'autre. Enfin, pour notre dernière étude, nous nous sommes demandé si l’homogénéité de nos échantillons pouvait influer sur les patterns. Nous avons donc réalisé une expérimentation comptant 47 participants avec des profils variés. Les individus ont eu tendance à se distinguer selon les 4 mêmes patterns identifiés. Nous avons pu observer qu’en fonction des individus, une même stratégie pouvait conduire à la réussite ou à l’échec de la tâche. De plus, les styles d’apprentissage ne semblent pas liés aux patterns observés. Les limites et les perspectives de ces travaux sont discutées. / A study by Nielsen (2006), widely cited, indicates that Internet users explore web pages following a "F" shape pattern. This result brought the designers to organize the information of a page according to this behavior, even if no study replicated these results. Although the conclusions of this study concern the visual behavior, the question of the behavioral patterns allowing describing the navigation of the Internet users remains in a more general way. Thus the aim of this thesis was to determine if patterns could be revealed from various indicators. Three studies were conducted. In the first study, 112 participants had to perform four information search tasks on two different websites. The experimental protocol involved an immediate repetition of the same tasks. A clustering method allowed us to identify 4 behavioral patterns, which distinguish themselves in terms of navigation on the homepage, but also in terms of performances. During the repetitions, the classification allowed us to identify 3 patterns out of the 4 previous ones. This implies that the individuals do not repeat necessarily the way they look for the information and this, no matter the task, and the Web site. The second experiment involved 27 persons. They had to come three times, with 48 hour intervals to repeat the same tasks. The repetition of the tasks, whether in short or medium-term, increased the performances of the users, that is the tasks are more quickly realized and in a more efficient way. However, the identified patterns differ between the short and medium-term repetitions. Another observed result is that the strategies or patterns are not peculiar to the individuals. In other words, an individual can present or adopt several patterns from a task to another one, from a site to an other one or from a repetition to the other one. Finally, in our last study, we wondered if the homogeneity of our previous samples could have influenced the patterns. So we conducted an experiment with 47 participants with varied profiles. The individuals tended to distinguish themselves according to 4 same identified patterns. We were able to observe that according to the individuals, the same strategy could lead to the success or to the failure of the task. Furthermore, the learning styles did not seem to be related to the observed patterns. Limits and prospects of this work are discussed.

A atividade exercida pelos administradores de sociedades anônimas envolve a prática de uma série de atos de gestão não previamente ou exaustivamente definidos, estando sujeita, portanto, a uma margem de discricionariedade. Apesar das limitações impostas pela Lei e pelos Estatutos Sociais, ao administrador caberá, cotidianamente, escolher uma alternativa, dentre muitas possíveis, para cada negócio realizado pela companhia. A proposta deste trabalho é estudar a influência da regulação jurídica sobre as escolhas que são tomadas pelos administradores, mais precisamente o chamado dever de diligência, estudando, deste modo, como a escolha de determinados padrões de conduta pela regulação jurídica pode determinar a relação dos administradores com o risco empresarial e afetar a atividade econômica de um país. O estudo é conduzido em grande parte com a utilização da metodologia da análise econômica do direito, tendo em vista as frutíferas contribuições que as ferramentas de microeconomia podem trazer para construção de análises sobre os comportamentos de agentes econômicos. / The activity rendered by managers ahead of corporations contemplate series of acts not previously or thoroughly defined, being subjected, therefore, to a discretionary margin. Nonetheless all limits imposed by Law and by the company by-laws, a manager, every day, still should choose one alternative amongst many possible, for each company business. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of legal regulation over the choices made by company managers, more precisely about the duty of care, studying, in this sense, how certain behavioral patterns imposed by legal regulation can determine the relationship of company managers with business risks and, hence, affect economic activities in a country. The study is grounded in the methodology proposed by Law & Economics, considering all prolific contributions received by the microeconomic tools for the construction behavioral analysis of economical agents.

Tekniken utvecklas kontinuerligt och vår miljö har gradvis blivit mer digitaliserad med åren. Numera finns det således en ständig närvaro av olika digitala enheter i våra liv, såsom smartphonen. Syftet med forskningsstudien är att undersöka hur användarens beteendemönster vid användning av smartphones påverkas av ett svartvitt tema. För att svara på forskningsmålet valde författarna till studien att undersöka hur unga vuxnas spenderade tid på sina smartphones digitala skärmar påverkas av ett svartvitt tema, samt hur unga vuxna upplever den spenderade tiden på deras smartphones digitala skärmar när dessa är inställda på ett svartvitt tema. Litteraturstudien, som baserades på tidigare forskning om visualisering och digitalt beroende, gav en grund för att analysera, förklara och diskutera de insamlade empiriska data. Studien genomfördes med en mixad metod, där kvantitativa data som samlades in från sju deltagare analyserades med hjälp av det statistiska analysprogrammet SPSS; och kvalitativa data som samlades in genom individuella intervjuer med de sju deltagarna analyserades tematiskt. Resultaten visade att användarnas spenderade skärmtid på deras smartphones minskade när de ställdes in på ett svartvitt tema. Således har gråskalan en signifikant effekt på den spenderade skärmtiden. Dessutom visade resultaten att enheten inte var lika tilltalande och intressant för användarna. Gråskalan påverkade dessutom användarnas förmåga att koncentrera sig när de använde smartphone-enheten samt att användarnas koncentration blev svårare att underhålla, och navigeringen på skärmarna blev mer komplicerad. / The technology is under continuous development and our environment has gradually become more digitalized over the years. Nowadays, thus, there is a constant presence of various digital devices in our lives, such as the smartphone. The purpose of the research study is to investigate how user’s behavior patterns of the use of smartphones is affected by a black and white theme. To answer the research aim, the authors of the study chose to investigate how young adults' spent time on their smartphones’ digital screens is affected by a black and white theme, and how young adults experience the time spent on their smartphones’ digital screens when these are set on a black and white theme. The literature review, which was based on previous research on visualization and digital addiction, provided a basis for analyzing, explaining and discussing the collected empirical data. The study was conducted using a mixed methods approach, where quantitative data collected from seven participants were analyzed using the statistical analysis program SPSS; and qualitative data collected through individual interviews with the seven participants were analyzed thematically. The findings showed that the users’ spent screen time on their smartphones was reduced when it was turned into black and white theme. Thus, the gray scale has a significant effect on the spent screen time.  In addition, the findings showed that the device was not appealing and interesting for the users. Furthermore, the gray scale affected the ability of the users to concentrate, when using the smartphone device. Users’ concentration became more difficult to maintain, and the navigation on the screens became more complicated.

Introdução: Um pequeno grupo de fatores de risco modificáveis é responsável por grande parte da mortalidade e morbidade devidas a doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). Esses comportamentos de risco, frequentemente, se originam na adolescência e se mantêm na vida adulta, com consequências a curto, médio e longo prazo. Atualmente, além de determinar a prevalência de cada um dos fatores de risco, destaca-se a importância de avaliar como eles se agrupam na população, pois alguns desses comportamentos podem interagir entre si, produzindo um risco ainda maior do que a soma de riscos individuais. Objetivos: Identificar padrões de comportamentos de risco e proteção relacionados a doenças crônicas entre adolescentes brasileiros e verificar sua associação com características socioeconômicas e demográficas; avaliar a coocorrência de múltiplos fatores de risco entre os adolescentes, identificar agrupamentos e verificar a associação do acúmulo de riscos com características da população. Método: A fonte de dados utilizada foi a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2012, que coletou informações sobre saúde de adolescentes por meio de questionário autoaplicável em amostra representativa de alunos matriculados no 9º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas brasileiras. Foram utilizadas informações sobre alimentação, atividade física, tabagismo, consumo de álcool e características socioeconômicas e demográficas. A análise fatorial foi usada para identificar padrões de comportamento a partir de uma lista de fatores de risco e proteção para DCNT. A associação entre os padrões encontrados e as características dos estudantes foi avaliada com modelos de regressão linear. A coocorrência de múltiplos fatores de risco foi avaliada com um escore correspondente à soma de cinco comportamentos: 1) Consumo infrequente de frutas e hortaliças, 2) Consumo frequente de alimentos ultraprocessados; 3) Atividade física insuficiente; 4) Fumo; e 5) Consumo abusivo de álcool. Os agrupamentos foram identificados utilizando a razão entre a prevalência observada e a prevalência esperada (O/E) para cada uma das 32 combinações de fatores de risco possíveis. As razões de prevalência O/E maiores que um foram indicativas de um agrupamento (ou cluster). A associação entre o acúmulo de quatro ou cinco dos fatores de risco e as variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas foi avaliada com a utilização de modelo de regressão logística. Resultados: Foram encontrados quatro padrões de comportamentos: \"alimentação não saudável\", \"alimentação saudável\", \"atividade física\" e \"álcool e cigarro\". De forma geral, os grupos que apresentaram pior perfil de adesão aos padrões comportamentais encontrados foram: meninas, adolescentes mais velhos, e aqueles que não viviam com a mãe e o pai. Em relação à ocorrência simultânea dos fatores de risco definidos, apenas 2,5% dos adolescentes não apresentou nenhum dos comportamentos, enquanto 38,1% acumulou dois, 34,2%, três, 8,9%, quatro e 1,5%, os cinco fatores de risco estudados. As combinações de comportamentos mais comuns nos adolescentes foram aquelas em que estavam presentes os fatores de risco relacionados a alimentação e atividade física, ainda que as razões O/E fossem próximas a um. As maiores razões O/E foram encontradas para as combinações em que estavam presentes o cigarro e o álcool, indicando a forte correlação entre o uso das duas substâncias, ainda que a prevalência seja baixa nessa faixa etária. As características associadas ao acúmulo de quatro ou cinco fatores de risco foram: sexo feminino, ter mais de 16 anos, não viver com a mãe e o pai, menor escolaridade da mãe, ser aluno de escola pública, viver em municípios que sejam capitais de estado e nas regiões mais desenvolvidas do país. Conclusão: Os comportamentos de risco relacionados a alimentação e atividade física são os mais frequentes e se distribuem de forma independente nessa faixa etária. Por outro lado, o uso de cigarro e álcool é bastante correlacionado, apesar da baixa prevalência. A presença de múltiplos fatores de risco é comum nessa população e a identificação de grupos mais vulneráveis pode auxiliar no direcionamento de estratégias de promoção à saúde e prevenção de agravos relacionadas ao controle de DCNT ainda durante a adolescência / Introduction: A small group of modifiable risk factors accounts for most of the disease burden and mortality due to non-communicable diseases (NCD). These risk behaviors frequently originate in adolescence and remain in adulthood with short-, medium- and long-term consequences. Currently, in addition to determining the prevalence of each of the risk factors, it is important to evaluate how they cluster among the population, since some of these behaviors might interact with each other, producing an even greater risk than the sheer sum of individual risks. Objectives: To identify patterns of risk and protection behaviors related to chronic diseases among Brazilian adolescents and to verify their association with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics; And to assess the co-occurrence of multiple risk factors among adolescents, to investigate the clustering of risk factors, and to verify the association of presence of multiple risk factors with population characteristics. Methods: Our data source was the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - PeNSE) 2012, which collected data on adolescent health through a self-administered questionnaire in a representative sample of students enrolled in the 9th grade of elementary education in public and private Brazilian schools. We used data about diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Factor analysis was used to identify patterns of behavior from a list of risk and protective factors for NCD. The association between the identified patterns and students\' characteristics was evaluated using linear regression models. The co-occurrence of multiple risk factors was evaluated with a score corresponding to the sum of five behaviors: 1) Infrequent consumption of fruits and vegetables, 2) Frequent consumption of ultraprocessed foods; 3) Insufficient physical activity; 4) Smoke; and 5) Abuse of alcohol. The clustering was identified using the ratio between the observed and expected prevalence (O/E) for each of the 32 combinations of risk factors. Observed/expected ratios (O/E) higher than 1 were considered an indicative of clustering. The association between the prevalence of four or five risk factors and the socioeconomic and demographic variables was evaluated using a logistic regression model. Results: Four patterns of behavior were found: \"unhealthy diet\", \"healthy diet\", \"physical activity\" and \"alcohol and cigarette use\". In general, the groups that presented the worst profile of adherence to the behavioral patterns found were: girls, older adolescents, and those who did not live with the mother and the father. Regarding the simultaneous occurrence of defined risk factors, only 2.5% of adolescents did not present any of the behaviors, while 38.1% accumulated two, 34.2%, three, 8.9%, four and 1.5% all of risk factors analyzed. The most common combinations of behaviors in adolescents were those in which risk factors related to diet and physical activity were present, even though O/E ratios were close to one. The highest O/E ratios were found for the combination of cigarette and alcohol, suggesting a strong correlation between the use of both substances, although the prevalence is low in this age group. The characteristics associated with the presence of four or five risk factors were: female, being over 16 years old, not living with the mother and father, lower education of the mother, being a public school student, living in capitals, and living in the more developed regions of the country. Conclusion: The risk behaviors related to diet and physical activity are the most frequent and occur independently in this age group. On the other hand, cigarette and alcohol use is highly correlated, despite the low prevalence. The presence of multiple risk factors is common in this population and the identification of more vulnerable groups can support strategies for health promotion and prevention of diseases related to the control of CNCD even during adolescence

Au Vietnam, le nombre des cartes bancaires émises qui évolue d'une façon spectaculaire, offre beaucoup d'opportunités commerciales aux banques. Cependant, la plus grande difficulté, à laquelle doit faire face le système bancaire du Vietnam, est l'utilisation traditionnelle de l'argent liquide par les habitants, Cette habitude s'avère difficile à modifier. En effet, malgré la carte et ses nombreux services comme le virement, le règlement des achats ... beaucoup de possesseurs de carte utilisent encore essentiellement du liquide. Dans l'espoir d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension des facteurs internes et externes aux consommateurs qui influencent l'utilisation de la carte bancaire, mon sujet a visé à identifier les facteurs explicatifs de l'utilisation de la carte bancaire par les consommateurs vietnamiens. Plusieurs études ont déjà été menées dans le domaine des cartes bancaires, en particulier concernant les facteurs qui influencent l'utilisation de la banque électronique chez les consommateurs. Dans le contexte des pays de l'Asie du Sud-Est, il y a néanmoins peu d'auteurs qui ont étudié ce sujet. Au Vietnam, aucune étude n'a tenté d'élaborer un modèle des facteurs explicatifs d l'utilisation de la carte bancaire. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire d'identifier les facteurs explicatifs de l'utilisation de la carte bancaire chez les Vietnamiens. Notre recherche s'appuie sur les différentes théories et modèles de comportement (Théorie de l'action raisonnée, théorie du comportement planifié, ... ), et les différents modèles d'utilisation des cartes bancaires réalisés dans quelques pays dans le monde. Associé à une étude qualitative auprès de 20 possesseurs de la carte réalisée au Vietnam, nous avons ensuite élaboré un modèle de recherche qui permet de vérifier la relation entre des facteurs internes, externes et l'attitude, et l'utilisation de la carte bancaire chez les consommateurs. Pour vérifier nos hypothèses de recherche, une lourde enquête quantitative sur 1350 consommateurs vietnamiens (possesseurs et non possesseurs) a été réalisée grâce au questionnaire administré en face à face. Les résultats de cette recherche ont montré que la perception de l'infrastructure nationale, le comportement des magasins qui acceptent la carte, la politique Marketing des banques émettrices, le leadership d'opinion, le sexe et l'âge influencent positivement l'attitude; alors que l'infrastructure nationale, le comportement des magasins qui acceptent la carte, la politique Marketing des banques émettrices, la compatibilité perçue, la possibilité d'observabilité, la possibilité d'essai, le leadership d'opinion, le sexe l'attitude influent positivement l'utilisation de la carte bancaire. L'analyse de l'influence de ces facteurs permet au gouvernement vietnamien ainsi qu'aux responsables des banques vietnamiennes d'identifier les stratégies à mettre en oeuvre pour stimuler l'utilisation des cartes. Par conséquent, ce sujet offre des perspectives intéressantes pour les acteurs économiques, ... en termes de stratégies de développement de l'utilisation de carte bancaire. / In Vietnam, the number of issued bank cards is in a changing dramatically, offering many business opportunities fi banks. However, the greatest challenge that faces the banking system of Vietnam is the usual or traditional use of cash' the inhabitants. This habit is difficult to change. Indeed, despite the card and its many services such as transfer, payment for goods ... many cardholders are still using essentially the cash. In the hope of obtaining a better understanding internal and external factors that influence the use of bank card among consumers, my subject is to identify factors the explain the use of the bank card by Vietnamese consumers. Factors influencing the use of electronic banking in general and especially the bank card among consumers are the focus of numerous studies. In the context of the countries Southeast Asia, there are nevertheless some authors who have studied this subject. Especially in Vietnam, no study h attempted to develop a model of factors explaining the use of the bank cards. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors explaining the use of bank cards among Vietnamese consumers. Moreover, our research is based on different theories and models involved (Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior ... ), and different patterns of use bank cards performed in some countries in the world. Associated with a qualitative study of 20 cardholders achieved i Vietnam, we then developed a research model based on assumptions about the relationship between internal factor external factors and the attitude towards use, and the use of bank card among consumers. To test hypotheses of the research, a quantitative study of 1350 Vietnamese consumers (owners and non-owners) through the questionnaire administered face to face was performed. The results of this research showed that the perception of the nation infrastructure, the behavior of stores that accept the bank card, Marketing policy of issuing banks, leadership. / Ở Việt Nam, số lượng thẻ ngân hàng phát hành hiện nay tăng rất nhanh, đã mở ra nhiều cơ hộikinh doanh cho các ngân hàng. Tuy nhiên, khó khăn lớn nhất mà hệ thống ngân hàng ViệtNam gặp phải là thói quen sử dụng tiền mặt từ lâu đời trong dân cư. Thói quen này thật khóthay đổi. Thực tế, mặc dù đã có thẻ ngân hàng cũng như nhiều chức năng khác nhau gắn vớithẻ, nhiều chủ sở hữu thẻ vẫn chủ yếu thanh toán bằng tiền mặt. Với mong muốn hiểu đượcnhững nhân tố bên trong và bên ngoài ảnh hưởng đến việc sử dụng thẻ ngân hàng của ngườitiêu dùng, luận án này sẽ xác định những nhân tố giải thích cho việc sử dụng thẻ ngân hàng ởngười tiêu dùng Việt Nam.Nhiều nghiên cứu khác nhau đã đề cập đến thẻ ngân hàng, đặc biệt là những nhân tố ảnhhưởng đến việc dùng ngân hàng điện tử ở người tiêu dùng. Tuy nhiên, trong bối cảnh nhữngquốc gia Đông Nam Á, chỉ có số ít tác giả nghiên cứu vấn đề này. Nhất là tại Việt Nam, chưacó nghiên cứu nào thử phát họa mô hình những nhân tố giải thích cho việc sử dụng thẻ ngânhàng của người tiêu dùng Việt Nam.Mặc khác, nghiên cứu này dựa trên các lý thuyết và mô hình hành vi khác nhau, cũng như dựatrên các mô hình sử dụng thẻ ngân hàng ở một số quốc gia trên thế giới. Kết hợp với cuộcnghiên cứu định tính đối với 20 chủ thẻ ngân hàng, luận án này phát họa mô hình nghiên cứudựa trên các lý thuyết liên quan đến quan hệ giữa những nhân tố bên trong, bên ngoài và tháiđộ đối với việc sử dụng thẻ cũng như việc sử dụng thẻ ở người tiêu dùng.Để kiểm định các giả thuyết nghiên cứu, cuộc nghiên cứu định lượng được thực hiện đối với1350 người tiêu dùng Việt Nam (người sở hữu và không sở hữu thẻ) nhờ vào bản câu hỏiđược phát trực tiếp.Kết quả cuộc nghiên cứu đã thể hiện rằng cảm nhận về hạ tầng quốc gia, về hành vi của cácđơn vị chấp nhận thẻ, về chính sách Marketing của các ngân hàng phát hành, khả năng dẫnđạo ý kiến, giới tính của người tiêu dùng có quan hệ đồng biến với thái độ đối với việc sửdụng thẻ cũng như việc sử dụng thẻ ngân hàng.Việc phân tích những nhân tố ảnh hưởng này cho phép chính phủ Việt Nam, cũng như cácnhà quản lý ngân hàng xác định các chiến lược nhằm kích thích việc sử dụng thẻ ngân hàng.Do đó, đề tài này mở ra viễn cảnh thú vị về mặt chiến lược phát triển sử dụng thẻ ngân hàng ởViệt Nam.

Introdução: Um pequeno grupo de fatores de risco modificáveis é responsável por grande parte da mortalidade e morbidade devidas a doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). Esses comportamentos de risco, frequentemente, se originam na adolescência e se mantêm na vida adulta, com consequências a curto, médio e longo prazo. Atualmente, além de determinar a prevalência de cada um dos fatores de risco, destaca-se a importância de avaliar como eles se agrupam na população, pois alguns desses comportamentos podem interagir entre si, produzindo um risco ainda maior do que a soma de riscos individuais. Objetivos: Identificar padrões de comportamentos de risco e proteção relacionados a doenças crônicas entre adolescentes brasileiros e verificar sua associação com características socioeconômicas e demográficas; avaliar a coocorrência de múltiplos fatores de risco entre os adolescentes, identificar agrupamentos e verificar a associação do acúmulo de riscos com características da população. Método: A fonte de dados utilizada foi a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2012, que coletou informações sobre saúde de adolescentes por meio de questionário autoaplicável em amostra representativa de alunos matriculados no 9º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas brasileiras. Foram utilizadas informações sobre alimentação, atividade física, tabagismo, consumo de álcool e características socioeconômicas e demográficas. A análise fatorial foi usada para identificar padrões de comportamento a partir de uma lista de fatores de risco e proteção para DCNT. A associação entre os padrões encontrados e as características dos estudantes foi avaliada com modelos de regressão linear. A coocorrência de múltiplos fatores de risco foi avaliada com um escore correspondente à soma de cinco comportamentos: 1) Consumo infrequente de frutas e hortaliças, 2) Consumo frequente de alimentos ultraprocessados; 3) Atividade física insuficiente; 4) Fumo; e 5) Consumo abusivo de álcool. Os agrupamentos foram identificados utilizando a razão entre a prevalência observada e a prevalência esperada (O/E) para cada uma das 32 combinações de fatores de risco possíveis. As razões de prevalência O/E maiores que um foram indicativas de um agrupamento (ou cluster). A associação entre o acúmulo de quatro ou cinco dos fatores de risco e as variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas foi avaliada com a utilização de modelo de regressão logística. Resultados: Foram encontrados quatro padrões de comportamentos: \"alimentação não saudável\", \"alimentação saudável\", \"atividade física\" e \"álcool e cigarro\". De forma geral, os grupos que apresentaram pior perfil de adesão aos padrões comportamentais encontrados foram: meninas, adolescentes mais velhos, e aqueles que não viviam com a mãe e o pai. Em relação à ocorrência simultânea dos fatores de risco definidos, apenas 2,5% dos adolescentes não apresentou nenhum dos comportamentos, enquanto 38,1% acumulou dois, 34,2%, três, 8,9%, quatro e 1,5%, os cinco fatores de risco estudados. As combinações de comportamentos mais comuns nos adolescentes foram aquelas em que estavam presentes os fatores de risco relacionados a alimentação e atividade física, ainda que as razões O/E fossem próximas a um. As maiores razões O/E foram encontradas para as combinações em que estavam presentes o cigarro e o álcool, indicando a forte correlação entre o uso das duas substâncias, ainda que a prevalência seja baixa nessa faixa etária. As características associadas ao acúmulo de quatro ou cinco fatores de risco foram: sexo feminino, ter mais de 16 anos, não viver com a mãe e o pai, menor escolaridade da mãe, ser aluno de escola pública, viver em municípios que sejam capitais de estado e nas regiões mais desenvolvidas do país. Conclusão: Os comportamentos de risco relacionados a alimentação e atividade física são os mais frequentes e se distribuem de forma independente nessa faixa etária. Por outro lado, o uso de cigarro e álcool é bastante correlacionado, apesar da baixa prevalência. A presença de múltiplos fatores de risco é comum nessa população e a identificação de grupos mais vulneráveis pode auxiliar no direcionamento de estratégias de promoção à saúde e prevenção de agravos relacionadas ao controle de DCNT ainda durante a adolescência / Introduction: A small group of modifiable risk factors accounts for most of the disease burden and mortality due to non-communicable diseases (NCD). These risk behaviors frequently originate in adolescence and remain in adulthood with short-, medium- and long-term consequences. Currently, in addition to determining the prevalence of each of the risk factors, it is important to evaluate how they cluster among the population, since some of these behaviors might interact with each other, producing an even greater risk than the sheer sum of individual risks. Objectives: To identify patterns of risk and protection behaviors related to chronic diseases among Brazilian adolescents and to verify their association with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics; And to assess the co-occurrence of multiple risk factors among adolescents, to investigate the clustering of risk factors, and to verify the association of presence of multiple risk factors with population characteristics. Methods: Our data source was the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - PeNSE) 2012, which collected data on adolescent health through a self-administered questionnaire in a representative sample of students enrolled in the 9th grade of elementary education in public and private Brazilian schools. We used data about diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Factor analysis was used to identify patterns of behavior from a list of risk and protective factors for NCD. The association between the identified patterns and students\' characteristics was evaluated using linear regression models. The co-occurrence of multiple risk factors was evaluated with a score corresponding to the sum of five behaviors: 1) Infrequent consumption of fruits and vegetables, 2) Frequent consumption of ultraprocessed foods; 3) Insufficient physical activity; 4) Smoke; and 5) Abuse of alcohol. The clustering was identified using the ratio between the observed and expected prevalence (O/E) for each of the 32 combinations of risk factors. Observed/expected ratios (O/E) higher than 1 were considered an indicative of clustering. The association between the prevalence of four or five risk factors and the socioeconomic and demographic variables was evaluated using a logistic regression model. Results: Four patterns of behavior were found: \"unhealthy diet\", \"healthy diet\", \"physical activity\" and \"alcohol and cigarette use\". In general, the groups that presented the worst profile of adherence to the behavioral patterns found were: girls, older adolescents, and those who did not live with the mother and the father. Regarding the simultaneous occurrence of defined risk factors, only 2.5% of adolescents did not present any of the behaviors, while 38.1% accumulated two, 34.2%, three, 8.9%, four and 1.5% all of risk factors analyzed. The most common combinations of behaviors in adolescents were those in which risk factors related to diet and physical activity were present, even though O/E ratios were close to one. The highest O/E ratios were found for the combination of cigarette and alcohol, suggesting a strong correlation between the use of both substances, although the prevalence is low in this age group. The characteristics associated with the presence of four or five risk factors were: female, being over 16 years old, not living with the mother and father, lower education of the mother, being a public school student, living in capitals, and living in the more developed regions of the country. Conclusion: The risk behaviors related to diet and physical activity are the most frequent and occur independently in this age group. On the other hand, cigarette and alcohol use is highly correlated, despite the low prevalence. The presence of multiple risk factors is common in this population and the identification of more vulnerable groups can support strategies for health promotion and prevention of diseases related to the control of CNCD even during adolescence