The use of e-government has increased in recent years, and many countries now use it to provide high quality services to their citizens. As user acceptance is crucial for the success of any IT project, a number of studies have investigated the user acceptance of e-government via the use of adoption models, such as the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. However, these models do not pay sufficient attention to security. The lack of security is one of the key issues associated with the adoption of e-government. Thus, this study aims at investigating the role of security in the behaviour intention for using e-government services. In addition, this study seeks to determine the factors influencing end users’ perceptions in e-government security. Therefore, in mind of achieving the aim, the research followed a mixed-methods approach, which divided the research into two phases. The first phase is a qualitative study aiming at exploring the factors influencing end users’ perceptions in e-government security. The second phase is a quantitative study aiming at identifying the role of security and its antecedences in the behaviour intention for using e-government services. To achieve this goal, a research model was developed by integrating trust, security and privacy with the UTAUT2 and tested via Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings show that user interface quality, security culture and cyber-security law positively affect security perception. These factors explain 54% of security perception variance and strongly influence trust in e-government services. The findings also show that trust is ranked as the third most critical factor affecting behaviour intention after performance expectance and habit. The results make a significant contribution to academic research as this research is the first that investigated the factors that influence the security perception in e-government services. This will provide opportunities for further research to investigate further contributing factors and validate the security antecedences explored in this study. This research has practical implications regarding understanding the role of security in e-government adoption and the factors affecting end users’ perceptions of e-government security. This will help the decision makers in government to increase users’ trust in e-government by focusing more on these factors.

L’enjeu de cette thèse est de proposer une perspective psychosociale de l’étude des usages à partir du concept d’acceptabilité sociale, définit comme « la valeur que l’individu accorde à ces objets et / ou à ces utilisateurs en fonction durapport spécifique qu’il entretient avec eux » (Lefeuvre et al., 2008, p.101). Cette perspective psychosociale est ancrée entre des points vus sociologique et ergonomique et est construite sur la base de la notion de variables sociales dans les modèles d’usages (issus des champs des IHM, MSI et la TARTCP). Nous avons montré que les variables sociales absentes des modèles d’usage, apparaissaient néanmoins dans trois évolutions différentes de ces modèles. De ce constat, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’améliorer la prédiction d’un modèle d’usage par la prise en compte de l’acceptabilité sociale. Deux hypothèses ont été testées. La première selon laquelle, la valeur du comportement module l’effet des variables sociales sur la prédiction de l’intention (Conner et Armitage, 1998 ; Rivis, Sheeran et Armitage, 2009 ; Manning, 2009), et la seconde selon laquelle, les variables sociales n’ont pas toutes la même sensibilité à la variation de la valeur d’un comportement. Pour mettre à l’épreuve ces hypothèses, deux axes de recherches ont été conduits. Le premier axe opérationnalise la valeur par la valorisation du comportement et est testé dans le domaine des comportements routiers (étude 1 et 2). Le second axe opérationnalise la valeur selon le niveau de socialité des comportements et est testé dans le domaine des comportements d’éco-mobilité (étude 3 à 5). Les résultats révèlent la pertinence d’une approche des usages orientée par l’acceptabilité sociale. Ils permettent de souligner que les comportements valorisés sont davantage prédit par les variables sociales que les comportements portant moins de valeur sociale / The issue of this dissertation is to propose a psychosocial paradigm for the study of usage processes based on the concept of social acceptability, defined as the “value individuals attribute to objects and/or users depending on their social relationship” (Lefeuvre et al., 2008, p.101).This psychosocial paradigm finds its roots between sociological and ergonomic points of view, and is focused on the concept of social variables from acceptability models (from the HMI and MIS fields and TRA-TPB). We have established that social variables are initially neglected in usage models, nevertheless three possible evolution trajectories appear in existingmodels. This dissertation aims to enhance a usage prediction model based on the concept of social acceptability. Two hypotheses were tested. In this research, the first hypothesis states that when behaviour value is considered, social variables are a core determinant of behaviour prediction (Conner et Armitage, 1998 ; Rivis, Sheeran et Armitage, 2009 ; Manning, 2009), and the second hypothesis states that differences exist between the effects of social variables when the value of behaviour is considered. In order to empirically test these hypotheses, we operationnalized behaviour value in two ways. In studies 1 & 2, behaviour value was operationalized through behaviour valorization and tested in the transportation field. In studies 3 to 5, behaviour value was operationalized by the level of behaviour sociality and tested in the green mobility domain. Main results validate the relevance of a social acceptability oriented approach for the understanding of usage processes. Furthermore, results underline that social variables have a higher predictive power for valuable behaviours compared to less valuable behaviours

Physical inactivity and disconnection from natural environments threatens human health. However, research has demonstrated that natural environments potentially support health-enhancing physical activity which could confer greater physical and mental health benefits than physical activity in other types of environment. This thesis approached the study of physical activity in natural environments through three related pieces of research. Firstly, an experimental study was carried out to explore how the presence of litter in beach environments affected psychophysiological responses to exercise. Responses to exercise did not differ in littered and clean conditions but there was evidence that order effects influenced findings. Visual attention to the two scenes differed, but did not mediate differences in psychophysiological responses. Secondly, analysis of a national dataset was undertaken to explore the form and quantity of physical activity conducted within natural environments in England. A series of linear regressions revealed that higher-intensity physical activities occurred in countryside environments, but more total energy expenditure occurred in coastal environments. Thirdly, a quantitative content analysis of brochures which promote recreational walking in natural environments was conducted which investigated their use of persuasive behavioural messages. These brochures omitted behavioural techniques which may be effective at motivating inactive individuals to walk. Extending this, an online survey tested whether improving brochure content heightened intentions to walk in natural environments. By designing content based on the theory of planned behaviour, the intentions of inactive individuals to undertake walking in natural environments were increased. The findings from this thesis demonstrate that the protection of natural environments is vital for preserving and promoting active recreation and could contribute to population-level increases in physical activity with theory-based promotion in the future.

This study assesses the loyalty behaviour of consumers in fast-food restaurants in Saudi Arabia by studying the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour. The sample consisted of 231 Saudis and non-Saudis living in Saudi Arabia. They were approached using the “snowball” technique. Participants were all over the age of eighteen, and they were customers of Al-Baik restaurants. Data was collected through a face-to-face questionnaire, and analyzed using SPSS software. Specifically, Cronbach’s Alpha test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis were used. Results show that significant relationships exist between the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour. It is also indicated that participants’ personalities and values were significantly related to the loyalty behaviour of consumers in Saudi Arabia. The major limitation of this study is that it was conducted in only one city, Jeddah. Therefore, additional research should be carried out in other cities with larger samples. The research results offer compelling evidence that Saudi loyalty behaviour differs from Western behaviour. Therefore, it suggests that international fast-food operators in Saudi Arabia should take local factors into account when formulating marketing strategies, such as the role of women and youth in Saudi society. This thesis makes a novel contribution to the literature, as it is the first to model the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour of consumers in a single study. It is also the first to study contributed to the literature to examine the relation between the Six Dimensional Achievement Motivation Scale (Jackson, Ahmed, and Heapy, 1976), Rokeach Value System (1973), and loyalty behaviour of consumers.