In Deutschland ist in den vergangenen Jahren die Zahl getöteter und verletzter Kinder als Mitfahrer von Pkw deutlich zurückgegangen (Tabelle 1). Zwischen 1995 und 2007 verringerte sich die Zahl getöteter Kinder im Auto um mehr als 75 %, die Zahl schwerverletzter Kinder reduzierte sich von 2.929 auf 1.274 (- 57 %). Dennoch sterben die meisten Kinder als Mitfahrer im Pkw, nicht als Radfahrer und auch nicht als Fußgänger [1]. Blickt man auf die im Jahr 1993 eingeführte Sicherungspflicht für Kinder im Auto zurück, so ist festzustellen, dass die Sicherungsquoten ständig zugenommen haben [2] und seit 1997 bei 90 % und darüber liegen (Tabelle 2). Durch die Einführung der Sicherungspflicht [7] wurde zwar die Quantität, jedoch nicht im selben Maße die Qualität der Kindersicherung beeinflusst. Frühere Untersuchungen in Deutschland [3, 4, 5] machten deutlich, dass Kindersitze häufig falsch verwendet und die Kinder fehlerhaft gesichert werden, was die Schutzleistung von Kindersitzen deutlich herabsetzt. Um zu erfahren, wie die Situation in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland aussieht, wurde von der Unfallforschung der Versicherer (UDV) im Jahr 1995 eine umfangreiche Grundlagenstudie mit dem Titel „Verbesserung des Schutzes von Kindern in Pkw“ (nachfolgend GDV-Studie 95 genannt) [3] durchgeführt. Ein wesentlicher Schwerpunkt dieser Studie war das Thema „Kindersicherheit und Misuse (Fehlbedienung)“. Insgesamt wurden damals Beobachtungen in 250 Fahrzeugen vorgenommen und es wurde die Sicherung von 354 Kindern überprüft. Zentrales Ergebnis war hierbei, dass zwei Drittel der Kinder fehlerhaft gesichert waren oder ein falscher Einbau des Kindersitzes vorlag. Die GDV-Studie 95 wurde im Jahr 1997 veröffentlicht und außer an interessierte Institutionen auch an Automobil- und Kindersitzhersteller verteilt. In Anlehnung an die GDV-Studie 95 [3] führte die Unfallforschung der Versicherer zwei neue Beobachtungs- und Befragungsstudien durch, eine im Jahr 2000 (nachfolgend GDVStudie 2000 genannt [4]) und die vorliegende Studie im Jahr 2008 (nachfolgend GDV-Studie 2008 genannt). Mit der neuesten Studie sollten neben aktuellen Situationsaufnahmen auch Vergleichsbetrachtungen mit der 95erund 2000er-Studie angestellt werden. Hierbei interessierte vor allem, welche Änderungen sich im Bereich der Fehlbedienungsraten und der Fehlbedienungsformen sowie im Nutzerverhalten ergeben würden. Zur Vereinfachung der nachfolgenden Betrachtungen wird für fehlerhafte bzw. falsche Sicherungen der international geläufige Begriff „Misuse“ und für Kinderschutzsysteme die Abkürzung „KSS“ verwendet.

Background: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a high incidence disease resulting in about 260,000 hospital admissions per year in Germany, more than myocardial infarction or stroke. Worldwide, CAP is the most frequent infectious disease with high lethality ranging from 1.2 % in those 20–29 years old to over 10 % in patients older than 70 years, even in industrial nations. CAP poses numerous medical challenges, which the PROGRESS (Pneumonia Research Network on Genetic Resistance and Susceptibility for the Evolution of Severe Sepsis) network aims to tackle: Operationalization of disease severity throughout the course of disease, outcome prediction for hospitalized patients and prediction of transitions from uncomplicated CAP to severe CAP, and finally, to CAP with sepsis and organ failure as a life-threatening condition. It is a major aim of PROGRESS to understand and predict patient heterogeneity regarding outcome in the hospital and to develop novel treatment concepts. Methods: PROGRESS was designed as a clinical, observational, multi-center study of patients with CAP requiring hospitalization. More than 1600 patients selected for low burden of co-morbidities have been enrolled, aiming at a total of 3000. Course of disease, along with therapy, was closely monitored by daily assessments and long-term follow-up. Daily blood samples allow in depth molecular-genetic characterization of patients. We established a well-organized workflow for sample logistics and a comprehensive data management system to collect and manage data from more than 50 study centers in Germany and Austria. Samples are stored in a central biobank and clinical data are stored in a central data base which also integrates all data from molecular assessments. Discussion: With the PROGRESS study, we established a comprehensive data base of high quality clinical and molecular data allowing investigation of pressing research questions regarding CAP. In-depth molecular characterization will contribute to the discovery of disease mechanisms and establishment of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers. A strength of PROGRESS is the focus on younger patients with low burden of co-morbidities, allowing a more direct look at host biology with less confounding. As a resulting limitation, insights from PROGRESS will require validation in representative patient cohorts to assess clinical utility. Trial registration: The PROGRESS study was retrospectively registered on May 24th, 2016 with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02782013

No description available.

Background: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a high incidence disease resulting in about 260,000 hospital admissions per year in Germany, more than myocardial infarction or stroke. Worldwide, CAP is the most frequent infectious disease with high lethality ranging from 1.2 % in those 20–29 years old to over 10 % in patients older than 70 years, even in industrial nations. CAP poses numerous medical challenges, which the PROGRESS (Pneumonia Research Network on Genetic Resistance and Susceptibility for the Evolution of Severe Sepsis) network aims to tackle: Operationalization of disease severity throughout the course of disease, outcome prediction for hospitalized patients and prediction of transitions from uncomplicated CAP to severe CAP, and finally, to CAP with sepsis and organ failure as a life-threatening condition. It is a major aim of PROGRESS to understand and predict patient heterogeneity regarding outcome in the hospital and to develop novel treatment concepts. Methods: PROGRESS was designed as a clinical, observational, multi-center study of patients with CAP requiring hospitalization. More than 1600 patients selected for low burden of co-morbidities have been enrolled, aiming at a total of 3000. Course of disease, along with therapy, was closely monitored by daily assessments and long-term follow-up. Daily blood samples allow in depth molecular-genetic characterization of patients. We established a well-organized workflow for sample logistics and a comprehensive data management system to collect and manage data from more than 50 study centers in Germany and Austria. Samples are stored in a central biobank and clinical data are stored in a central data base which also integrates all data from molecular assessments. Discussion: With the PROGRESS study, we established a comprehensive data base of high quality clinical and molecular data allowing investigation of pressing research questions regarding CAP. In-depth molecular characterization will contribute to the discovery of disease mechanisms and establishment of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers. A strength of PROGRESS is the focus on younger patients with low burden of co-morbidities, allowing a more direct look at host biology with less confounding. As a resulting limitation, insights from PROGRESS will require validation in representative patient cohorts to assess clinical utility. Trial registration: The PROGRESS study was retrospectively registered on May 24th, 2016 with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02782013

lt has been shown that engagement in secondary tasks may contribute to cyclists crash risk [1 ], meditated by cycling errors or risky behaviors. For influences on secondary task: engagement, it is generally found that phone use is negatively correlated with age. In most studies, males are more found engaged in phone tasks than females. lt was also found that users of a bicycle-sharing program more often to wear headphones and engage in more unsafe behavior. The use of safety gear (e.g., wearing a helmet, using reflectors) is often negatively correlated with distracted cycling. Also, cyclists engaged in a secondary task exhibit other risky behaviors more often [2]. The present study's first aim was to get (an updated) estimate of the observable frequency of different secondary tasks, use of additional safety equipment, and rule violations while riding bicycles and e-scooters in Germany. The second aim was to examine possible differences in secondary task: engagement, use of additional safety equipment, and rule violations between different types of users of the cycling infrastructure, i.e., riders of conventional bikes, e-bikes, scooters, and e-scooters. A third aim was to explore whether riders' secondary task engagement is related to active safety precautions (e.g., wearing a helmet), traffic rule violations, and at-fault conflicts and if there are rider profiles regarding safety-related behaviors. As the study is explorative, no hypotheses were formulated. [From: Introduction]

Theoretischer Hintergrund: Aktuelle Studien zeigen spezifische Zusammenhänge von peripartalen psychischen Störungen und kindlichen Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten. Fragestellung: Haben Kinder von Müttern mit einer peripartalen Angst- oder depressiven Störung ein erhöhtes Risiko für (visuo–)‌motorische, sprachliche und kognitive Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten? Methode: In der prospektiven MARI-Studie (N = 306) wurden peripartale psychische Störungen mit dem CIDI-V in jedem Schwangerschaftstrimester sowie 2, 4 und 16 Monate nach der Geburt erhoben. Die kindliche Entwicklung wurde mit dem Neuropsychologischen Entwicklungs-Screening im Alter von 4 (N = 263) und 16 Monaten (N = 241) erfasst. Ergebnisse: Maternale depressive Störungen vor der Schwangerschaft waren negativ mit der visuellen Entwicklung (4 Monate; OR = 3.3) und der Haltungs- und Bewegungssteuerung (16 Monate; OR = 4.4) des Kindes assoziiert. Diskussion: Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten könnten u. a. durch ein verändertes Interaktionsverhalten (z. B. weniger Blickkontakt/Ermutigung) betroffener Mütter begründet sein. / Theoretical background: Anxiety and depressive disorders are among the most prevalent perinatal disorders, and specific associations with child development have to be distinguished to derive early targeted interventions. Objective: Are children of mothers with peripartum anxiety or depressive disorder at increased risk for (visuo–)‌motor, language, and cognitive developmental abnormalities? Method: In this prospective-longitudinal MARI study, N = 306 women were examined three time during pregnancy and at 2, 4, and 16 months after delivery using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for Women (CIDI-V) to assess their anxiety and depressive disorders. Child development was assessed at 4 (N = 263) and 16 months postpartum (N = 241) using a standardized development test (Neuropsychologisches Entwicklungs-Screening, NES). Results: Maternal depressive disorders prior to pregnancy were associated with infant visual development at 4 months (OR = 3.3) and motor development at 16 months (OR = 4.4) postpartum. The results remained stable after adjustment for preterm delivery and perceived maternal social support. Discussion and conclusion: Developmental adversities in infants of mothers with prior depressive disorders might be explained by altered mother-child interaction (e. g., less eye contact, less engagement). Early identification of expectant mothers with a history of depressive disorders is crucial for early targeted intervention. Further studies are needed to examine the mechanisms of transmission to derive innovative approaches for prevention.