Prohexadione-calcium (P-ca), as ApogeeTM, was evaluated in 2000 and 2001 for impact to grape vegetative and reproductive development. In 2000, P-ca (250 mg/L) was applied to Seyval, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Cabernet franc (125, 250, and 375 mg/L). P-ca reduced primary shoot growth for all cultivars and decreased cane pruning weight of Seyval. P-ca (375 mg/L) increased Cabernet franc canopy gaps but increased Cabernet Sauvignon lateral leaf area and leaf layer number. P-ca reduced components of yield for all cultivars. In 2001, P-ca (250 mg/L) was applied singularly at weekly intervals to Cabernet Sauvignon clusters and pre and post-bloom to Cabernet franc and Chardonnay canopies. Application at E-L stages 21 and 23 decreased Cabernet Sauvignon fruit set whereas application at E-L stages 26, 27, and 29 reduced berry weight without impacting fruit set. Berry weight reduction correlated to higher color intensity (420+520 nm), anthocyanins, total phenols and phenol-free glycosyl-glucose (PFGG). Cabernet franc vegetative and reproductive development was generally not affected yet treatment increased absorbance at 280, 420, and 520 nm, color intensity, anthocyanins and total phenols. Pre-bloom applications inhibited Chardonnay vegetative development, and reduced components of yield, and fruit chemistry values: hydroxycinnamates, total phenols, flavonoids, PPFG and absorbance at 280 and 320 nm. Post-bloom applications did not affect Chardonnay vegetative or reproductive development, yet increased PFGG. Treatment did not affect Chardonnay wine chemistry but two post-bloom applications increased Cabernet franc wine anthocyanins and total phenols. Wine aroma and flavor triangle difference tests did not indicate significant treatment differences. / Master of Science

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des cristaux appelés semi-métaux relativistes dans lesquels les électrons se comportent comme des particules relativistes sans masse.Le premier exemple historique d’un tel matériau est le graphène.Dans cet assemblage planaire d’atomes de carbone, les bandes électroniques de valence et de conduction se touchent en deux points distincts du réseau réciproque: il s'agit d'un conducteur de gap nul, un semi-métal.Les électrons proches du niveau de Fermi ont une dynamique relativiste décrite par une équation de Dirac,bien que leur vitesse soit cent fois inférieure à celle de la lumière dans le vide. Des semi-métaux analogues ont récemment été identifiés :les semi-métaux de Weyl et de Dirac à 3D, et des phases plus exotiques décrites par des croisements à plus de deux bandes.Cette diversité de matériaux relativistes pose la question de leurs propriétés communes. Une première partie de la thèse présente les travaux reliés à l’étude de la stabilité de ces phases, c’est à dire du croisement de bandes électroniques. Nous avons étudié cette stabilité d’abord en la reliant à des propriétés topologiques, puis en évaluant l’effet du désordre, tel que des impuretés dans le matériau. Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons à la manifestation dans le transport de la nature relativiste de ces électrons. Dans une première étude, nous étudions la condition d’existence d’une conductivité finie exactement au croisement des bandes, due à une contribution d’états évanescents. Une deuxième étude porte sur le transport anormal sous champ magnétique dans les semi-métaux de Weyl, comme manifestation de l’anomalie chirale, propriété unique de fermions relativistes. / This thesis adresses the study of crystals called relativistic semi-metals, in which electrons behave like massless relativistic particles.The first historical example of such a material is graphene.In this planar arrangement of carbon atoms, electronic valence and conduction bands touch at two distincts points in the reciprocal lattice. Thus, graphene is a zero-gap semiconductor, a semi-metal.The dynamics of electrons close to the Fermi level is relativistic, described by a Dirac equation, although their velocity is a hunder times lower than the velocity of light in vacuum. Analogous semi-metallic phases have recently been identified: 3D Weyl and Dirac semimetals, as well as more exotic phases described by crossings with more than two bands. This variety of relativistic materials raises the question of their common properties. A first part of this thesis presents work related to the study of the stability of these phases, i.e. of the electronic band crossing. We have investigated this stability first by relating it to topological properties, then by evaluating the effect of disorder, such as the presence of impurities in the material. In the second part, we focus on the manifestation of the relativistic nature of these electrons in transport. In a first study, we examine the condition of existence of a finite conductivity exactly at the band crossing, due to the contribution of evanescent states. A second study concerns the anomalous transport under a magnetic field in Weyl semi-metals, as a manifestation of the chiral anomaly, a unique property of massless relativistic fermions.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 686892 bytes, checksum: cec59fce2ac377aef923c62e1cac0207 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / We present an alternative quantum treatment for a generalized mesoscopic RLC circuit with time-dependent resistance, inductance and capacitance. Taking advantage of the Lewis and Riesenfeld and quadratic invariants we obtain exact nonstationary Schrödinger states for this electromagnetic oscillation system. Afterwards, we construct coherent states for the quantized RLC circuit and employ them to investigate some of the system s quantum properties, such as quantum fluctuations of the charge and the magnetic flux and the corresponding uncertainty product. In addition, we derive the geometric, dynamical and Berry phases for this nonstationary mesoscopic circuit. Finally we evaluate the dynamical and Berry phases for three special circuits. Surprisingly, we find identical expressions for the dynamical phase and the same formulae for the Berry s phase. / Apresentamos um tratamento quântico alternativo para um circuito RLC mesoscópico generalizado com resistência, indutância e capacitância dependentes do tempo. Usando o método de invariantes quânticos de Lewis e Riesenfeld e invariantes quadráticos, obtemos os estados de Scrhödinger não-estacionários para este circuito com oscilação eletromagnética. Em seguida, construímos os estados coerentes para o circuito RLC quantizado e os empregamos para investigar algumas das propriedades quânticas do sistema, tais como flutuações quânticas da carga, do fluxo magnético e o produto incerteza correspondente. Além disso, obtemos as fases geométricas, dinâmicas e de Berry para este circuito mesoscópico não estacionário. Finalmente, calculamos as fases dinâmica e de Berry para três casos particulares. Surpreendentemente, encontramos expressões idênticas para a fase dinâmica, e as mesmas expressões para a fase da Berry.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2152234 bytes, checksum: 8834f4fbf8cb68fc7b396555ae204283 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The graphene consists of a two-dimensional hexagonal structure formed only by carbon atoms. It is a peculiar molecule, because in low energy its Hamiltonian can be described by the Dirac operator and this gives it some unusual characteristics. In this work the index theorem will be applied to graphene. This allows to estimates the number of zero modes of geometric variants of graphene by means of topological features of these molecules. Finally, it is observed that the index of the Hamiltonian of this system can be described in terms of Berry phases. And so, it is investigated the possibility of doing holonomic quantum computation using the topology of such molecules. / O grafeno consiste em uma estrutura bidimensional hexagonal constituída apenas por átomos de carbono. Trata-se de uma molécula bastante peculiar, pois em baixas energias o seu hamiltoniano pode ser descrito pelo operador de Dirac e isso lhe confere características incomuns. Neste trabalho o teorema do índice será aplicado ao grafeno. Teorema que permite estimar o número de modos zero das variantes geométricas do grafeno por meio das características topológicas destas moléculas. Por fim, observa-se que o índice do hamiltoniano deste sistema pode ser descrito em termos das fases de Berry. E dessa forma, investiga-se a possibilidade de fazer computação quântica holonômica, a partir da topologia de tais moléculas.

String matching algorithms are the algorithms used to search through different types of text in search of a certain pattern. Many of these algorithms achieve their impressive performance by analysing the pattern and saving that information. That information is then continuously used during the searching phase to know what parts of the text can be skipped. One such algorithm is the Berry-Ravindran. The Berry-Ravindran checks the two characters past the current try for a match and sees if those characters exist in the pattern. This thesis compares the Berry-Ravindran algorithm to new versions of itself that check three and four characters instead of two, along with the Boyer-Moore algorithm. Checking more characters improves the amount of the text that can be skipped by reducing the number of attempts needed but exponentially increases the pre-processing time. The improved performance in attempts does not necessarily mean a faster run-time because of the increased pre-processing time. The variable impacting the pre-processing time the biggest is the size of the alphabet that the text uses. This is researched by testing these algorithms with patterns ranging from 4 to 100 characters long on two different data sets. Protein data which has an alphabet size of 27 and DNA data which has an alphabet size of 4.

<p>Konceptet Intern marknadsföring (IM) har utvecklats mycket och ses inom forskningen som tillämpbart inom alla organisationer. En stor blandning av idéer, modeller och teorier har blivit samlade under detta begrepp men trots det är det enligt teoretiker få organisationer som använder sig av och arbetar utifrån konceptet i praktiken. Det finns enligt flera forskare i nuläget ingen riktigt klar och överenskommen definition av IM, vilket har gjort att det även finns en stor variation på hur detta bör tillämpas praktiskt i organisationer. Många olika definitioner och modeller som beskriver IM har jobbats fram och utvecklats av flertalet forskare, men det finns fortfarande inget enatkoncept. Forskare hävdar att en klarhet av konceptet är av vikt för att underlätta tillämpningen i praktiken. En precis specificering av vilka aktiviteter som kan användas för att etablera IM krävs då definition och klassificering är en viktig del av marknadsföringsanalyser.Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda den forskning som gjorts inom vårt avgränsningsområde och jämföra detta med de praktiska fall vi undersökt för att se i vilken utsträckning IM som teori används. För att få den praktiska synen på IM och kunna genomföra denna jämförande studie har vi undersökttre företag med olika egenskaper. Utifrån jämförelsen av teori och praktik har vi sedan fått fram en slutsats.Poängen med denna uppsats var därmed att jämföra teori och praktik för att se likheter och skillnader, om och i sådana fall hur och i vilken utsträckning teorin tillämpas och om företagets egenskaper påverkar denna tillämpning. Detta gjorde vi genom att i första hand göra en omfattande litteraturgranskning inom ämnet. Därefter valde vi att avgränsa oss till fem forskare som har varit betydande då de har stått för både grundandet av teorin som den främsta utvecklingen av den fram till idag. För att få fram den pratiska aspekten gjorde vi tre fallstudier där vi intervjuade ledningen i tre företag i Västerås. Företagen var av olika storlek och befann sig i olika branscher, ett mikroföretag i transportbranschen, ett litet företag i färgbranschen och ett medelstort företag inom bostadsbranschen. Det vi kom fram till av vår undersökning var att IM i motsats till vad forskningen säger tillämpas i företag idag, hur och i vilken omfattning beror dock på företagets egenskaper. Motivation och kommunikation anses som viktigt av alla tre fallföretagen, men tillämpningen inom dessa faktorer ser olika ut i de tre företagen. Att företagen inte använder sig av allt som forskarna anser som viktigt för IM behöver enligt vår undersökning inte betyda något negativt och kanske behövs det ingen generell gemensam definition för IM utan istället kan teorin utvidgas och anpassas efter företags olika egenskaper för att ytterligare underlätta tillämpningen i framtiden.</p> / <p>The concept of internal Marketing (IM) has developed a lot and is in research seen as applicable in allorganizations. A big mixture of ideas, models and theories have been gathered in this concept butdespite that there are few organizations that use the concept in practice. Today there is according to several researchers no clear and unified definition of IM, which has resulted in a great variety of howthe concept should be applicable in organizations. A number of different definitions and models thatdescribe IM have been developed but there is still no unified definition. Researchers claim that clarityof the concept is of great importance to facilitate the application. A precise specification of whichactivities that can be used to establish IM is needed when definition and classification is an importantpart of marketing analyses.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to study the research that has been done within our chosen area and tocompare this with case studies to examine in what extent the theory of IM is used in organizations.This is a thesis where we aim to compare theory and practice to examine if, and then in what extentthe theory is applicable in organizations.</p><p>We started our work by doing an extensive literature research within IM. Our second step was todelimit our theory to five researchers that have meant a lot in the way that they have both foundedthe theory as well as developed it the most until today. To get the practical aspect we did three caseswhere we interviewed the management of three companies in Västerås. The three companies wereof different sizes and worked in different branches, one micro company in the transport business,one small company in retailing and one middle-sized company that mediate accommodations.</p><p>The conclusion of our research was that IM in the opposite of what the researchers say actually isutilized in companies today, but how and to what extent is depending on the companies'characteristics. Motivation and communication are considered important by all three companies, butthe application of IM within these factors looks different in the three companies. That the companiesdo not use everything that is considered important by the researchers for IM, does not have to benegative and might instead show that a general definition of IM not is required. Our suggestion isthat the theory instead might be expanded and adjusted for the different characteristics oforganizations to facilitate the application further in the future.</p>

Konceptet Intern marknadsföring (IM) har utvecklats mycket och ses inom forskningen som tillämpbart inom alla organisationer. En stor blandning av idéer, modeller och teorier har blivit samlade under detta begrepp men trots det är det enligt teoretiker få organisationer som använder sig av och arbetar utifrån konceptet i praktiken. Det finns enligt flera forskare i nuläget ingen riktigt klar och överenskommen definition av IM, vilket har gjort att det även finns en stor variation på hur detta bör tillämpas praktiskt i organisationer. Många olika definitioner och modeller som beskriver IM har jobbats fram och utvecklats av flertalet forskare, men det finns fortfarande inget enatkoncept. Forskare hävdar att en klarhet av konceptet är av vikt för att underlätta tillämpningen i praktiken. En precis specificering av vilka aktiviteter som kan användas för att etablera IM krävs då definition och klassificering är en viktig del av marknadsföringsanalyser.Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda den forskning som gjorts inom vårt avgränsningsområde och jämföra detta med de praktiska fall vi undersökt för att se i vilken utsträckning IM som teori används. För att få den praktiska synen på IM och kunna genomföra denna jämförande studie har vi undersökttre företag med olika egenskaper. Utifrån jämförelsen av teori och praktik har vi sedan fått fram en slutsats.Poängen med denna uppsats var därmed att jämföra teori och praktik för att se likheter och skillnader, om och i sådana fall hur och i vilken utsträckning teorin tillämpas och om företagets egenskaper påverkar denna tillämpning. Detta gjorde vi genom att i första hand göra en omfattande litteraturgranskning inom ämnet. Därefter valde vi att avgränsa oss till fem forskare som har varit betydande då de har stått för både grundandet av teorin som den främsta utvecklingen av den fram till idag. För att få fram den pratiska aspekten gjorde vi tre fallstudier där vi intervjuade ledningen i tre företag i Västerås. Företagen var av olika storlek och befann sig i olika branscher, ett mikroföretag i transportbranschen, ett litet företag i färgbranschen och ett medelstort företag inom bostadsbranschen. Det vi kom fram till av vår undersökning var att IM i motsats till vad forskningen säger tillämpas i företag idag, hur och i vilken omfattning beror dock på företagets egenskaper. Motivation och kommunikation anses som viktigt av alla tre fallföretagen, men tillämpningen inom dessa faktorer ser olika ut i de tre företagen. Att företagen inte använder sig av allt som forskarna anser som viktigt för IM behöver enligt vår undersökning inte betyda något negativt och kanske behövs det ingen generell gemensam definition för IM utan istället kan teorin utvidgas och anpassas efter företags olika egenskaper för att ytterligare underlätta tillämpningen i framtiden. / The concept of internal Marketing (IM) has developed a lot and is in research seen as applicable in allorganizations. A big mixture of ideas, models and theories have been gathered in this concept butdespite that there are few organizations that use the concept in practice. Today there is according to several researchers no clear and unified definition of IM, which has resulted in a great variety of howthe concept should be applicable in organizations. A number of different definitions and models thatdescribe IM have been developed but there is still no unified definition. Researchers claim that clarityof the concept is of great importance to facilitate the application. A precise specification of whichactivities that can be used to establish IM is needed when definition and classification is an importantpart of marketing analyses. The purpose of this thesis is to study the research that has been done within our chosen area and tocompare this with case studies to examine in what extent the theory of IM is used in organizations.This is a thesis where we aim to compare theory and practice to examine if, and then in what extentthe theory is applicable in organizations. We started our work by doing an extensive literature research within IM. Our second step was todelimit our theory to five researchers that have meant a lot in the way that they have both foundedthe theory as well as developed it the most until today. To get the practical aspect we did three caseswhere we interviewed the management of three companies in Västerås. The three companies wereof different sizes and worked in different branches, one micro company in the transport business,one small company in retailing and one middle-sized company that mediate accommodations. The conclusion of our research was that IM in the opposite of what the researchers say actually isutilized in companies today, but how and to what extent is depending on the companies'characteristics. Motivation and communication are considered important by all three companies, butthe application of IM within these factors looks different in the three companies. That the companiesdo not use everything that is considered important by the researchers for IM, does not have to benegative and might instead show that a general definition of IM not is required. Our suggestion isthat the theory instead might be expanded and adjusted for the different characteristics oforganizations to facilitate the application further in the future.

L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude de certaines propriétés analytiques et asymptotiques des processus de Markov, et de leurs applications à la méthode de Stein. Le point de vue considéré consiste à déployer des inégalités fonctionnelles pour majorer la distance entre lois de probabilité. La première partie porte sur l'étude asymptotique de processus de Markov inhomogènes en temps via des inégalités de type Poincaré, établies par l'analyse spectrale fine de l'opérateur de transition. On se place d'abord dans le cadre du théorème central limite, qui affirme que la somme renormalisée de variables aléatoires converge vers la mesure gaussienne, et l'étude est consacrée à l'obtention d'une borne à la Berry-Esseen permettant de quantifier cette convergence. La distance choisie est une quantité naturelle et encore non étudiée dans ce cadre, la distance du chi-2, complétant ainsi la littérature relative à d'autres distances (Kolmogorov, variation totale, Wasserstein). Toujours dans le contexte non-homogène, on s'intéresse ensuite à un processus peu mélangeant relié à un algorithme stochastique de recherche de médiane. Ce processus évolue par sauts de deux types (droite ou gauche), dont la taille et l'intensité dépendent du temps. Une majoration de la distance de Wasserstein d'ordre 1 entre la loi du processus et la mesure gaussienne est établie dans le cas où celle-ci est invariante sous la dynamique considérée, et étendue à des exemples où seule la normalité asymptotique est vérifiée. La seconde partie s'attache à l'étude des entrelacements entre processus de Markov (homogènes) et gradients, qu'on peut interpréter comme un raffinement du critère de Bakry-Emery, et leur application à la méthode de Stein, qui est un ensemble de techniques permettant de majorer la distance entre deux mesures de probabilité. On prouve l'existence de relations d'entrelacement du second ordre pour les processus de naissance-mort, allant ainsi plus loin que les relations du premier ordre connues. Ces relations sont mises à profit pour construire une méthode originale et universelle d'évaluation des facteurs de Stein relatifs aux mesures de probabilité discrètes, qui forment une composante essentielle de la méthode de Stein-Chen. / The object of this thesis is the study of some analytical and asymptotic properties of Markov processes, and their applications to Stein's method. The point of view consists in the development of functional inequalities in order to obtain upper-bounds on the distance between probability distributions. The first part is devoted to the asymptotic study of time-inhomogeneous Markov processes through Poincaré-like inequalities, established by precise estimates on the spectrum of the transition operator. The first investigation takes place within the framework of the Central Limit Theorem, which states the convergence of the renormalized sum of random variables towards the normal distribution. It results in the statement of a Berry-Esseen bound allowing to quantify this convergence with respect to the chi-2 distance, a natural quantity which had not been investigated in this setting. It therefore extends similar results relative to other distances (Kolmogorov, total variation, Wasserstein). Keeping with the non-homogeneous framework, we consider a weakly mixing process linked to a stochastic algorithm for median approximation. This process evolves by jumps of two sorts (to the right or to the left) with time-dependent size and intensity. An upper-bound on the Wasserstein distance of order 1 between the marginal distribution of the process and the normal distribution is provided when the latter is invariant under the dynamic, and extended to examples where only the asymptotic normality stands. The second part concerns intertwining relations between (homogeneous) Markov processes and gradients, which can be seen as refinment of the Bakry-Emery criterion, and their application to Stein's method, a collection of techniques to estimate the distance between two probability distributions. Second order intertwinings for birth-death processes are stated, going one step further than the existing first order relations. These relations are then exploited to construct an original and universal method of evaluation of discrete Stein's factors, a key component of Stein-Chen's method.

La fabrication de sarcophages constitue, entre la fin du 5e s. et jusqu’au 9e s., une activité artisanale et économique importante, témoin de réseaux économiques et d’aires culturelles locaux et régionaux. L’inventaire et l’étude des sarcophages en contexte funéraire a permis d’établir une typologie détaillée fondée sur des critères morphologiques, décoratifs et technologiques. Sur les quelques 2500 sarcophages étudiés, un faible nombre est bien daté. Une typo-chronologie relative a pu être établie, qui s’appuie sur des exemplaires bien calés chronologiquement et sur l’évolution supposée des formes et modèles ornementaux. De l’étude des lieux de production, dont quatre centres carriers ont été repérés et étudiés, il ressort un savoir-faire important et une organisation très raisonnée de la production. La confrontation des données issues de l’étude des sarcophages et des carrières a permis de restituer des aires de diffusion d’importance micro-locale (Civaux ou Chauvigny par exemple), locale (Panzoult, la vallée de la Manse ou les productions en grès roussards), régionale (la vallée de l’Anglin), voire supra-régionale (productions bourbonnaises et nivernaises, dont les carrières sont situées en dehors de la zone d’étude) / The sarcophagi production is, between the end of the fifth century to the ninth century, an artisanal and economic activity of major importance, witness of economic networks and local and regional cultural area. The inventory and study of sarcophagi in funerary context allowed us to establish a detailed typology founded on morphological, decorative and technological criteria. On some 2500 sarcophagi studied, only a few are well dated. A relative typo-chronology has been established, based on best datations and on the evolution of shapes and decorative models. From the study of production sites, including four quarrying center were studied, we can observe an important expertise and a very rational organization of production. The confrontation of study data from sarcophagi and quarries has allowed us to restitute several diffusion areas: micro-local (Civaux or Chauvigny), local (Panzoult, valley of the Manse or red sandstone of Loir valley) or regional (Bourbonnais or Nivernais productions, outside our study area)

Although Wendell Berry’s first book, a novel, appeared in 1960, he did not gain significant national attention until the publication of his nonfiction manifesto, The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture, in 1977. Since its publication, Berry has moved increasingly toward the prose of persuasion as he continues to sharpen his argument in support of a practical, continuous harmony between the human economy and Nature. His canon as a whole – the poems, essays, and novels – is an ongoing and thorough exploration of man’s use of and relationship to the land. Arguing that the health of a culture is linked to the health of its land, Berry focuses on agriculture, particularly the growing conflict between traditional farming (which espouses a harmonious cyclic vision) and modern agribusiness (which espouses a discordant linear vision). As a traditional farmer wedded to the land, Berry derives his ideas and images largely from his practical experiences and form his devotion to careful and responsible land stewardship. He also, in his nonfiction, turns to several agricultural (as well as a few literary) writers of the past and present to lend support to his arguments. Berry’s strong sense of Nature’s cycle is the basis for his imagery of departures and returns. As a crucial part of the cycle, death is prerequisite to life, and Berry shows the importance of understanding “that the land we live on and the lives we live are the gifts of death” (Home Economics 62). The power of Nature’s cycle is at once destructive and restorative; Berry teaches that by allying our human economy more with natural cyclic processes rather than with man-made linear – and ultimately destructive – ones, we and future generations can live with hope and assurance through the possibility of renewal. Traditional farming has taught Berry the concepts which inform his poems and essays (as well as his novels and short stories, which merit a separate study beyond the scope of this paper.) For example, he has learned, and continues to learn, the importance of understanding and acknowledging the primal, and ruling, character of a “place”; of looking to Nature for guidance, instruction, and justice; and of allying farming practices to Nature’s “Wheel” of birth, growth, maturity, death, and decay. This cycle and related motifs unify and connect his central themes, particularly death as a means of renewal. In Berry’s view, one of the cruxes in the agricultural crisis is that, whereas traditional farming seeks a natural balance between growth and decay, industrial farming, because of its pull toward mass production, stresses growth only (a linear inclination), which wears out the land and leads inevitably to infertility. Tracing our modern crisis to our past and to our present character and culture, Berry shows the ramifications of our abuse of Nature’s “gifts.”