Le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) est une des principales causes de mortalité par cancer dans le monde. Dans environ 50% des tumeurs, on observe les signes d’une activation de la voie Wnt/β-caténine, causée par une mutation de l’exon 3 du gène CTNNB1 ou par stimulation du récepteur FRZD. Des études transcriptomiques du CHCs ont montré que ces deux modes d’activation étaient associés à des sous-types de tumeurs différents. Nous avons cherché à mieux comprendre les caractéristiques cliniques et le phénotype moléculaire de ces deux sous-types de CHCs. Dans un premier temps, nous avons fait le lien entre l'activation Wnt extracellulaire, un phénotype de cellules cancéreuses souches ou progénitrices et la présence de foyers de fibrose discrète intra-tumorale, observable par examen histopathologique, que nous avons appelés "nids fibreux". Nous avons également mis en évidence HAPLN1, une protéine de la matrice extracellulaire dont l’expression est stimulée par Wnt3a dans un modèle de cellules hépatiques progénitrices HepaRG, comme un nouveau marqueur d’agressivité du CHC. Ces résultats montrent une association entre l’activation Wnt extracellulaire et une agressivité tumorale passant par un remodelage matriciel. Dans un second temps, une Méta-analyse de données publiques de transcriptomique a permis de mettre évidence 4 sous-types de CHCs. La mutation CTNNB1, prédite par l’expression de 5 marqueurs par une méthode développée durant la thèse, était associée à un de ces sous-types et à un bon pronostic clinique. Nous avons également isolé un nouveau sous-type de CHC de bon pronostic exprimant un phénotype de tumeur différenciée et des signatures de métabolisme hépatique périportales. Ce sous-type a probablement été un facteur confondant dans les études précédentes mesurant l’association de la mutation CTNNB1 avec un bon pronostic. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence une forte association négative entre la mutation CTNNB1 et l’inflammation ainsi que la fibrose tumorale dans trois cohortes indépendantes. Cet effet pourrait être provoqué par une inhibition de NF-κB par la β-caténine mutée, comme suggérée par des résultats préliminaires issue d’un modèle in vitro d’HepaRG mutés T41 stimulés par LPS. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que les deux modes d’activation de la voie Wnt/β-caténine sont associés à des mécanismes moléculaires, des profils d’expression, des phénotypes et des pronostics cliniques très différents. / Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Half of them show activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, caused by activating CTNNB1 exon 3 mutation of by stimulation of FRZD receptor. Transcriptomic based HCC classifications showed that this two types of activation were associated with distinct tumor subtypes. We tried to better understand the molecular phenotypes and the clinical features associated with these subtypes. In a first part, we linked extracellular Wnt activation with a stem/progenitor phenotype and with fibrous hotspot in HCC. Fibrous hotspot, which were called “fibrous nest”, can be detected by routine anatomic pathology analyses. We also showed that HAPLN1, an extracellular matrix protein induced by Wnt3a in progenitor HepaRG cells, was a new marker of stemness and bad outcome in HCC. Those results shows the associations between extracellular Wnt activation, extracellular matrix remodeling and tumor aggressiveness. In a second part, a transcriptome meta-analysis of 1133 HCCs highlighted 4 robust subclasses. CTNNB1 mutation, predicted by a 5-genes score based method, was associated with one of these subclasses and with good clinical features. We also highlighted a new subclass of CTNNB1 wild type HCCs associated with tumor differentiation, signatures of periportal metabolism and good outcome. This subclass was probably a confounding factor in survival studies comparing HCCs carrying mutant versus those carrying wild-type CTNNB1. Finally, we highlighted strong negative associations between CTNNB1 mutation and inflammation as well as tumor fibrosis in three independent cohorts. Preliminary results of in vitro HepaRG cells mutated for CTNNB1 in T41 and stimulated by LPS suggest an inhibitory effect of β-caténine on NF-κB. In conclusion, our results show that the two types of Wnt activation in HCC are associated with very distinct molecular phenotypes and clinical features.

Dans la majorité des cas, l’hypersécrétion de cortisol résulte d’un adénome hypophysaire sécrétant de l’ACTH (maladie de Cushing). Plus rarement, le syndrome de Cushing est la conséquence d’un adénome corticosurrénalien unilatéral ou d’une hyperplasie bilatérale des surrénales (HMBS) sécrétant du cortisol. Ces deux pathologies appartiennent à la catégorie des hypercortisolismes dits ACTH-indépendants en raison des taux plasmatiques effondrés d’adrénocorticotrophine (ACTH). Les mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine de la sécrétion accrue de cortisol par ces lésions sont longtemps restés méconnus. Au cours des dernières années, des avancées considérables ont été réalisées dans la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la physiopathologie du syndrome de Cushing. Deux grands types d’anomalies paraissent impliqués dans la pathogénie de l’hypercortisolisme : des mutations germinales et somatiques activant des voies de signalisation intracellulaires et l’expression illégitime de récepteurs membranaires. Dans la surrénale humaine normale, la sérotonine (5-HT), synthétisée et libérée par les mastocytes sous-capsulaires, stimule la sécrétion des corticostéroïdes via son récepteur 5-HT4. Ce dernier est principalement localisé à la surface des cellules de la zone glomérulée mais faiblement exprimé au niveau des cellules de la zone fasciculée, expliquant l’action stimulante prédominante de la 5-HT sur la sécrétion d’aldostérone. Dans la dysplasie micronodulaire pigmentée des surrénales, l’activation de la voie AMPc/PKA par une mutation du gène PRKAR1A est responsable d’une surexpression de la tryptophane hydroxylase (TPH) de type 2, enzyme limitante de la synthèse de 5-HT, et des récepteurs sérotoninergiques 5-HT4, 5-HT6 et 5-HT7 couplés positivement à la voie AMPc/PKA dans les cellules cortisolosécrétrices. Chez l’Homme, la sécrétion de cortisol est physiologiquement stimulée par l’ACTH également via la voie AMPc/PKA. Les patients souffrant de maladie de Cushing, d’un syndrome de Cushing paranéoplasique (paraCS), d’un déficit en 21-hydroxylase ou d’HMBS présentent des taux d’ACTH plasmatique ou intrasurrénalienne élevés. Chez ces patients, nous montrons que la stimulation chronique de la voie AMPc/PKA par l’ACTH provoque une surexpression de la TPH de type 1, du récepteur eutopique 5-HT4 et des récepteurs ectopiques 5-HT6 et 5-HT7 dans les cellules stéroïdogènes. Pour l’un des patients avec paraCS, nous avons pu montrer que les cellules corticosurrénaliennes en culture sécrètent du cortisol en réponse à la 5-HT ou à des agonistes des récepteurs 5-HT4 ou 5-HT7. Par ailleurs, le rôle de la voie Wnt/-caténine dans l’apparition des récepteurs illégitimes reste controversé. Nous avons donc évalué l’expression des récepteurs 5-HT4, 5-HT6, 5-HT7, du LH-R et du GIP-R dans une tumeur corticosurrénalienne avec mutation germinale du gène APC et deux modèles d’activation constitutive de la voie Wnt/-caténine dans le cortex surrénalien, incluant des souris génétiquement modifiées et des cellules corticosurrénaliennes humaines en culture primaire. Nos résultats indiquent que l’activation de la voie Wnt/-caténine favorise une surexpression significative du LH-R dans les 3 modèles étudiés. Globalement, les données issues de notre travail montrent que l’activation de voies de signalisation intracellulaire, comme la voie AMPc/PKA par l’ACTH ou la voie Wnt/-caténine par des mutations génétiques, favorise l’émergence de systèmes de régulation surrénaliens aberrants. Ils indiquent en outre que la 5-HT intrasurrénalienne est impliquée dans l’hypersécrétion de corticostéroïdes associée à différentes pathologies incluant la maladie de Cushing et le syndrome de Cushing paranéoplasique, le bloc en 21-hydroxylase et l’HMBS. Le recours à des inhibiteurs sélectifs de la tryptophane hydroxylase pourrait donc permettre de réduire l’excès de stéroïdes chez les patients atteints de ces affections. / In most cases, cortisol hypersecretion (Cushing’s syndrome; CS) results from ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma (Cushing’s disease). Occasionally, CS is the consequence of a unilateral adrenal adenoma or a bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (BMAH) producing cortisol. In these conditions, hypercortisolism is referred to as “ACTH-independent” owing to suppressed plasma ACTH levels. The molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of cortisol hypersecretion by adrenocortical adenomas and BMAHs in the absence of circulating ACTH has long remained unknown. However, major advances have been made during the past recent years in the comprehension of the pathophysiology of primary adrenal CS. Two main types of molecular defects have been shown to favor cortisol hypersecretion by adrenocortical neoplasms: somatic mutations responsible for activation of intracellular signaling pathways and abnormally expressed (or illegitimate) membrane receptors by tumor cells. In the human adrenal gland, serotonin (5-HT), released by subcapsular mast cells stimulates corticosteroid secretion through activation of its type 4 receptor (5-HT4R). The 5-HT4R is principally expressed in zona glomerulosa cells but weakly expressed in zona fasciculata cells explaining why 5-HT strongly stimulates aldosterone production. Interestingly, in primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) cells, activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway by PRKAR1A mutations triggers upregulation of the 5-HT synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) type 2 together with the 5-HT4, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors, positively coupled to cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. 5-HT strongly stimulates cortisol production and inhibition of TPH reduced corticosteroidogenesis in cultured PPNAD cells. In human, cortisol secretion is normally stimulated by ACTH also through activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Patients suffering from Cushing’s disease, paraneoplastic Cushing’s syndrome (paraCS), 21-hydroxylase deficiency or BMAH display high plasma or intraadrenal ACTH levels. In these patients, we show that chronic stimulation of cAMP/PKA pathway by ACTH induces TPH type 1 and 5-HT4/6/7 receptors overexpression in steroidogenic cells. In primary cultured adrenocortical cells originating from a patient with paraCS, 5-HT and 5-HT4/7 receptors agonists were able to activate cortisol secretion. On the other hand, the role of Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway in the emergence of illegitimate receptors is still debated. We therefore evaluated 5-HT4, 5-HT6, 5-HT7, LH/hCG and GIP receptors expression in an adrenocortical tumor with APC germline mutation and two experimental models of constitutive activation of β-catenin in adrenocortical cells, namely genetically modified mice and human transfected adrenocortical cells. Our results indicate that Wnt/-catenin pathway activation promotes significant overexpression of LH/hCG receptor in the 3 models investigated. Globally, our data show that activation of intracellular signaling pathways such as the cAMP/PKA pathway by ACTH or Wnt/-catenin by genetic mutations favors the emergence of abnormal regulatory systems in the adrenal cortex. Our results also demonstrate that intraadrenal 5-HT is involved in corticosteroids hypersecretion related to different diseases including Cushing’s disease, paraneoplastic Cushing’s syndrome, 21-hydroxylase deficiency and BMAH. TPH inhibitors may thus represent a new therapeutic approach of corticosteroid excess in patients suffering from these disorders.

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Die Leber ist das am häufigsten von Metastasen betroffene Organ und kann daher als Modellorgan für metastatische Invasion dienen. Aus diesem Grund war es das Ziel dieser Dissertation Genexpressionsprofile zu verstehen und metastasierungs- sowie invasionsassoziierte Gene zu identifizieren. Differentielle Genexpression wurde in drei Systemen überprüft: Einem syngenen Mausmodell, einem Xenograftmodell sowie in fünf Gewebeproben von Patienten. Genexpressionprofile des syngenen Mausmodells und der Patientenproben zeigten, dass man die Invasionsfront als Ganzes betrachten, um möglichst viele über-lappende Gene zu finden. Globale Genexpressionstudien, die auf den Wirtsteil der Invasionsfront zeigten bemerkenswerte Überrepräsentation z. B. der „GO-terms“ „extrazelluläre Matrix“, Zellkommunikation“, „Antwort auf biotischen Stimulus“, Strukturmolekülaktivität“ und „Zellwachstum“. Marker der Aktivierung hepatischer Sternzellen überrepräsentiert in der invasionsfront, was die Durchführbarkeit einer Analyse differentieller Genexpression im genomweiten Rahmen anzeigt. Globale Genexpressionsstudien, auf den Tumorzellen in der in vitro Situation, in vivo und in der Invasionsfront zeigten insgesamt einen Anstieg zellulärer Spezialisierung von der in vitro zur Invasionsfront. Sezernierte proangiogenetische Chemokine zeigten eine Hochregulation in der Invasionsfront. Das beta catenin Gen war in der Invasionsfront 9.6 fach erhöht im Vergleich zur in vitro Situation. Die Überprüfung der transkriptionellen Aktivierung von beta catenin über die Prüfung der Promotoraktivität zeigte einen 18.4 fachen Anstieg in den Tumorzellen der Invasionsfront. Weiterhin war die Promotoraktivität (an Hand der Aktivität der mRNA des Alkalischen Phosphatase Reportergens) im Tumorinneren 3.5 fach höher als in der Zellkultur, was für einen transkriptionellen Mechanismus der beta catenin Regulation zusätzlich zu den posttranslationalen Mechanismen spricht. / Liver is most frequently populated by metastases and may therefore serve as a model organ for metastatic invasion. So the aim of this thesis is to understand the gene expression profiles and identify metastasis and invasion related genes. Differential gene expression was examined in three systems: A syngeneic mouse model, a xenograft model and five clinical specimens. Gene expression profiles of a syngenic mouse model and human clinical specimen revealed that the invasion front should be considered as a whole to find more overlapping potential target genes. Global gene expression studies on the host part of the invasion front, revealed a pronounced overrepresentation of GO-terms (e.g. “extracellular matrix”, “cell communication”, “response to biotic stimulus”, “structural molecule activity” and “cell growth”). Hepatic stellate cell activation markers were over-represented in the invasion front demonstrating the feasibility of a differential gene expression approach on a genome wide scale. Global gene expression studies of the tumor cells in vitro, in vivo and tumor part of the invasion front revealed an overall increase of cellular specialization from in vitro to the invasion front. Secreted angiogenic cytokines were found to be up regulated in the invasion front. Beta catenin gene of “cell adhesion” GO term was elevated 9.6 fold in invasion front compared to in vitro. Evaluation of transcriptional up-regulation of beta catenin by promoter activity showed an 18.4 fold increase in the tumor cells of the invasion front as compared to those from the faraway tumor. Promoter activity assessed by soluble human placental alkaline phosphatase reporter gene mRNA was 3.5 fold higher in the inner parts of the tumor than in vitro cells indicating a transcriptional mechanism of beta catenin regulation in addition to the posttranslational regulatory mechanisms.

Obesity has been related to a greater incidence of more aggressive, advanced stage prostate cancer. It is expected that serum adipokines related to obesity will promote a more aggressive phenotype in PC cells in vitro. Patient serum (n = 80) was obtained for analysis and divided into four patient groups based on obesity and prostate cancer status. Characteristics of serum-treated PC cells in vitro were measured. In a separate set of analyses, LNCaP and PC3 cells were treated with adiponectin and resistin in vitro, and cell characteristics were analyzed. Serum from obese PC patients induces greater amounts of cell migration and lower amounts of cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. Exogenous treatment of adiponectin on PC cells in vitro does not affect cell migration or invasion. However, adiponectin modulates cytosolic protein levels of soluble β-catenin and GSK-3β, indicating that its mechanism of action may be through the Wnt signalling pathway.

Wnt signalling represents an important mechanism participating in control of cellular and developmental processes, including establishment of cell polarity, cell fate specification, stem cell self-renewal, tissue patterning and organogenesis, homeostasis maintenance and regeneration. Misregulation of the Wnt signalling during embryogenesis leads to developmental defects while aberrant activation later in development is associated with degenerative diseases and a number of cancers. The presented PhD thesis is based on four original publications that deal with the post-translational modifications of Wnt ligands and molecular mechanisms contributing to the regulation of a transcriptional profile of the so-called canonical Wnt pathway. Wnt signalling pathway is used repetitively both in time and different cellular contexts throughout development of multicellular organisms. Inevitably, in each single situation -catenin/TCF complexes, the downstream effectors, induce only subsets of all potential target genes. How this differential tissue- and stage-specific control over various subsets of target genes is achieved with such a limited number of nuclear effectors is not fully understood. Along with the expression of specific LEF/TCF family members or their variants containing different functional domains...

Os craniofaringiomas são os tumores mais frequentes da região hipotálamohipofisária na faixa etária pediátrica. Apesar de serem histologicamente benignos, sua tendência infiltrativa e seu comportamento agressivo resultam em significante morbimortalidade. Histologicamente podem ser divididos em dois subtipos: adamantinomatosos e papilíferos. A patogênese dos craniofaringiomas é pouco compreendida. Mutações no gene CTNNB1, que codifica a proteína beta-catenina, são a única alteração molecular conhecida até o momento implicada na tumorigênese dos craniofaringiomas adamantinomatosos. Tais mutações afetam o sítio de degradação da beta-catenina, que passa a se acumular no citoplasma e no núcleo, ativando excessivamente a via de sinalização WNT, através da ligação aos fatores de transcrição da família LEF/TCF, levando a tumorigênese. Recentemente foi descoberto um novo mecanismo de determinação da linhagem celular hipofisária regulado pela beta-catenina, através do qual ela interage diretamente com o PROP1 para determinar a diferenciação celular hipofisária. De acordo com esse modelo, o complexo protéico PROP1/beta- catenina atua simultaneamente como repressor do HESX1 e ativador do PIT1, dependendo dos co-fatores associados. Pacientes com mutações germinativas inativadoras no PROP1 desenvolvem hipopituitarismo e podem apresentar aumento hipofisário com imagens de ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) da região selar muitas vezes semelhantes àquelas dos craniofaringiomas, com hiperssinal em T1. Por outro lado, camundongos com expressão persistente do Prop1 exibem defeitos na regulação da proliferação celular hipofisária, incluindo cistos da bolsa de Rathke, hiperplasia adenomatosa e tumores, sugerindo que mutações com ganho de função no PROP1 também poderiam contribuir para a patogênese de tumores hipofisários em seres humanos. A semelhança entre as imagens de RNM dos pacientes com craniofaringiomas e daqueles com aumento hipofisário devido a mutações inativadoras no PROP1, e o fato de que camundongos transgênicos com expressão persistente do Prop1 apresentam aumento da susceptibilidade a tumores hipofisários, deram base a nossa hipótese de que uma desregulação na expressão do PROP1 em humanos poderia estar envolvida na patogênese dos craniofaringiomas adamantinomatosos. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de mutação somática no exon 3 do CTNNB1 e avaliar a expressão desse gene e do gene PROP1 em craniofaringiomas adamantinomatosos. Foram obtidas 14 amostras desse tipo de tumor por meio da ressecção terapêutica. As amostras foram submetidas à extração do RNA e posterior transcrição reversa para obtenção de cDNA. A partir do cDNA foi realizada PCR e sequenciamento do exon 3 do CTNNB1 em todas as amostras. Porém, a avaliação por PCR em tempo real foi realizada apenas em 12 amostras, devido à qualidade inadequada de 2 amostras para submissão a essa metodologia. Foram encontradas mutações missense, em heterozigose em 9 das 14 amostras, sendo 5 previamente descritas e 2 ainda não descritas em craniofaringiomas adamantinomatosos. Hiperexpressão do CTNNB1 foi encontrada em 7 amostras, sendo 5 com mutação e 2 sem mutação no CTNNB1.A hiperexpressão variou de 2,5 a 6,2 vezes maior que o pool de hipófise normal. Contudo, a expressão do PROP1 foi indetectável em todas as amostras. Concluímos que o aumento da expressão do CTNNB1 presente em 58% das amostras sugere o envolvimento também da hiperexpressão desse gene na etiopatogenia do craniofaringioma adamantinomatoso, enquanto a ausência de expressão do PROP1 afasta a participação desse gene na etiopatogenia do craniofaringioma adamantinomatoso / Craniopharyngiomas are the the commonest tumors to involve the hypothalamo-pituitary regions in childhood population. Histologically they are benign, and can be divided in two primary subtypes: the adamantinomatous and the papillary. Although histologically benign, their infiltrative tendency and aggressive behavior can result in great morbidity. The pathogenesis of craniopharyngiomas is poorly understood. To date, beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) mutations have been identified only in the adamantinomatous subtype. These mutations affect the degradation target box of beta-catenin that accumulates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus increasing the transcriptional activity of WNT pathway through interaction with the transcription factors of LEF/TCF family, leading to tumorigenesis. Recently, an interaction between beta-catenin and PROP1 was described as a new mecanism for beta-catenindependent regulation of pituitary cell-lineage determination. According to this novel model, the PROP1/beta-catenin proteic complex would act as a binary switch to simultaneously repress the transcription factor HESX1 and to activate expression of transcription factor PIT1, depending on the associated cofactors. Patients with loss-of-function mutations in PROP1 present combined pituitary hormonal deficiency generally associated with pituitary enlargement and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sellar region in these patients sometimes resembles that of the craniopharyngiomas, with T1 hyperintense signal. On the other hand, transgenic mice with persistent Prop1 expression exhibit defects consistent with misregulation of pituitary cell proliferation, including adenomatous hyperplasia with formation of Rathke\'s cleft cysts and tumors suggesting that misregulation of PROP1 expression in human could contribute to pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. The similarity between the MRI images of craniopharyngiomas patients and that of patients with loss-of-function mutations in PROP1, associated with the fact that transgenic mice with persistent Prop1 expression exhibit increased susceptibility to pituitary tumors gave rise to our hypothesis that a misregulation of PROP1 expression could be involved in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of somatic mutations in exon 3 of CTNNB1 and the expression pattern of this gene and the PROP1 gene in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. Fourteen samples were obtained from therapeutic surgery and submitted to RNA extraction and reverse transcription in order to produce the cDNA. The cDNA was used as a template to CTNNB1 exon 3 PCR reaction followed by direct sequencing of all samples. However, the real-time RT-PCR analysis was realized only in 12 samples, since 2 of them had an insufficient quality for this method. Missence, heterozygous mutations were found in 9 out of 14 samples; five were previously described and 2 not yet described in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. Overexpression of CTNNB1 was found in 7 samples, which them 5 with CTNNB1 mutation 2 whitout. The overexpression ranged from 2.5 to 6.2 fold more than pituitary normal pool. However, the PROP1 expression was undetectable in all the samples. We could conclude that the amount of 58% CTNNB1 overexpressed samples suggest also a role of this overexpression in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharingiomas, while the undetectable levels of PROP1 exclude a role of this gene in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharingiomas

O câncer de mama é a neoplasia responsável pelo maior número de mortes em mulheres no Brasil, portanto, é importante encontrar novos marcadores específicos e de diagnóstico precoce, utilizando procedimentos simples e rápidos. A via de sinalização Wnt regula importantes funções celulares como proliferação, sobrevida e adesão. Esta via está associada com os processos de iniciação e progressão em muitos tipos tumorais, como câncer de cólon familiar, melanoma e pulmão; sendo que mutações em β-Catenina (CTNNb1) explicam só 30% dos casos de sinalização aberrante encontrada no câncer de mama, indicando que existem outros componentes e/ou reguladores da via que possam estar envolvidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as variantes genéticas e epigenéticas nos genes do complexo de degradação de β-Catenina num grupo de pacientes com câncer de mama e num grupo controle; e determinar os perfis de transcrição dos componentes da via de sinalização Wnt e da molécula de expressão exclusiva do epitélio mamário, a Mamaglobina Humana (MGA), assim como associar estes resultados com as características clínicas, histológicas e patológicas do tumor. Para atingir este objetivo foram coletadas amostras de sangue periférico de 102 mulheres com câncer de mama e 102 mulheres sadias como grupo controle. A avaliação das variantes rs465899 do gene APC, rs2240308 e rs151279728 do gene AXIN2, rs5030625 do gene CDH1 e rs334558 do gene GSK3, foi realizada por meio de PCR-RFLPs e sequenciamento, a análise dos perfis de metilação dos promotores pela MS-PCR. A RT-qPCR foi usada para determinar os níveis de expressão dos componentes da via e a MGA. As variantes rs2240308 e rs151279728 do gene AXIN2 mostraram uma forte associação com o risco de desenvolver o câncer de mama. Um aumento significativo foi observado no nível de expressão de AXIN2 no grupo de mulheres com câncer de mama. Análises adicionais mostraram perfis de expressão diferencial dos genes APC, AXIN2, CTNNB1, GSK3 e CSNK1A1 associado ao status dos receptores hormonais e histogênese tumoral. MGA foi identificado exclusivamente em 38% dos pacientes com câncer de mama e foi associada com a progressão da doença. Este é o primeiro estudo que relaciona uma variante do gene AXIN2 com o câncer de mama na população brasileira. As variantes avaliadas do gene AXIN2 são marcadores promissores de susceptibilidade ao câncer de mama na população estudada, sendo importante, a avaliação desta variante genética na população e determinar o seu real efeito no processo de iniciação e/ou progressão do câncer de mama. / Background: Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is an important regulator of cellular functions such as proliferation, survival and cell adhesion. This pathway is associated with tumor initiation and progression; -catenin (CTNNB1) mutations explains only 30% of aberrant signaling found in breast cancer, indicating that other components and/or regulating of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be involved. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the APC rs465899, AXIN2 rs2240308 and rs151279728, CDH1 rs5030625 and GSK3 rs334558 polymorphisms, APC, AXIN2, CDH1 and GSK3 promoter methylation status and expression profile of -Catenin destruction complex genes and MGA in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. Methods: We collected peripheral blood samples from 102 breast cancer and 102 healthy subjects. The identification of the mutation was performed using PCR-RFLPs and DNA sequencing. MSP and HRM-MS was used to measure promoter methylation and RT-qPCR to determine expression profile. Results: We found significant association of AXIN2 rs2240308 polymorphism with breast cancer. Increased risk was observed even after stratification based on clinicpathological characteristics. AXIN2 rs151279728 polymorphism was found only in 9 breast cancer patients, but none in control group subject. APC and CDH1 polymorphisms were not associated with breast cancer. GSK3 polymorphism was weak associated with breast cancer and heterozygous status was associated with breast cancer protection after group stratification. APC and CDH1 promoter methylation in breast cancer patients was found. Significant increase was observed in AXIN2, CTNNB1 and GSK3 level expression in breast cancer patients. APC was down-regulated in breast cancer patients. Further analyses, showed APC, AXIN2, CTNNB1, GSK3 and CSKN1A1 gene expression associated to receptor status and histological type. MGA was found only in breast cancer patients and was associated with cancer progression. Conclusion: The present study reports, for the first time, that AXIN2 genetic defect and -catenin destruction complex expression disturbance may be found in breast cancer patients, providing additional support to the role of Wnt/-catenin pathway dysfunction in breast cancer tumorigenesis. However, the functional consequence of this genetic alteration remains to be determined. In another hand MGA was determined like a good biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis outcome.

A via canônica Wnt/beta-catenina regula várias funções em vertebrados, incluindo diferenciação de células T, bem como a proliferação, sobrevivência, morfogênese e migração de vários tipos celulares. As células T CD4+ é fundamental para a competência imunológica. Foi observado pelo nosso grupo que células T CD4+ humanas apresentam ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina após tratamento com sais de lítio ou outros agonistas da via. A ativação desta via induziu a proliferação de células T CD4+ naive e de memória central. Em conjunto, estes dados sugerem um importante papel da via Wnt/beta-catenina na homeostase de células T CD4+ humanas. Seria importante avaliar o papel da via Wnt/beta-catenina nas células do sistema imune no modelo murino, já que pouco se sabe sobre seu efeito na homeostase de células T CD4+ murinas. A ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina pode ser induzida com inibidores da proteína Glicogênio sintase quinase 3beta (GSK3beta), por exemplo, os sais de lítio (LiCl e Li2CO3) e inibidores específicos (SB, CHIR) em vários tipos celulares. Neste trabalho, avaliamos o efeito de inibidores de GSK3? na ativação da via Wnt/beta-catenina canônica em esplenócitos e células T CD4+, através da realização de experimentos in vivo e in vitro, avaliando a expressão de seus genes alvo HIG2, Bcl-xL, Ciclina D1 e c-myc. Verificou-se que o tratamento in vivo agudo (2-12 h após a administração) ou crônico (administração diária por 30 dias) de camundongos não é capaz de ativar a via Wnt/beta-catenina in vivo em células esplênicas e células T CD4+, embora o mesmo tratamento induza a expressão dos genes alvo da via no tecido cerebral (córtex e hipocampo). Além disso, também não foi possível verificar ativação da via em esplenócitos e células T CD4+ após tratamento in vitro das mesmas com LiCl ou os inibidores específicos de GSK3beta testados(CHIR99021, SB-216763), embora essa ativação tenha sido observada na linhagem celular HEK293. Nossos resultados sugerem que a via Wnt/beta-catenina (canônica) não é induzível em células T CD4+ murinas maduras, com os agonistas testados. Isso pode ter implicações fisiológicas, por exemplo sobre a homeostase de células T CD4+, já que a proliferação homeostática de células T, influenciada em humanos pela via Wnt/beta-catenina, é menos importante em camundongos / The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway regulates many functions in vertebrates, including T cell differentiation, as well as proliferation, morphogenesis and migration in different cell types. CD4+ T cells play is fundamental for immunological competence. Our group has observed that human CD4+ T cells present activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway after treatment with lithium salts or other pathway agonists. The activation of this pathway induced proliferation in naive and central memory CD4+ T cells. Together, these results suggest an important role for the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in the homeostasis of human CD4+ T cells. It would be very important to evaluate the role of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in T cells in the mouse model, since little is known about its effect in mice CD4+ T cell homeostasis. The activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway may be induced with Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3B (GSK3beta) inhibitors, i.e., lithium salts as mentioned above, and specific GSK3beta inhibitors (SB, CHIR) in different cell types. In this work, we evaluated the effect of GSK3beta inhibitors in the activation of the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin in splenocytes and CD4+ T cells, by conducting experiments in vivo and in vitro, evaluating the expression of its target genes HIG2, Bcl-xL, Cyclin D1 and c-myc. We verified that acute (2-12 hours after administration) or chronic (daily administration for 30 days) treatment of mice with lithium salts is not able to activate the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in splenocytes and CD4+ T cells, although we could observe activation in brain tissues (cortex and hypothalamus). Besides, no activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway was observed in these cell types after in vitro treatment with LiCl or the specific inhibitors of GSK3beta (CHIR99021, SB-216763), while the pathway was activated by the same treatments in HEK293 cells. Our results suggest that the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is not inducible in murine mature CD4+ T cells with the tested agonists. This may have physiological implications, for instance on the homeostasis of CD4+ T cells, where homeostatic proliferation - influenced the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in human T cells - is less important in the maintenance of the murine peripheral T cell pool

O câncer de mama é a neoplasia responsável pelo maior número de mortes em mulheres no Brasil, portanto, é importante encontrar novos marcadores específicos e de diagnóstico precoce, utilizando procedimentos simples e rápidos. A via de sinalização Wnt regula importantes funções celulares como proliferação, sobrevida e adesão. Esta via está associada com os processos de iniciação e progressão em muitos tipos tumorais, como câncer de cólon familiar, melanoma e pulmão; sendo que mutações em β-Catenina (CTNNb1) explicam só 30% dos casos de sinalização aberrante encontrada no câncer de mama, indicando que existem outros componentes e/ou reguladores da via que possam estar envolvidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as variantes genéticas e epigenéticas nos genes do complexo de degradação de β-Catenina num grupo de pacientes com câncer de mama e num grupo controle; e determinar os perfis de transcrição dos componentes da via de sinalização Wnt e da molécula de expressão exclusiva do epitélio mamário, a Mamaglobina Humana (MGA), assim como associar estes resultados com as características clínicas, histológicas e patológicas do tumor. Para atingir este objetivo foram coletadas amostras de sangue periférico de 102 mulheres com câncer de mama e 102 mulheres sadias como grupo controle. A avaliação das variantes rs465899 do gene APC, rs2240308 e rs151279728 do gene AXIN2, rs5030625 do gene CDH1 e rs334558 do gene GSK3, foi realizada por meio de PCR-RFLPs e sequenciamento, a análise dos perfis de metilação dos promotores pela MS-PCR. A RT-qPCR foi usada para determinar os níveis de expressão dos componentes da via e a MGA. As variantes rs2240308 e rs151279728 do gene AXIN2 mostraram uma forte associação com o risco de desenvolver o câncer de mama. Um aumento significativo foi observado no nível de expressão de AXIN2 no grupo de mulheres com câncer de mama. Análises adicionais mostraram perfis de expressão diferencial dos genes APC, AXIN2, CTNNB1, GSK3 e CSNK1A1 associado ao status dos receptores hormonais e histogênese tumoral. MGA foi identificado exclusivamente em 38% dos pacientes com câncer de mama e foi associada com a progressão da doença. Este é o primeiro estudo que relaciona uma variante do gene AXIN2 com o câncer de mama na população brasileira. As variantes avaliadas do gene AXIN2 são marcadores promissores de susceptibilidade ao câncer de mama na população estudada, sendo importante, a avaliação desta variante genética na população e determinar o seu real efeito no processo de iniciação e/ou progressão do câncer de mama. / Background: Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is an important regulator of cellular functions such as proliferation, survival and cell adhesion. This pathway is associated with tumor initiation and progression; -catenin (CTNNB1) mutations explains only 30% of aberrant signaling found in breast cancer, indicating that other components and/or regulating of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be involved. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the APC rs465899, AXIN2 rs2240308 and rs151279728, CDH1 rs5030625 and GSK3 rs334558 polymorphisms, APC, AXIN2, CDH1 and GSK3 promoter methylation status and expression profile of -Catenin destruction complex genes and MGA in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. Methods: We collected peripheral blood samples from 102 breast cancer and 102 healthy subjects. The identification of the mutation was performed using PCR-RFLPs and DNA sequencing. MSP and HRM-MS was used to measure promoter methylation and RT-qPCR to determine expression profile. Results: We found significant association of AXIN2 rs2240308 polymorphism with breast cancer. Increased risk was observed even after stratification based on clinicpathological characteristics. AXIN2 rs151279728 polymorphism was found only in 9 breast cancer patients, but none in control group subject. APC and CDH1 polymorphisms were not associated with breast cancer. GSK3 polymorphism was weak associated with breast cancer and heterozygous status was associated with breast cancer protection after group stratification. APC and CDH1 promoter methylation in breast cancer patients was found. Significant increase was observed in AXIN2, CTNNB1 and GSK3 level expression in breast cancer patients. APC was down-regulated in breast cancer patients. Further analyses, showed APC, AXIN2, CTNNB1, GSK3 and CSKN1A1 gene expression associated to receptor status and histological type. MGA was found only in breast cancer patients and was associated with cancer progression. Conclusion: The present study reports, for the first time, that AXIN2 genetic defect and -catenin destruction complex expression disturbance may be found in breast cancer patients, providing additional support to the role of Wnt/-catenin pathway dysfunction in breast cancer tumorigenesis. However, the functional consequence of this genetic alteration remains to be determined. In another hand MGA was determined like a good biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis outcome.