Betrayal trauma theory (BTT) explains the relationship between a victim and perpetrator to be an especially critical factor for predicting adverse trauma outcomes; however, to date, there is no adequate measure to assess this relationship. We aimed to create a measure of reliance, here defined as dependence on another for food, clothing, finances, emotional support, and more. We utilized a new scale, the Reliance on Perpetrator Scale, to measure this construct. 397 participants completed a battery of questionnaires to measure reliance and 4 primary outcomes of interpersonal trauma exposure: PTSD symptoms, depression, event centrality, and dissociation. A series of exploratory principal components factor analyses provided evidence for a 3 factor solution for this scale, though visual examinations of scree plots and a parallel analysis indicated 2 factors. We ultimately chose to retain 2 factors: practical reliance and emotional dependence. We expected and achieved predictive validity such that practical reliance and emotional dependence were both highly positively correlated with all outcomes. We expected and achieved convergent validity such that positive affect and secure attachment were highly positively correlated with emotional dependence as measured by an existing scale. The current study replicated previous findings that high betrayal events—as opposed to low betrayal events—are often accompanied by worse outcomes. The results of a hierarchical regression model found that both subscales of the Reliance on Perpetrator scale predicted significant unique variance in all outcomes. In conclusion, the current study provides the first empirical evidence to support BTT's idea that the victim-perpetrator relationship plays an integral role in outcomes of interpersonal trauma and provides a more comprehensive way to measure this relationship.

Although George Kelly's psychology of personal constructs was not originally designed to address and account for experiences of self-betrayal, as described by Warner (1986, 2001), Olson (2004, 2007), Olson and Israelson (2007), Williams (2005), and others (Arbinger, 2000), his theory (with minor modifications) may help illuminate the psychology behind the sudden gestaltic shifts and moral transformations experienced by individuals in Warner's (1986, 2001) stories, without undoing any of Warner's existing analysis of self betrayal.The end vision of the thesis is a structured theory of personality, so to speak, that borrows Kelly's insights and extends them to the phenomenon of self-betrayal. This approach allows us to (1) help others make their self-betraying constructs explicit, (2) measure and document them when we do, (3) communicate those constructs to others, (4) and do all of these things while conceptualizing human beings as moral agents responding to their moral sense, in addition to scientists seeking to predict and control their environment.

Partners of sex addicts report symptoms similar to those of post-traumatic stress disorder in a mental health crisis known as betrayal trauma. Behaviors that constitute sexual addiction include viewing pornography, a behavior often claimed to affect no one but the user. This article presents an analysis of 1,191 qualitative responses to an item on the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA), with particular emphasis on respondents’ self-reported disruption to relationships outside of the marriage/romantic relationship (e.g., with their children, employers, friends) following discovery of betrayal. Phenomenological analysis was conducted on participants’ responses to determine if other relationships are/are not being significantly affected. Seven themes of disruption were found, including impairment to functioning, difficulty fulfilling roles, preoccupation, loss of identity, shame, getting stuck, and moving on. A discussion is included on the implications of these findings, including the implications for therapists who work with sex addicts and their partners and recommendations for policy changes.

The cuckold has been a neglected character in Western literary history, subject to derision and often cruel comic effects. Yet three major modern novelists portrayed the cuckold as a protagonist: Gustave Flaubert in Madame Bovary, Henry James in The Golden Bowl, and James Joyce in Ulysses. This study compares their portrayal of the cuckold with medieval storytellers' portrayal of him in the fabliau tales. The comparison shows that modern writers used the cuckold to critique Enlightenment modes of knowing, such as setting up territorial boundaries for emerging disciplines and professions. Modern writers also attributed a greater value than medieval writers did to the cuckold's position as a non-phallic man, because he allowed his wife sexual freedom. Finally, they saw the cuckold as the other side of the artist; through him, they explore the possibility that the Everyman can be a vehicle for reflected action, rather than heroic action. This study combines Lacanian psychoanalysis with narratology to analyze the cuckold as a subject and as a compositional resource for modern novelists. / English

While current research indicates that traumas high in social betrayal are more closely associated with symptoms of posttraumatic stress and identity disturbances than are traumas low in betrayal, the psychological mechanisms by which identity problems occur are less understood. The current project explored the relationships between traumas high and low in betrayal and their influence on self-complexity, through the RFT and ACT conceptualization of three types of self-experiencing: self-as-content, self-as-process, and self-as-context. The roles of experiential avoidance, dissociation, and severity of PTSD symptoms were also considered within this framework. A sample of 548 undergraduate students at the University of North Texas completed online self-report questionnaires, and results suggested that self-as-context more strongly predicted PTSD symptoms than trauma exposure, dissociation, and experiential avoidance. Moreover, high betrayal trauma was found to be a stronger negative predictor of self-as-context than low betrayal trauma. Exposure to trauma was found to significantly predict self-complexity, and self-as-context more strongly predicted self-complexity than did self-as-process. Interestingly, self-as-context did not moderate the relationship between trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms, nor between trauma exposure and self-complexity. Implications of the current study’s findings, as well as suggestions for further research related to the impact of interpersonal betrayal on the self and psychological health, are discussed.

Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2010. / Title from screen (viewed on April 1, 2010). Department of Sociology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Carol Brooks Gardner, Carrie E. Foote, Lynn M. Pike. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-74).

xv, 103 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The purpose of the current study was to examine the role of sociocultural factors in posttraumatic stress. The two major aims were to add to current knowledge about why women report higher rates of posttraumatic stress than men and to explore the role of ethnicity in response to trauma. Using an online survey with a college sample (n = 1041) and a community sample (n = 199), the findings confirmed prior research that traumas high in betrayal (e.g., abuse by a close other) are more strongly associated with symptoms of posttraumatic stress than traumas lower in betrayal (e.g., natural disaster or abuse by someone not close to the victim). Women also reported higher rates of depression, anxiety, and reexperiencing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but not avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms. The hypothesis that betrayal trauma would mediate the association between gender and PTSD reexperiencing symptoms was statistically significant although the effect was not substantial. Gender role socialization may also moderate the relationship between gender and PTSD reexperiencing, whereby men with more egalitarian beliefs had lower scores than men with more conservative beliefs. This study also investigated the rates of traumatic events among Asian and Pacific Islander (API) populations, and cultural correlates of posttraumatic stress. It included one of the few non-clinical samples of API adults from the community in the U.S. as well as a cohort of API students. Notable differences between the younger and older API participants were found in the reporting of various traumatic events. In particular, young API men reported adult sexual assault with surprising frequency at nearly 20% for both close and not close perpetrators which is several times more than the older API men. The influence of participants' concern with loss of face (LOF) on PTSD symptoms was also examined. The prediction that concern with LOF would moderate the effect of traumatic experiences on posttraumatic stress for APIs was not supported although LOF was directly associated with PTSD symptoms. These results add to the growing body of evidence that interpersonal violence and posttraumatic stress are issues that require attention among API populations. / Committee in charge: Jennifer Freyd, Co-Chairperson, Psychology; Sanjay Srivastava, Co-Chairperson, Psychology; Jeffrey Measelle, Member, Psychology; Jocelyn Hollander, Outside Member, Sociology

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The primary objective of this pilot study was to understand the military experiences of OEF/OIF women veterans. Seven women veterans described accounts of sexual harassment and sexual assault, also known in the Veteran Health Administration (VHA) context as Military Sexual Trauma (MST). The prevalence and dialogue of MST both explicitly and implicitly throughout all the interviews justified examining MST on its own. As an alternative to tracking new cases of MST, this thesis provides an examination of the rhetoric of betrayal and suggests that objective knowledge of MST does not exist apart from such social conditions and one’s interpretations of them. Betrayal emerged as the way in which women veterans understood and made meaning of their MST experiences during the claims-making process. Women veterans incorporated strategies to manage the sexual harassment and sexual assault they experienced while in the military environment, since reporting MST was actively discouraged. Findings from this study suggest that the way we approach and understand MST as a social problem needs to be reconsidered and further examined.

by Wong Suk Yin, Edith. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-104). / Chapter Chapter One --- The Eternal Triangle --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Harold Pinter --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Peter Nichols --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Tom Stoppard --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Conclusion --- p.91 / Works Cited and Consulted --- p.94

Submitted by Jailda Nascimento (jmnascimento@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-06T21:47:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Milena Neri Guarnieri.pdf: 247498 bytes, checksum: 75b321117577b189d6ad9e3b32def453 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T21:47:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milena Neri Guarnieri.pdf: 247498 bytes, checksum: 75b321117577b189d6ad9e3b32def453 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-12 / This study aimed to carry out a review of Jungian literature on the subject betrayal in love relationships as well as the verification of existence of relation between betrayal and resilience. The first part of the study was carried out in consultation with the main sites and academic production vehicles. In a second step, we researched into to books, researches, articles and lectures on the subject. Then we select those who were related to each other and present them in three categories. The first two categories were chosen according to the synthetic and reductive methods proposed by Jung and the third category is justified by the way the virtual environment is already intrinsic to the everyday life of most people. In analyzed and discussed categories, we find coherence between the ideas of the presented authors, especially regarding (i) the inevitability of the occurrence of betrayal, (ii) the discrimination of experience in the role of the betrayed and the role of the betrayer, (iii) the observation of not betray yourself as an important aspect - providing a sense for the transgression, (iv) the internet bringing a new way to fall in love, fight, maintain a relationship, transgress and betray, (v) the use of the virtual environment for the purpose of accidental or occasional adventure, revenge, puerile sexual satisfaction - as well as the need for narcissistic attention and fiery realization of individual desires and (iv) to glimpse the relation between betrayal and resilience in all categories proposed. Finally, it has been revealed how rich is the theme and how little it is explored, given the shortage of Jungian writings published on betrayal. We expect to have contributed to understanding the relationship between betrayal and resilience, since the betrayal can be conceived as a transgression which opens the possibility of personal transformation and life, through the development and transformation, despite all the pain involved / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a realização de revisão da literatura junguiana sobre o tema traição nos relacionamentos amorosos, bem como a verificação de existência da relação entre traição e resiliência. A primeira parte do estudo foi realizada mediante consulta aos principais sites e veículos de produção acadêmica. Em um segundo momento, procuramos livros, pesquisas, artigos e palestras sobre o tema. Depois, selecionamos os que tinham relação entre si e os apresentamos em três categorias. As duas primeiras categorias foram escolhidas de acordo com os métodos sintético e redutivo propostos por Jung e a terceira categoria se justificou pela forma como o ambiente virtual já é intrínseco à vida cotidiana da grande maioria das pessoas. Nas categorias analisadas e discutidas, encontramos coerência entre as ideias dos autores apresentados, principalmente com relação (i) à inevitabilidade da ocorrência da traição, (ii) à discriminação da experiência no papel do traído e no papel do traidor, (iii) à observação do não trair a si mesmo como um concepção importante – que proporciona um sentido para a transgressão, (iv) à internet trazendo um meio novo para se apaixonar, brigar, manter um relacionamento, transgredir e trair, (v) à utilização do meio virtual com a finalidade de aventura acidental ou ocasional, vingança, satisfação sexual pueril – bem como a necessidade de atenção narcísica e realização impetuosa dos desejos individuais e (iv) ao vislumbre da relação entre traição e resiliência em todas as categorias propostas. Por fim, nos foi revelado quão rico é o tema e quão pouco explorado ele é, haja vista a escassez de escritos junguianos publicados sobre a traição. Esperamos ter contribuído, enfim, para a compreensão da relação entre traição e resiliência, uma vez que a traição pode ser concebida como uma transgressão que abre a possibilidade de transformação pessoal e de vida, por meio da elaboração e transformação, apesar de toda a dor envolvida