<div>In this thesis, we study invariants of graded modules over polynomial rings. In particular, we find bounds on the Hilbert functions and graded Betti numbers of certain modules. This area of research has been widely studied, and we discuss several well-known theorems and conjectures related to these problems. Our main results extend some known theorems from the case of homogeneous ideals of polynomial rings R to that of graded R-modules. In Chapters 2 & 3, we discuss preliminary material needed for the following chapters. This includes monomial orders for modules, Hilbert functions, graded Betti numbers, and generic initial modules.</div><div> </div><div> In Chapter 4, we discuss x_n-stability of submodules M of free R-modules F, and use this stability to examine properties of lexsegment modules. Using these tools, we prove our first main result: a general hypersurface restriction theorem for modules. This theorem states that, when restricting to a general hypersurface of degree j, the Hilbert series of M is bounded above by that of M^{lex}+x_n^jF. In Chapter 5, we discuss Hilbert series of local cohomology modules. As a consequence of our general hypersurface restriction theorem, we give a bound on the Hilbert series of H^i_m(F/M). In particular, we show that the Hilbert series of local cohomology modules of a quotient of a free module does not decrease when the module is replaced by a quotient by the lexicographic module M^{lex}.</div><div> </div><div> The content of Chapter 6 is based on joint work with Gabriel Sosa. The main theorem is an extension of a result of Caviglia and Sbarra to polynomial rings with base field of any characteristic. Given a homogeneous ideal containing both a piecewise lex ideal and an ideal generated by powers of the variables, we find a lex ideal with the following property: the ideal in the polynomial ring generated by the piecewise lex ideal, the ideal of powers, and the lex ideal has the same Hilbert function and Betti numbers at least as large as those of the original ideal. This bound on the Betti numbers is sharp, and is a closer bound than what was previously known in this setting.</div>

This thesis deals with toric ideals associated with finite simple graphs. In particular we establish some results pertaining to the nature of the generators and syzygies of toric ideals associated with finite simple graphs. The first result dealt with in this thesis expands upon work by Favacchio, Hofscheier, Keiper, and Van Tuyl which states that for G, a graph obtained by "gluing" a graph H1 to a graph H2 along an induced subgraph, we can obtain the toric ideal associated to G from the toric ideals associated to H1 and H2 by taking their sum as ideals in the larger ring and saturating by a particular monomial f. Our contribution is to sharpen the result and show that instead of a saturation by f, we need only examine the colon ideal with f^2. The second result treated by this thesis pertains to graded Betti numbers of toric ideals of complete bipartite graphs. We show that by counting specific subgraphs one can explicitly compute a minimal set of generators for the corresponding toric ideals as well as minimal generating sets for the first two syzygy modules. Additionally we provide formulas for some of the graded Betti numbers. The final topic treated pertains to a relationship between the fundamental group the finite simple graph G and the associated toric ideal to G. It was shown by Villareal as well as Hibi and Ohsugi that the generators of a toric ideal associated to a finite simple graph correspond to the closed even walks of the graph G, thus linking algebraic properties to combinatorial ones. Therefore it is a natural question whether there is a relationship between the toric ideal associated to the graph G and the fundamental group of the graph G. We show, under the assumption that G is a bipartite graph with some additional assumptions, one can conceive of the set of binomials in the toric ideal with coprime terms, B(IG), as a group with an appropriately chosen operation ⋆ and establish a group isomorphism (B(IG), ⋆) ∼= π1(G)/H where H is a normal subgroup. We exploit this relationship further to obtain information about the generators of IG as well as bounds on the Betti numbers. We are also able to characterise all regular sequences and hence compute the depth of the toric ideal of G. We also use the framework to prove that IG = (⟨G⟩ : (e1 · · · em)^∞) where G is a set of binomials which correspond to a generating set of π1(G). / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Strongly stable ideals are important in algebraic geometry, commutative algebra, and combinatorics. Prompted, for example, by combinatorial approaches for studying Hilbert schemes and the existence of maximal total Betti numbers among saturated ideals with a given Hilbert polynomial, three algorithms are presented. Each of these algorithms produces all strongly stable ideals with some prescribed property: the saturated strongly stable ideals with a given Hilbert polynomial, the almost lexsegment ideals with a given Hilbert polynomial, and the saturated strongly stable ideals with a given Hilbert function. Bounds for the complexity of our algorithms are included. Also included are some applications for these algorithms and some estimates for counting strongly stable ideals with a fixed Hilbert polynomial.

A bound for Betti numbers of sets definable in o-minimal structures is presented. An axiomatic complexity measure is defined, allowing various concrete complexity measures for definable functions to be covered. This includes common concrete measures such as the degree of polynomials, and complexity of Pfaffian functions. A generalisation of the Thom-Milnor Bound [17, 19] for sets defined by the conjunction of equations and non-strict inequalities is presented, in the new context of sets definable in o-minimal structures using the axiomatic complexity measure. Next bounds are produced for sets defined by Boolean combinations of equations and inequalities, through firstly considering sets defined by sign conditions, then using this to produce results for closed sets, and then making use of a construction to approximate any set defined by a Boolean combination of equations and inequalities by a closed set. Lastly, existing results [12] for sets defined using quantifiers on an open or closed set are generalised, using a construction from Gabrielov and Vorobjov [11] to approximate any set by a compact set. This results in a method to find a general bound for any set definable in an o-minimal structure in terms of the axiomatic complexity measure. As a consequence for the first time an upper bound for sub-Pfaffian sets defined by arbitrary formulae with quantifiers is given. This bound is singly exponential if the number of quantifier alternations is fixed.

Simplicial complexes are mathematical objects whose importance stretches from topology to commutative algebra and combinatorics. In this thesis we focus on the family of balanced simplicial complexes. A d-dimensional simplicial complex is balanced if its 1-skeleton can be properly (d+1)-colored, as in the classical graph theoretic sense. Equivalently, a d-dimensional complex is balanced iff it admits a non-degenerate simplicial projection to the d-simplex. We present results on these complexes from a number of different points of view. After two introductory chapters, we exhibit in chapter 3 an infinite family of balanced counterexamples to Stanley's partitionability conjecture. These complexes, which are in addition constructible, answer a question of Duval et al. in the negative. Next we shift to combinatorial topology, and study cross-flips, i.e., local moves on balanced manifolds introduced by Izmestiev, Klee and Novik, which preserve both the coloring and the topological type. In chapter 4 we provide an explicit description and enumeration of an interesting subset of these moves and use it to prove a Pachner-type theorem. Indeed, we show that any two balanced combinatorial manifolds with boundary which are PL-homeomorphic can be transformed one into the other by a sequence of shellings and inverse shellings which preserve both the coloring and the topological type at each step. This solves a problem proposed by Izmestiev, Klee and Novik. Chapter 5 is devoted to the study of certain algebraic invariants of simplicial complexes in the balanced case. Here upper bounds for the graded Betti numbers of the Stanley-Reisner ring of balanced simplicial complexes are investigated in several level of generalities, and we show that they are sharper than in the general case. First, we employ Hochster formula to obtain inequalities for the case of arbitrary balanced complexes. Next, we focus on the balanced Cohen-Macaulay case and we obtain two upper bounds via two different strategies. Using similar ideas we also bound the Betti numbers in the linear strand of balanced normal d-pseudomanifolds, for d>2. Finally, we explicitly compute graded Betti numbers of the class of stacked cross-polytopal spheres, and conjecture that they provide a sharp upper bound for those of all balanced pseudomanifolds with the same dimension and number of vertices. In the last chapter, we implement cross-flips on balanced surfaces and 3-manifolds, and use this computer program to search for balanced manifolds on few vertices, possibly vertex-minimal. Reducing the barycentric subdivision of vertex minimal triangulations, we find a long list of balanced triangulations of interesting spaces on few vertices. Among those stand out a balanced vertex-minimal triangulation of the dunce hat (11-vertices) and of the 2- and 3-dimensional real projective space (9 and 16 vertices respectively). Using obstructions from knot theory and a careful choice of flips we find a balanced non-shellable 3-sphere and a balanced shellable non-vertex-decomposable 3-sphere on 28 and 22 vertices respectively. These are the smallest instances known in the literature.

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This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is concerned with the commutative algebra of certain combinatorial structures arising from uniform hypergraphs. The main focus lies on two particular classes of hypergraphs called chordal hypergraphs and complete hypergraphs, respectively. Both these classes arise naturally as generalizations of the corresponding well known classes of simple graphs. The classes of chordal and complete hypergraphs are introduced and studied in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 respectively. Chapter 4, that is the content of \cite{E5}, answers a question posed at the P.R.A.G.MAT.I.C. summer school held in Catania, Italy, in 2008. In Chapter 5 we study hypergraph analogues of line graphs and cycle graphs. Chapter 6 is concerned with a connectedness notion for hypergraphs and in Chapter 7 we study a weak version of shellability.The second part is concerned with affine monoids and their monoid rings. Chapter 8 provide a combinatorial study of a class of positive affine monoids that behaves in some sense like numerical monoids. Chapter 9 is devoted to the class of numerical monoids of maximal embedding dimension. A combinatorial description of the graded Betti numbers of the corresponding monoid rings in terms of the minimal generators of the monoids is provided. Chapter 10 is concerned with monomial subrings generated by edge sets of complete hypergraphs.

Cette thèse est divisée en deux parties. Dans la première partie nous étudions les variétés 2-Fano. Les variétés 2-Fano, définies par De Jong et Starr, satisfont des generalisations de certaines propriétés des varietes Fano. Nous proposons une définition de variété k-Fano (faible) et conjecturons la polyhédralité du cône de k-cycles pseudo-effectives pour ces variétés en analogie avec le cas k=1. Ensuite, nous calculons quelques nombres de Betti d'une grande classe de variétés k-Fano pour prouver un cas particulier de la conjecture. En particulier, la conjecture est vraie pour toutes les variétés 2-Fano d'indice >n-3, et nous complétons également la classification des variétés faibles 2-Fano répondant aux questions 39 et 41 dans l'article d'Araujo et Castravet.Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions une application rationnelle particulière. Beauville et Donagi ont prouvé que la variété des droites F(Y) d'une hypersurface lisse, cubique Y de dimension quatre est une variété hyperKähler. Récemment, C. Lehn, M. Lehn, Sorger et van Straten ont prouvé qu'on peut naturellement associer une variété hyperKähler Z(Y) à la variété compacte des cubiques rationnelles dans Y. Puis, Voisin a défini une application rationnelle de degré 6 entre le produit direct F(Y)xF(Y) et Z(Y). Nous montrerons que le lieu d'indétermination de cette application est le lieu des droites concourantes dans Y. / This thesis is divided in two parts. In the first part we study the 2-Fano varieties. The 2-Fano varieties, defined by De Jong and Starr, satisfy some higher dimensional analogous properties of Fano varieties. We propose a definition of (weak) k-Fano variety and conjecture the polyhedrality of the cone of pseudoeffective k-cycles for those varieties in analogy with the case k=1. Then, we calculate some Betti numbers of a large class of k-Fano varieties to prove some special case of the conjecture. In particular, the conjecture is true for all 2-Fano varieties of index > n-3, and also we complete the classification of weak 2-Fano varieties answering Questions 39 and 41 in Araujo and Castravet’s article.In the second part, we study a particular rational map. Beauville and Donagi proved that the variety of lines F(Y) of a smooth cubic fourfold Y is a hyperKähler variety. Recently, C. Lehn, M.Lehn, Sorger and van Straten proved that one can naturally associate a hyperKähler variety Z(Y) to the variety of twisted cubics on Y. Then, Voisin defined a degree 6 rational map between the direct product F(Y)xF(Y) and Z(Y). We will show that the indeterminacy locus of this map is the locus of intersecting lines. / Questa tesi è divisa in due parti. Nella prima parte studiamo le varietà 2-Fano. Le varietà 2-Fano, definite da De Jong e Starr, soddisfano alcune proprietà analoghe (in dimensionie superiore) alle varietà Fano. Diamo una definizione di varietà k-Fano (debole) e congetturiamo la poliedricità del cono di k-cicli pseudoeffettivi per tali varietà, in analogia al caso k=1. Quindi calcoliamo alcuni numeri Betti di molte varietà k-Fano, per dimostrare alcuni casi particolari della congettura. In particolare, la congettura è vera per tutte le varietà 2-Fano d'indice >n-3, e inoltre completiamo la classificazione delle varietà 2-Fano deboli rispondendo alle domande 39 e 41 nell'articolo di Araujo e Castravet. Nella seconda parte studiamo una particolare mappa razionale. Beauville e Donagi hanno dimostrato che la varietà delle rette F(Y) di una ipersuperfice cubica liscia Y di dimensione 4 è una varietà hyperKähler. Recentemente, C. Lehn, M.Lehn, Sorger e van Straten hanno dimostrato che è possibile associare in modo naturale una varietà hyperKähler Z(Y) alla varietà delle cubiche razionali in Y. Successivamente, Voisin ha definito una mappa razionale di grado 6 tra il prodotto diretto F(Y)xF(Y) e Z(Y). Mostreremo che il luogo di indeterminazione di questa mappa è il luogo delle rette secanti.

Ha Minh Lam et M. Morales ont introduit une classe d'idéaux binomiaux qui est une extension binomiale d'idéaux monomiaux libres de carrés.Étant donné I un idéal monomial quadratique de k[x] libre de carrés et J une somme d'idéaux de scroll de k[z] qui satisfont certaines conditions, nous définissons l'extension binomiale de I comme B=I+J. Le sujet de cette thèse est d'étudier le nombre p plus grand tel que les sizygies de B son linéaires jusqu'au pas p-1. Sous certaines conditions d'ordre imposées sur les facettes du complexe de Stanley-Reisner de I nous obtiendrons un ordre > pour les variables de l'anneau de polynomes k[z]. Ensuite nous prouvons pour un calcul des bases de Gröbner que l'idéal initial in(B), sous l'ordre lexicographique induit par l'ordre de variables >, est quadratique libre de carrés. Nous montrerons que B est régulier si et seulement si I est 2-régulier. Dans le cas géneral, lorsque I n'est pas 2-régulier nous trouverons une borne pour l'entier q maximal qui satisfait que les premier q-1 sizygies de B son linéaires. En outre, en supossant que J est un idéal torique et en imposant des conditions supplémentaires, nous trouveron une borne supérieure pour l'entier q maximal qui satisfait que les premier q-1 sizygies de B son linéaires. En imposant des conditions supplémentaires, nous prouverons que les deux bornes sont égaux. / Ha Minh Lam et M. Morales introduced a family of binomial ideals that are binomial extensions of square free monomial ideals. Let I be a square free monomial ideal of k[x] and J a sum of scroll ideals in k[z] with some extra conditions, we define the binomial extension of $I$ as $B=I+Jsubset sis$. The aim of this thesis is to study the biggest number p such that the syzygies of B are linear until the step p-1. Due to some order conditions given to the facets of the Stanley-Reisner complex of I we get an order > for the variables of the polynomial ring k[z]. By a calculation of the Gröbner basis of the ideal $B$ we obtain that the initial ideal in(B) is a square free monomial ideal. We will prove that B is 2-regular iff I is 2-regular. In the general case, wheter I is not 2-regular we will find a lower bound for the the maximal integer q which satisfies that the first q-1 sizygies of B are linear. On the other hand, wheter J is toric and supposing other conditions, we will find a upper bound for the integer q which satisfies that the first q-1 syzygies of B are linear. By given more conditions we will prove that the twobounds are equal.