<p>Tema ovog rada je istraživanje savremenih arhitektonskih praksi formiranih u Novom Sadu u periodu od 1980. do 2010. godine. Na osnovu teorijskog polazišta, proučavanja savremenih međunarodnih kretanja - Venecijanskog bijenala arhitekture kao referentnog događaja, kao i istraživanja lokalnog konteksta &ndash; Novog Sada, metodom ankete izvršena je detaljna analiza praksi 145 novosadskih arhitekata. Sintezom dobijenih rezultata sagledan je proces tranformacije osnovnih oblika delovanja, kao i formiranja savremenih arhitektonskih praksi.</p> / <p>The topic of this PhD thesis are contemporary architectural practices, founded in<br />Novi Sad in the period between 1980 and 2010. Based on theoretical stance, the<br />study of contemporary international trends- Architecture Biennale in Venice as a<br />reference event, and the research of the local context- Novi Sad, by applying survey<br />as a method, a detailed analysis of practices of 145 architects from Novi Sad has<br />been conducted.Through a synthesis of the results, it was possible to assess the<br />transformation process of the elementary forms of activities, as well as formation of<br />contemporary architectural practices.</p>

This thesis explores the tensions between nation building and globalisation in relation to state-sponsored visual arts projects, focusing on the Biennale project of the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council (GJMC). It explores the extent to which this project - aimed initially at internationalising and then globalising South Africa’s art world following the demise of apartheid in 1994 - was compatible with key nation building objectives for state funding of the arts, captured imperfectly in the country’s Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). It is found that the Biennale project was largely not compatible with the RDP’s objectives for state funding, namely to promote national unity while respecting the country’s cultural diversity, redress imbalances of the past in access to the arts, and promote culture as a component of South Africa’s development, in spite of the GJMC’s statements to the contrary. Rather the Johannesburg Biennale reproduced the dialectic of economic inclusion and exclusion endemic to the political project of globalisation, leading to the creation of economic and artistic ‘insiders’ and ‘outsiders’ akin to the ‘First World’ and ‘Third World’ divide that the RDP warned against in its principle on nation-building, and proved to be an inappropriate use of state resources given the divided nature of the South African artworld. Furthermore, the GJMC imported uncritically an exhibition form associated with the discourse of internationalisation in the first Biennale, and then globalisation in the second, from other Biennales, based on contestable theoretical positions on nationalism and globalisation. This they did in an attempt to address a growing financial crisis in the city by using a ‘one size fit all’ set of policy prescriptions falling under the rubric of neo-liberalism, including culture-led methods of enhancing a city’s global status to attract foreign revenue. In particular, the Biennale did not learn the lesson that the shift in focus in other Biennales from internationalisation to globalisation, was also accompanied by growing discontent in these countries about the elitist nature of these events. I also consider whether it is possible to devise an alternative Biennale project that uses international contact to unite the South African artworld, rather than dividing it.

Esta pesquisa de mestrado teve por objetivo o estudo das obras em acervo no Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo de autoria dos artistas do Gruppo degli Otto, adquiridas por Francisco Matarazzo Sobrinho, em 1952 e 1954, na XXVI e na XXVII Bienal de Veneza, para o acervo do antigo Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo. As obras permitem, um estudo sobre os artistas e a formação do Gruppo degli Otto, além de uma imersão na produção de Lionello Venturi (Modena, 1885 Roma, 1961), crítico e historiador da arte que se coloca a frente desses artistas. Levaram também a uma pesquisa a respeito do cenário artístico daquele momento, tanto da Itália, de onde as obras partem, quanto do Brasil, para onde as obras se destinam, e à construção de uma história a respeito da crítica de arte italiana no ambiente da Bienal de Veneza na Guerra Fria, além do estudo do papel da instituição veneziana na fundação da Bienal de São Paulo e os impactos e ramificações deste debate crítico no Brasil. / This master\'s research intended to study the works in the collection not Museum of Contemporary Art, University of São Paulo by the artists of the Gruppo degli Otto, that were acquired by Francisco Matarazzo Sobrinho, in 1952 and 1954, at the XXVI and XXVII Venice Biennale, to integrate the collection of the former Museum of Modern Art of São Paulo. Those paintings led to a study on the artists that composed the Gruppo degli Otto and its foundation. They also allowed an immersion in the production of Lionello Venturi (Modena, 1885 - Rome, 1961), critic and art historian, who took to himself the role of the critic ahead of the group. The works also lead to a research on the artistic scene of that moment, both in Italy, where the paintings are made, as well as in Brazil, the place to where those paintings would be destined to live, as well as the study of the history of Italian art criticism in the environment the Venice Biennale in the Cold War, and lastly the study of the role of the Venetian institution in the founding of the São Paulo Bienal and the impacts and changes of this critical debate in Brazil.

Esta dissertação tem como foco central o estudo de edifícios pavilhões e sua relação com a produção tridimensional - entendida como instalação e escultura. Para tanto, articula-se o conceito de \"campo ampliado\", elaborado por Rosalind Krauss em texto de 1979 para abarcar as transformações da escultura a partir dos anos 60, com seu recente deslocamento, para o âmbito da arquitetura por parte de alguns autores, nomeadamente Antony Vidler. A pesquisa não se resume apenas a uma investigação da contribuição do espaço arquitetônico para a escultura ou da escultura para a arquitetura, mas foca especialmente a linha que as separa, visto que a tendência de convergência das duas disciplinas faz com que seu elo de reciprocidade se dissolva numa produção intersticial, realizada por artistas, arquitetos ou mesmo por ambos em colaboração. O pavilhão sempre foi entendido como um campo experimental para os arquitetos, especialmente ao longo do século XX quando ajudou a consolidar as premissas da arquitetura moderna. Hoje, apresenta grande visibilidade através de diversos programas que oferecem condições únicas de encomenda e concepção pressupondo uma arquitetura singular, que configura uma produção desvinculada do binômio forma-função e cujo assunto autorreferente é a própria arquitetura. Do ponto de vista das artes o pavilhão representa uma expansão da instalação para um todo espacial que passa a envolver também o edifício e, quando tomado como meta arquitetura, opera também como plataforma de afrontamento crítico. O embate teórico acerca dos desdobramentos do \"campo ampliado\", bem como a investigação sobre aspectos essenciais do termo \"pavilhão\", de natureza maleável, são confrontados com uma análise crítica de casos selecionados em três instituições com características bem distintas- Bienal de Veneza, Instituto de Arte Contemporânea do Inhotim e Serpentine Gallery -, e possibilitam alinhavar conclusões sobre esta produção contemporânea no limiar dessas duas disciplinas. / This dissertation is focused on the study of pavilions and their relationship with the three-dimensional production - understood as installation and sculpture. Therefore, the concept of \"expanded field\", elaborated by Rosalind Krauss in the 1979 essay to encompass the transformation of sculpture from the 60\'s, is articulated with the recent shift of this same concept into the realm of architecture by some authors, namely Antony Vidler. The research is not just an investigation on the contribution of the architectural space for sculpture or, on the other hand, from sculpture to architecture, but focuses especially the line that separates them, understood as a disposition of convergence by the two disciplines which dissolves the reciprocal bonds in a interstitial production, performed by artists, architects or even both together. The pavilion has always been understood as an experimental field for architects, especially during the twentieth century when it helped consolidate the assumptions of modern architecture. Today it has gained great visibility through several programs that offer specific conditions by commissioning and assuming a unique architecture design that sets up a production untied from the binomial form-function, resulting in a self referent building whose subject is the architecture itself. From the point of view of the arts, it represents an expansion of the installation configuring a spatial whole that also implicate the building and, when taken as meta architecture, also operates as a platform for critical confrontation. The opposition on theory about the ramifications of the expanded field, as well as a research on the essential characteristics to a malleable term, are faced with a critical analysis of selected cases in three institutions gathering rather distinct characteristics - the Venice Biennale, the Institute of Contemporary Art Inhotim and the Serpentine Gallery -, and allow conclusions on this contemporary production in a disciplinary threshold.

Esta dissertação tem como foco central o estudo de edifícios pavilhões e sua relação com a produção tridimensional - entendida como instalação e escultura. Para tanto, articula-se o conceito de \"campo ampliado\", elaborado por Rosalind Krauss em texto de 1979 para abarcar as transformações da escultura a partir dos anos 60, com seu recente deslocamento, para o âmbito da arquitetura por parte de alguns autores, nomeadamente Antony Vidler. A pesquisa não se resume apenas a uma investigação da contribuição do espaço arquitetônico para a escultura ou da escultura para a arquitetura, mas foca especialmente a linha que as separa, visto que a tendência de convergência das duas disciplinas faz com que seu elo de reciprocidade se dissolva numa produção intersticial, realizada por artistas, arquitetos ou mesmo por ambos em colaboração. O pavilhão sempre foi entendido como um campo experimental para os arquitetos, especialmente ao longo do século XX quando ajudou a consolidar as premissas da arquitetura moderna. Hoje, apresenta grande visibilidade através de diversos programas que oferecem condições únicas de encomenda e concepção pressupondo uma arquitetura singular, que configura uma produção desvinculada do binômio forma-função e cujo assunto autorreferente é a própria arquitetura. Do ponto de vista das artes o pavilhão representa uma expansão da instalação para um todo espacial que passa a envolver também o edifício e, quando tomado como meta arquitetura, opera também como plataforma de afrontamento crítico. O embate teórico acerca dos desdobramentos do \"campo ampliado\", bem como a investigação sobre aspectos essenciais do termo \"pavilhão\", de natureza maleável, são confrontados com uma análise crítica de casos selecionados em três instituições com características bem distintas- Bienal de Veneza, Instituto de Arte Contemporânea do Inhotim e Serpentine Gallery -, e possibilitam alinhavar conclusões sobre esta produção contemporânea no limiar dessas duas disciplinas. / This dissertation is focused on the study of pavilions and their relationship with the three-dimensional production - understood as installation and sculpture. Therefore, the concept of \"expanded field\", elaborated by Rosalind Krauss in the 1979 essay to encompass the transformation of sculpture from the 60\'s, is articulated with the recent shift of this same concept into the realm of architecture by some authors, namely Antony Vidler. The research is not just an investigation on the contribution of the architectural space for sculpture or, on the other hand, from sculpture to architecture, but focuses especially the line that separates them, understood as a disposition of convergence by the two disciplines which dissolves the reciprocal bonds in a interstitial production, performed by artists, architects or even both together. The pavilion has always been understood as an experimental field for architects, especially during the twentieth century when it helped consolidate the assumptions of modern architecture. Today it has gained great visibility through several programs that offer specific conditions by commissioning and assuming a unique architecture design that sets up a production untied from the binomial form-function, resulting in a self referent building whose subject is the architecture itself. From the point of view of the arts, it represents an expansion of the installation configuring a spatial whole that also implicate the building and, when taken as meta architecture, also operates as a platform for critical confrontation. The opposition on theory about the ramifications of the expanded field, as well as a research on the essential characteristics to a malleable term, are faced with a critical analysis of selected cases in three institutions gathering rather distinct characteristics - the Venice Biennale, the Institute of Contemporary Art Inhotim and the Serpentine Gallery -, and allow conclusions on this contemporary production in a disciplinary threshold.

On sait aujourd'hui que les processus stratosphériques jouent un rôle important dans le système climatique et leur étude est donc de grande importance pour la communauté scientifique. Les changements à long terme observés dans la stratosphère comprennent l'augmentation des gaz à effet de serre, de la vapeur d'eau, la diminution de l'ozone et un refroidissement systématique de cette région de l'atmosphère pendant les deux dernières décennies (1980-2000). Cette recherche est dédiée à la quantification des changements à long terme de la structure thermique et dynamique de la stratosphère et à l'attribution des causes des changements observés, et en particulier l'effet de la diminution de l'ozone stratosphérique. Le travail a été mené pour les vingt dernières années, où des mesures globales de la stratosphère existent; les analyses effectuées ont été ensuite couplées avec des simulations GCM pour quantifier le rôle de la diminution de l'ozone sur les changements à long terme observés. Trois bases de données (températures mensuelles) résultant d'analyses de données satellitaires et/ou de radiosondages ont été considérées : la base TOVS/3I fournit une description de la basse stratosphère à haute résolution spatiale pour une période de 8 ans; la base FUB a une résolution spatiale moins bonne mais est disponible pour une période plus longue; enfin, la base SSU/MSU couvre les vingt dernières années et surtout la totalité de la stratosphère, mais avec une résolution verticale plus faible. Un modèle de régression linéaire multiparamétrique, qui permet de séparer l'effet de la variabilité naturelle de la tendance à long terme, a été utilisé. Dans un premier temps, une analyse détaillée de l'impact des différents facteurs de variabilité de la température stratosphérique été réalisée. Les forçages considérés sont: l'Oscillation Quasi-Biennale (QBO), l'ENSO, la variabilité de 11 ans associée au cycle solaire, et le mode de variabilité extratropicale connu sous le nom d'Oscillation Arctique (AO). Nous montrons tout d'abord que l'amplitude de la réponse de la température à ces forçages peut être du même ordre de grandeur que les tendances calculées. Ensuite, les tendances de la température sont décrites en fonction de l'altitude, de la latitude et de la saison; elles montrent un refroidissement général de la stratosphère, avec une amplitude maximale en moyenne globale dans la haute stratosphère de l'hémisphère nord (de l'ordre de 3 K/décennie); le refroidissement se réduit dans la moyenne stratosphère pour atteindre 1 K/décennie en moyenne globale dans la basse stratosphère (mais avec une structure fortement dépendante de la latitude). L'analyse des températures nous permet aussi de mettre en évidence, de façon indirecte, un affaiblissement de la circulation moyenne de la stratosphère. Pour étudier le rôle de la diminution d'ozone stratosphérique sur les champs dynamiques et thermiques, nous avons enfin considéré deux ensembles de simulations GCM de type « transitoire »; en entrée des simulations, le premier ensemble considère les conditions prévalant avant la diminution de l'ozone, alors que le deuxième inclut les tendances d'ozone observées en moyenne zonale et mensuelle (dite « simulation ozone »). Les tendances de température simulées ont été comparées entre elles. Les résultats indiquent que la diminution de l'ozone stratosphérique est responsable du refroidissement observé à hauteur de 60% dans la haute stratosphère et de 30% dans la basse stratosphère. Si le refroidissement de la haute et moyenne stratosphère est bien reproduit par les simulations ozone, dans la basse stratosphère il est sous-estimé, très probablement à cause de l'effet des tendances de vapeur d'eau, qui n'ont pas été prises en compte dans les simulations. Le refroidissement pendant le printemps Arctique dans la basse stratosphère est observé, mais non complètement reproduit. Enfin, les simulations ozone indiquent une modification dans l'activité des ondes qui se propagent dans la basse stratosphère, observée à travers l'étude de la composante verticale du flux d'Eliassen-Palm.

Esta pesquisa de mestrado teve por objetivo o estudo das obras em acervo no Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo de autoria dos artistas do Gruppo degli Otto, adquiridas por Francisco Matarazzo Sobrinho, em 1952 e 1954, na XXVI e na XXVII Bienal de Veneza, para o acervo do antigo Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo. As obras permitem, um estudo sobre os artistas e a formação do Gruppo degli Otto, além de uma imersão na produção de Lionello Venturi (Modena, 1885 Roma, 1961), crítico e historiador da arte que se coloca a frente desses artistas. Levaram também a uma pesquisa a respeito do cenário artístico daquele momento, tanto da Itália, de onde as obras partem, quanto do Brasil, para onde as obras se destinam, e à construção de uma história a respeito da crítica de arte italiana no ambiente da Bienal de Veneza na Guerra Fria, além do estudo do papel da instituição veneziana na fundação da Bienal de São Paulo e os impactos e ramificações deste debate crítico no Brasil. / This master\'s research intended to study the works in the collection not Museum of Contemporary Art, University of São Paulo by the artists of the Gruppo degli Otto, that were acquired by Francisco Matarazzo Sobrinho, in 1952 and 1954, at the XXVI and XXVII Venice Biennale, to integrate the collection of the former Museum of Modern Art of São Paulo. Those paintings led to a study on the artists that composed the Gruppo degli Otto and its foundation. They also allowed an immersion in the production of Lionello Venturi (Modena, 1885 - Rome, 1961), critic and art historian, who took to himself the role of the critic ahead of the group. The works also lead to a research on the artistic scene of that moment, both in Italy, where the paintings are made, as well as in Brazil, the place to where those paintings would be destined to live, as well as the study of the history of Italian art criticism in the environment the Venice Biennale in the Cold War, and lastly the study of the role of the Venetian institution in the founding of the São Paulo Bienal and the impacts and changes of this critical debate in Brazil.

This thesis seeks to understand the formation and representation of local, national and international identities of nations and their societies by critically analysing a big public international art event, the Kochi-Muziris Biennale. It will thus address two complex historical and theoretical problems: first, the role such biennales have had in the nation building process for several Third World countries; second, the established hierarchies in theorizations of contemporary art from the global south. By addressing these problems, it aims to illustrate the issue at the heart of this thesis: to find the praxis which can break the model of binaries and representations established in the concept of modernity.

Continuous Curatorial Conversations is a practice-led exploration of conversation, both as a medium and as a tool for capturing supplementary histories of the curatorial. The primary question of this research project is how the medium of conversation can be explored to write supplementary histories of the curatorial which thus far have been omitted from extant publications on the subject. Three important sub questions guide this exploration. First, what is and has been the role of conversation within the curatorial? What are the possibilities and limitations within the medium of conversation? What roles do conviviality and hospitality play within the process of conversation? This thesis reflects upon a series of curated projects that explore the sp/pl/ace for curatorial conversation and also reviews a collection of one-to-one recorded conversations conducted by the author, including conversations with Alfredo Cramerotti, Hedwig Fijen, Mel Gooding, William Furlong and Sarah Lowndes. Sites of fieldwork include: the 54th Venice Biennale; Manifesta 8, The European Biennial of Contemporary Art; and Glasgow International Festival of Visual Art 2012. Through these projects and related recordings it unpicks the norms and possibilities of what and when one can record on the subject of the curatorial. The hypothesis of this study is that a great deal of curatorial activity is locked up in conversation, yet a disproportion makes it to the pages of the history of the field. Furthermore, in its clean transcribed form it misrepresents the fragility and nuance of the original exchange. The theoretical context of this research looks at Nicolas Bourriaud’s notion of Relational Aesthetics, the writing of Maria Lind and Paul O’Neill, with a focus on Audio Arts. A new methodology relating to curatorial conversation and its recording has therefore been identified as ‘critical conviviality’. The writing relating to Continuous Curatorial Conversations research takes the form of four books. The book ‘An Introduction’ comprises the PhD thesis and sits next to a bespoke online platform www.continuous-curatorial-conversations.org which hosts a selection of audio recordings collated during the research process. The books ‘Continuous’, ‘Curatorial’, and ‘Conversations’ unpack the lineage and context of Alexandra C.M. Ross’s practice and projects conducted during her research and are to be read in no strict order. The new knowledge resulting from this thesis and relating practice is the attention to the subtleties of conversation and its capture as it relates to the instigation, recording and presentation of semi-private matters in semi-public contexts.

Cette recherche analyse la contribution de l’artiste brésilien Abraham Palatnik (Natal, 1928) au domaine de l’art optico-cinétique. Elle s’intéresse au contexte international de sa présentation et de sa réception critique. L’appareil cinéchromatique Azul e roxo em Primeiro movimento distingué à la Première Biennale de São Paulo en 1951, fait de lui un pionnier de l’art cinétique et de l’art technologique. A Rio de Janeiro, dans le cercle de Mario Pedrosa, il fonde un groupe avec Almir Mavignier et Ivan Serpa. La théorie de la Gestalt et l’art des fous d’Engenho de Dentro au centre de leurs discussions, les conduisent à pratiquer un « abstractionnisme sensible ». Formé à Tel Aviv en mécanique et en art plastique avant son retour au Brésil fin 1947, Palatnik met son talent d’inventeur au service de la création artistique et de ses activités industrielles. Artiste et designer, il participe aux mouvements d’avant-garde brésiliens et internationaux. Il intègre le groupe Frente en 1954. Invité à huit biennales de São Paulo jusqu’en 1969 et à la trente deuxième Biennale de Venise en 1964, la diffusion de ses œuvres est en synchronie avec celles de ses pairs « cinétistes ». Elle connaît un essor considérable durant les années 1960 en Europe, en Amérique du Sud et aux États-Unis. L’expérimentation perceptuelle, au cœur de son projet esthétique, induit une forme de participation ludique et cognitive du spectateur. Palatnik explore les propriétés des matériaux immatériels et celles contenues dans la matière. Il réinvente la peinture en utilisant la lumière artificielle, le bois de jacaranda, des objets électromécaniques ou des composés chimiques. / This research examines the contribution of the Brazilian artist Abraham Palatnik (Natal, 1928) to the optico-kinetic art. It is focused on the international context of his exhibitions and the critical reception. The kinecromatic device Azul e roxo em Primeiro movimento was granted by a presentation in the First Biennal of São Paulo in 1951, which made him a pioneer of the kinetic art and technological art. In Rio de Janeiro, in Mario Pedrosa’s circle, he builds up a group with Almir Mavignier and Ivan Serpa. The theory of Gestalt and the art of the mentally ill from Engenho de Dentro, draw into their discussions, lead them to practise an « abstractionism sensitive ». He is specialized in mechanical and in visual art in Tel Aviv before his return in Brazil later in 1947. Palatnik uses his inventor’s talent for the benefits of the artistic creation and for his industrial activities. As an artist and designer, he participates in the Brazilian and international vanguard movements. He joins the group Frente in 1954. He has been invited to São Paulo Biennal eight times until 1969 and in the thirty second Venice Biennal in 1964. The diffusion of his works in synchrony with those of his peers « kinetists », knows a considerable development during the 1960s in Europe, in South America and in the United States. The perceptual experimentation, at the inner of his aesthetic project, involves a sort of playful and cognitive participation of the spectator. Palatnik explores the properties of the abstract materials and those contained in the materiality. He reinvents the paint by using the artificial light, the wood of jacaranda, electromechanic objects or chemical compounds.