Thesis (doctoral)--Universiteit Amsterdam, 1993. / "Stellingen" laid in. Includes bibliographical references (p. 312-330).

Thesis (doctoral)--Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, 1995. / "Stellingen" laid in. Summaries in Dutch and Frisian. Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-208).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study reported in this thesis investigates the grammatical and socio-pragmatic characteristics of the conversational code switching (CS) of three Afrikaans-English bilingual children. The study was conducted by analysing spontaneous conversational CS, elicited during multiple play sessions. Three eight year old Afrikaans-English bilingual boys from Paarl in the Western Cape, with varying language backgrounds, participated in the study. Unstructured play sessions were audio and video recorded and transcribed. All three participants took part in one triadic conversational play session and in two dyadic play sessions. The thesis differentiates between the phenomenon of CS and related sociolinguistic phenomena such as borrowing and interference in order to facilitate a clearer classification of the different types of CS. The identification of the matrix language under the asymmetry principle is done by means of a quantitative analysis, while the grammatical characteristics of the children’s CS are qualitatively evaluated under Myers-Scotton’s Matrix Language Frame and 4-M models. The socio-pragmatic characteristics of the children’s use of intersentential CS are qualitatively evaluated by means of Conversation Analysis, in which the emphasis falls on turn taking and adjacency pair sequences as well as the negotiation of power relations. The study also aims to contribute towards a better understanding of children’s CS, not only in terms of insights into how CS manifests on the surface level of language production, but also in terms of why CS occurs on a deeper language processing and competence level. The general reasons for which the different types of CS occur, and the examination of which grammatical and/or socio-pragmatic difficulties may drive children to use specific types of CS are investigated, while also considering whether the context and the hidden meaning of an utterance have an influence on how and why CS takes place, and where each type of CS occurs. The study reveals that, in terms of characterising the types of CS that occur in the data, all four conversations provided proof of extrasentential, intrasentential and intersentential CS. A preference was observed for intrasentential single code switched forms and for intersentential CS, which occurs due to the negotiation of context, topic and theme. Such negotiation primarily occurs due to combinations and sequences of talk, self-talk, interaction, conversation, narration and role play. Although all types of CS occurred within the data in both Afrikaans and English forms, Afrikaans was identified as the matrix language of the corpus and the majority of the conversations. The asymmetrical occurrence of different morpheme types provides evidence for the two-system hypothesis, namely that Afrikaans and English occur as two different systems within the children’s brains and that language processing occurs by means of the allocation of different morphemes from both languages at the lexical and formulator level to produce language. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie wat in hierdie tesis gerapporteer word analiseer die grammatikale en sosiopragmatiese eienskappe van gespreks-kodewisseling by drie Afrikaans-Engelse tweetalige kinders. Die studie is uitgevoer deur spontane gespreks-kodewisseling, wat tydens veelvuldige speelsessies voortgebring is, te evalueer. Drie agt-jarige Afrikaans-Engelse seuns wat van die Paarl, in die Wes-Kaap, afkomstig is en verskillende taalagtergronde het, het aan die studie deelgeneem. Klank- en video-opnames is van die ongestruktureerde speelsessies gemaak en getranskribeer. Al drie seuns het aan een drietallige speelsessie asook twee tweetallige speelsessies deelgeneem. Die tesis onderskei tussen die fenomeen van kodewisseling en ander verwante sosiolingu stiese fenomene soos leenwoorde en taalkundige inmenging om klaarheid gedurende die klassifisering van die verskillende tipes kodewisseling te verskaf. Die identifisering van die matrikstaal van die korpus is deur middel van ’n kwantitatiewe analise volgens die asimmetriese beginsel geïdentifiseer. Die grammatikale eienskappe van die kinders se kodewisseling word kwalitatief deur middel van Myers-Scotton se Matrikstaal Raam en 4-M modelle ge valueer. Die sosio-pragmatiese eienskappe van die kinders se gebruik van intersententiële kodewisseling word kwalitatief ge valueer deur middel van gespreksanalise, waar die afwisseling van gespreksbeurte, die opeenvolging van aangrensende pare asook die onderhandeling van magsverhoudings tussen deelnemers beklemtoon word. Die studie beoog enersyds om by te dra tot 'n beter begrip van kinders se oppervlakkige taalproduksie in terme van kodewisseling en andersyds om beter insig te verkry in hoe kodewisseling op ’n dieper taalprosesserings- en taalkompetensie vlak plaasvind. Die algemene rede(s) vir die voorkoms van verskillende tipes kodewisseling, asook die ondersoek na watter grammatikale of sosio-pragmatiese moeilikhede verantwoordelik mag wees vir die tipes kodewisseling wat voorkom by kinders, word beklemtoon. Daar word ook in ag geneem of die konteks en weggesteekte betekenis van ’n uiting ’n invloed het op hoe en waarom asook waar kodewisseling sal plaasvind. Die studie toon dat, in terme van die karakterisering van verskillende tipes kodewisseling wat in die data voorkom, alle gesprekssessies bewyse van ekstrasentensiële, intrasentensiële en intersentensiële kodewisseling bevat. ’n Voorkeur vir intrasentensiële enkelwoordkodewisselingsvorms is opgemerk, asook ’n voorkeur vir intersentensiële kodewisseling wat plaasvind as gevolg van die onderhandeling tussen konteks, tema en onderwerp. Sulke onderhandeling is primêr gegrond op kombinasies en opeenvolging wat voorkom deur middel van praat, self-gerigte praat, interaksie, gespreksvoering, vertelling en rolspel. Alhoewel alle tipes kodewisseling in die data voorkom in beide Afrikaanse en Engelse vorms, is Afrikaans as die matrikstaal vir die korpus asook die meerderheid van die gesprekssessies ge dentifiseer. Die oneweredige voorkoms van verskillende morfeemtipes dien as ondersteuning vir die twee-sisteem hipotese wat aanvoer dat Afrikaans en Engels as twee aparte sisteme in ’n kind se brein voorkom en dat taalprosessering geskied deur middel van die toekenning van verskillende morfeme van beide tale op die leksikale en formuleringsvlakke van taalproduksie.

Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))—University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is well-known that there is an important relationship between language and schizophrenia, given that many of the primary symptoms of schizophrenia are language related (Cutting 1985; Wróbel 1990; Sadock & Sadock 2003; Paradis 2008). Furthermore, research has shown that certain schizophrenic bilinguals exhibit different symptoms in their first language (L1) than in their second language (L2) (De Zulueta 1984; De Zulueta, Gene-Cos & Grachev 2001; Paradis 2008; Southwood, Schoeman & Emsley 2009). This thesis investigates the L2 use of schizophrenic bilinguals to determine whether there are significant differences between the types and frequency of errors made in spontaneous L2 use by schizophrenic versus normal (i.e. non-schizophrenic) bilinguals. Four schizophrenic bilinguals and four normal bilinguals (the control group) participated in this study. The controls were matched to the schizophrenics in terms of age, gender, level of education, L1 (Afrikaans) and L2 (English). Informal, thirty minute interviews were conducted with each of the eight participants, recorded on video (for the schizophrenics) or audio tape (for the controls) and carefully transcribed. Each participant's speech sample was then analyzed grammatically by means of Morice & Ingram's (1982) assessment tool. This analysis involved determining the complexity of utterances (with reference to mean length of utterance, lexical density, and number of sentence-initial and sentence-medial conjunctions) and identifying phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactic and semantic errors. In this way a language profile was created for each participant and the differences between the two groups (schizophrenics and controls) were tested for statistical significance. On the basis of the results of these statistical tests, it is argued that the locus of differences between schizophrenic and normal L2 use is semantics, rather than any of the other aspects of grammar. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the main findings of the study, some criticisms of the assessment tool and suggestions for future research in this field. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Navorsing dui op 'n belangrike verhouding tussen taal en skisofrenie, aangesien baie van die primêre simptome van skisofrenie taalverwant is (Cutting 1985; Wróbel 1990; Sadock & Sadock 2003; Paradis 2008). Verder dui navorsing ook daarop dat sekere skisofreniese tweetaliges verskillende simptome toon in hul eerstetaal (T1) as in hul tweedetaal (T2) (De Zulueta 1984; De Zulueta, Gene-Cos & Grachev 2001; Paradis 2008; Southwood, Schoeman & Emsley 2009). Hierdie tesis ondersoek die T2 gebruik van skisofreniese tweetaliges om vas te stel of daar beduidende verskille tussen die tipe en die gereeldheid van die foute is wat in spontane T2 gebruik deur skisofreniese teenoor normale (d.w.s nie-skisofreniese) tweetaliges gemaak word. Vier skisofreniese tweetaliges en vier normale tweetaliges (die kontrolegroep) het deelgeneem aan hierdie studie. Die skisofreniese groep en die kontrolegroep is eenders in terme van ouderdom, geslag, vlak van skoolopleiding, T1 (Afrikaans) en T2 (Engels). Informele dertig-minuut lange onderhoude is gevoer met elk van die agt deelnemers, opgeneem op video (vir die skisofrene) en op band (vir die kontrolegroep) en noukeurig getranskribeer. Elke deelnemer se spraakdata is hierna grammatikaal geanaliseer deur middel van Morice & Ingram se (1982) assesseringsinstrument. Hierdie analise het die volgende ingehou: die vasstel van die kompleksiteit van uitinge (met betrekking tot gemiddelde uitingslengte, leksikale digtheid, en die getal van sinsinisiële en sinsinterne voegwoorde) en die identifisering van fonologiese, morfologiese, leksikale, sintaktiese en semantiese foute. Op hierdie wyse is 'n taalprofiel vir elke deelnemer opgestel en die verskille tussen die twee groepe (skisofreniese- en kontrolegroep) is getoets vir statistiese beduidendheid. Op grond van die resultate van hierdie statistiese toetse word daar geargumenteer dat semantiek, eerder as enige van die ander aspekte van grammatika, die lokus van die belangrikste verskil tussen skisofreniese en normale T2 gebruik is. Die tesis sluit af met 'n bespreking van die belangrikste bevindinge van die studie, enkele kritiese opmerkings oor die assesseringsinstrument, asook voorstelle vir verdere navorsing in hierdie veld.

Cette thèse démontre le caractère fondamental du multilinguisme de Nabokov dans son écriture en anglais : après avoir été un auteur prolifique en russe, l’écrivain a opéré une transition linguistique et n’a plus composé ses romans qu’en langue anglaise. Cette dernière ne peut nullement être réduite à une langue seconde puisque Nabokov a su l’écrire avant le russe et la parlait depuis l’enfance. Il a par ailleurs bénéficié d’une éducation polyglotte puisqu’il maîtrisait parfaitement le français. Cette thèse étudie le style de Nabokov en soulignant sa créativité linguistique et en examinant le rôle fondateur que la traduction a joué dans le positionnement de ses différentes langues les unes par rapport aux autres. L’identité bilingue de Nabokov a pour conséquence que son écriture est déviante, mais aussi défiante : elle est marquée d’étrangeté (le caractère de ce qui est étrange) et d’étrangéité (ce qui est étranger). Dans ses romans, la langue anglaise voit surgir en son sein des mots étrangers qui, typographiquement et sémantiquement, déstabilisent la lecture : le phénomène de l’alternance codique (ou code-switching) est au cœur de cette thèse et interroge le rapport entre l’auteur tyrannique (Couturier) et son lecteur. La langue anglaise elle-même perd de sa familiarité et devient étrangère : le bilinguisme de Nabokov lui confère un statut d’étranger dans la langue, ce qui lui permet de voir la violence du langage (Lecercle) et de la faire apparaître, notamment grâce à des calembours et des néologismes. Nabokov est ce que Deleuze appelle un grand écrivain à l’aide d’une formule proustienne : ses livres « sont écrits dans une sorte de langue étrangère ». / This thesis shows how central Nabokov’s multilingualism was to his prose in English: after authoring several works in Russian, the writer changed languages and then only wrote his novels in English. It was not merely a second language for him because Nabokov could write English before Russian and he had spoken it since childhood. Besides, he enjoyed a polyglot education and was fluent in French. This thesis studies Nabokov’s style in English by focusing on his linguistic creativity and by examining the founding role that translation played in how his several tongues were going to position themselves in relation to one another. Nabokov’s bilingual identity means that his writing both challenges and deviates from the norm: it is dappled with strangeness and foreignness. In his novels, foreign words irrupt in the midst of the English prose and, typographically and semantically, they destabilize the reading experience: code-switching is at the heart of this thesis and questions the relation between “the narrator’s tyranny” (Couturier) and his reader. English itself loses its familiarity and becomes a foreign language: Nabokov’s bilingualism means he is like a foreigner in this tongue; therefore he reveals the violence of language (Lecercle) and puts it into play through puns and neologisms. Nabokov is what Deleuze calls, thanks to a Proustian expression, a great writer: his books “are written in a kind of foreign language”.

Fruit d’une enquête de terrain menée dans le milieu éditorial de Rabat et de Casablanca, cette thèse entend montrer l’implication du livre dans les transformations sociales en cours dans le Maroc urbain actuel. La création de maisons d’édition et l’augmentation des tirages ces dernières années montrent que le pays connaît une mutation du champ éditorial dans son ensemble (du lecteur à l’auteur). Ainsi, le livre et les usages auxquels il donne lieu représentent un objet d’analyse pertinent pour saisir cette effervescence culturelle et artistique. C’est à ce titre qu’il a été placé au cœur de mon analyse. Apparue à la fin des années quatre-vingts, l’édition marocaine est jeune, essentiellement urbaine et fait apparaître une bipolarité du milieu du livre, partagé entre les secteurs francophone et arabophone. Suivre le parcours d’ouvrages en élaborant une anthropologie du livre qui l’appréhende non seulement par le contenu mais aussi par ses procédés de fabrication et les matériaux utilisés a permis d’interroger les rapports à la norme qu’impliquent, aujourd’hui, à Rabat et à Casablanca, diverses représentations de la langue. / This research is focused on the book, the habits of reading, the type of reading material and attitudes towards reading in Morocco, in the urban environments. Three questions are at the center of my study : 1. Identifying the reading habits and attitudes of the literate population of Casablanca and Rabat ; 2. Gaining an understanding of the current state of readership and segmenting the public into primary readership groups ; 3. Finding out the primary, preferred and available media and channels in order to acquire written / printed information. I am interested in practices in evolution. This study analyses book production from the author to the reader through the publisher, the editor and the different types of book sellers. It deals with all kinds of books except schoolbooks. It includes religious books. Nevertheless, it aims at comparing public and private publishing to understand what kind of books refer to the official culture and which ones are related to personal ways of thinking knowledge in Casablanca and Rabat. I have spent one year in these two cities as my fieldwork to do the main observations.

Orientador: Alessandra Del Ré / Banca: Marina Célia Mendonça / Banca: Cibele Krause-Lemke / Resumo: O bilinguismo tem despertado o interesse de pesquisadores que, através de diferentes estudos, tentam desvendar, entre outras coisas, se, quando e com que extensão as crianças finalmente falarão duas línguas. Porém, há muito ainda para ser explorado, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao papel da socialização linguageira e dos aspectos culturais a ela relacionados nesse processo. Assim, considerando que a socialização é a maneira pela qual o indivíduo torna-se membro de uma sociedade e que a aquisição de conhecimento sociocultural armazenado por uma criança será controlada pelo seu nível de desenvolvimento cognitivo, social e linguístico, através de interações sociais (OCHS & SCHIEFFELIN, 1999), procuramos analisar como se dá essa socialização em uma criança bilíngue, com duas línguas maternas e investigar as estratégias linguísticas por ela utilizadas. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal (1 ano de gravações mensais) realizado com uma menina (I. de 9 a 10 anos), filha de mãe inglesa e pai brasileiro, nascida e vivendo no Brasil, feito a partir do registro de situações cotidianas da criança / Abstract: Bilingualism has aroused the interest of researchers who, through different studies, try to discover, among other things, whether, when and to what extent children finally speak two languages. However, much remains to be explored, particularly concerning the role of language socialization and cultural aspects related in this process. Thus, considering that socialization is the way in which an individual becomes a member of society and that the acquisition of sociocultural knowledge stored by a child will be controlled by their level of cognitive, social and linguistic development through social interactions (OCHS & SCHIEFFELIN, 1999), we attempted to analyze how this socialization takes place in a bilingual child, who has two mother tongues and investigate which linguistic strategies she uses. This is a longitudinal study (monthly recordings over one year) with a child (I. from 9 to10 years), whose mother is English and father is Brazilian, who was born and lives in Brazil. The recordings show the everyday situations of the child / Mestre

Bilinguals have been posited to have, compared to monolinguals, enhanced cognitive control, consequently exhibiting greater cognitive reserve, which is thought to subsequently delay the onset of clinical expression of dementia. Based on recent evidence suggesting that the more languages one manages the greater cognitive reserve, and that trilinguals undergo greater exercise in language control than bilinguals, this thesis investigated the effects of trilingualism and ageing on cognitive control, in young adults to older adults. As the thesis investigated the novel field of trilingualism and cognitive control, task complexity, the age of second and third language acquisition, language use, and physical and cognitive activity were also, importantly, assessed, as these are possible influencing factors in test performance. The participants completed several cognitive tasks; namely the Simon task, the Inhibition of return task, the Stroop task (inhibition) and the N-back task (working memory). The novel discovery of a trilingual (and bilingual) disadvantage was observed, which could explain some previous inconsistent findings in the bilingualism literature, where trilingualism may influence bilinguals’ test performance, as trilinguals and multilinguals are often mixed in with the bilingual group. Furthermore, the results suggest that second language acquisition and language use does not consistently predict performance in trilinguals (and bilinguals), nor does cognitive activity, although physical activity may modulate language group differences. Importantly, the results from this novel investigation of the effects of trilingualism and ageing on cognitive control suggest that trilingualism (and bilingualism) can, in some cases, be detrimental to cognitive control.