Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:58:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LarissaLS_DISSERT_inicio_pag40.pdf: 5148326 bytes, checksum: c7df987dabdc3d2ced986055451e648d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-09 / Nowadays the acquisition of sustainable elements and concepts in construction has been increasingly discussed, improved and incorporated to buildings, since the sector directly interferes in the urban space and environment, representing environmental impact. In order to make a sustainable building (Green Building) it is vital to incorporate less damaging constructive practice, starting from the project until the operation of the enterprise, that means to consider an integrated process of conception, implementation, construction and operation. The more effective sustainable principles participation in architecture happens at the projecting step through minimal environment impact solutions. Among the issues varieties that goes with sustainability proposal of the buildings project, there were added to this work the elements that are directly attached to bioclimatic architecture, more specifically the climate variation, ventilation, lighting and sunlight, that directly affect the project conception. It is important to put in evidence that architecture role goes far beyond the simple activity of building spaces; it is the sequence of political, economic, social and cultural elements, having the users as the main apparatus to its materialization. Thereby this professional dissertation consists of an architecture draft for a professional and technological school in the Rio Grande do Norte State, this dissertation is based on the analysis of previous experience and the bioclimatic principles that implicate in building on hot and dry, hot and humid climates, and the use of strategic solutions that aim the optimization of natural light and ventilation / Atualmente a ado??o de conceitos e princ?pios sustent?veis na constru??o civil tem sido crescentemente debatida, aperfei?oada e incorporada aos edif?cios, uma vez que o setor interfere diretamente no espa?o urbano e no meio ambiente, representando impacto ambiental. Para tornar um edif?cio sustent?vel (Green Building) ? imprescind?vel incorporar pr?tica construtiva menos nociva, desde a fase projetual at? o funcionamento do empreendimento, ou seja, considerar um processo integrado de concep??o, implanta??o, constru??o e opera??o. A participa??o mais efetiva dos princ?pios de sustentabilidade no campo da arquitetura acontece na fase de projeta??o, atrav?s de solu??es com m?nimo impacto ambiental. Dentre a multiplicidade de aspectos que envolvem a sustentabilidade da proposta projetual de edifica??es, foram englobados nesse trabalho os elementos que est?o diretamente ligados ? arquitetura bioclim?tica, mais especificamente ?s vari?veis clim?ticas, ventila??o, ilumina??o e insola??o, que incidem diretamente na concep??o do projeto. ? importante destacar que o papel da arquitetura vai muito al?m da mera atividade de edificar o espa?o; ela ? consequ?ncia de elementos pol?ticos, econ?micos, sociais e culturais, tendo os usu?rios como instrumento chave para sua materializa??o. Dessa forma, essa disserta??o profissional consiste na elabora??o de um anteprojeto arquitet?nico tipo para uma escola de educa??o profissional e tecnol?gica para o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, fundamentada na an?lise da experi?ncia anterior e nos princ?pios bioclim?ticos que envolvem as edifica??es nos climas quente-seco e quente-?mido, quanto ao uso estrat?gico de solu??es que visem a otimiza??o da ilumina??o e ventila??o natural

Les demandes des usagers conjuguées à la réglementation nécessitent de concevoir des bâtiments de plus en plus confortables et économes en énergie. En parallèle de ces exigences, les réglementations concernant les bâtiments sont renforcées dans différents domaines (acoustique, sécurité incendie, risque sismique,…) afin d’obtenir des bâtiments plus sûrs et correspondant aux demandes des usagers. Les impacts conjugués de ces deux facteurs engendrent une complexification de la conception des bâtiments.Cette thèse présente une démarche d’aide à la connaissance pour la conception de bâtis performants se basant sur une méthode d’optimisation. Cette démarche vise à ce que les architectes et les bureaux d’études aient une connaissance claire du potentiel de leur projet (exploration de solutions) en phase amont de conception, pour concevoir des bâtiments les plus performants possibles. Ce potentiel est évalué via des paramètres de la géométrie extérieure et intérieure ainsi que des caractéristiques énergétiques du bâti. La démarche leur permet également d’évaluer les avantages et inconvénients de différentes géométries et solutions de conception qu’ils envisagent pour répondre à leurs projets. Cette démarche est appliquée à un immeuble de bureaux à Lyon.Pour le cas testé, la démarche permet d’obtenir rapidement des solutions performantes et de définir pour certains des paramètres étudiés, des valeurs conduisant aux solutions performantes dans une partie de l’espace des solutions ou dans l’ensemble de cet espace.Cette application de la démarche montre également qu’il peut exister des solutions ayant des besoins énergétiques et des coûts de construction proches mais étant très différentes en termes de paramètres de conception. Bien que remettant en cause l'applicabilité directe de la démarche, ce résultat met en exergue un problème nouveau. Cette thèse pose alors les bases pour une nouvelle étude. / Both aspirations of users and improvements in the thermal regulation require that the comfort and the energy efficiency of new buildings improve. In addition to these requirements, regulations are strengthening in many fields such as acoustics, fire safety and mechanical performance. The combined effects of these factors are making it increasingly hard to design buildings. This thesis presents a knowledge-aid approach for designing high-performance buildings based on an optimization method. This approach aims to provide clear knowledge of the potential of projects (exploration of various options) for architects and design offices at the beginning of the design that will allow them to design the best possible high-performance buildings. This potential is evaluated using external and internal geometric parameters as well as the energy characteristics of buildings. This approach also allows them to assess geometries and design solutions which are intended to be used for their projects.This approach will be applied to an office building in Lyon, France. For the tested case, the approach obtains quickly efficient solutions and also finds, for some parameters, values to design efficient solutions on part of the Paretofront or in this entire front. This application of the approach also shows that there may be solutions which are close in terms of energy needs and cost but could be very different on design parameters. This problem could influence robustness of the approach but highlights a new problem. This thesis then lays the foundation of a new study on this topic.

Si un concepteur, architecte ou ingénieur, veut concevoir un logement de basse consommation et le site du projet se trouve dans une région au climat froid, les réponses sont nombreuses et la littérature scientifique très abondante. Si le site de notre projet se situe en climat chaud, voir très chaud, le nombre de méthodes simples pour concevoir une maison de basse consommation diminue drastiquement. La solution la plus habituelle des concepteurs non initiés à la basse consommation est de faire appel à un ingénieur d’un bureau d’études énergétiques, qui saura proposer des simulations à partir d’un modèle thermique-dynamique et anticiper la consommation du modèle. La mission d’un bureau d’études a un certain coût, et ses services ne peuvent pas être accessibles à tous les projets. Ainsi, des milliers d’architectes en climat chaud proposent des projets inspirés des références lointaines ou des réalisations non adaptées sans les conseils d’un spécialiste de l’énergie du bâtiment. Ces projets, très énergivores, continuent à croître sans cesse. Pour tous ces concepteurs des projets de taille modeste nous proposons dans cette étude une méthode facile, efficace et accessible à tous permettant de prendre conscience des enjeux bioclimatiques et les options architecturales qui existent pour réussir un projet de basse consommation, puis de le défendre auprès de ses commanditaires. En nous appuyant sur les informations en ligne accessibles à tous, nous proposons une méthode basée sur l’utilisation des degrés-jour de refroidissement et de chauffage. Une série de simulations robustes sur un modèle thermique dynamique générique fourni des résultats qui pourront être interprétables par les concepteurs et projetés sur leurs propres conceptions.La première partie de ce document analyse la construction et la culture en climat chaud: méthodes de classification climatique, les phénomènes physiques les plus significatifs en lien avec la basse consommation,et les notions de confort et température ressentie. En suite, nous proposons un outil d’aide à la conception : la Méthode des Saisons Climatiques, une méthode basée sur un concept très simple : l’ouverture ou fermeture de la maison à l’extérieur en fonction des conditions extérieures quantifiée par les degrés-jour du site. Elle permet de faire une classification climatique du site très orientée vers la conception bioclimatique. Elle base le classement d’un site selon des journées types, S1 à S6, selon jour/nuit froid/froide, tempéré/froide, tempéré/tempérée, chaud/froide, chaud/tempérée et chaud/chaude respectivement. Cette nouvelle classification peu ts’appliquer à tous les climats de la Planète. Une période de l’année continue avec une même journée type donne lieu a une Saison Climatique. Chaque Saison climatique aura des spécificités architecturales propres,et parfois contradictoires entre deux saisons climatiques différentes. L’objectif est de trouver la combinaison architecturale la plus efficace pour une période annuelle complète.Des modélisations Energy+ seront faites pour ces 6 journées types ainsi que pour une période annuelle dans une ville au climat très chaud : Dubaï. Des actions architecturales sont évaluées avec un modèle thermique dynamique.Les actions architecturales seront classées par efficacité énergétique et par temps de retour surinvestissement . Deux maisons idéales par journée type seront proposées : la maison la plus performante et la maison la plus rentable. Une méthode de combinaison d’actions architecturales permettra de trouver une combinaison cohérente d’actions en fonction du climat annuel d’un site. Ensuite nous proposerons les caractéristiques communes, un socle commun, de la maison en climat très chaud de la région du Moyen Orient. / The last 25 years have been ground-breaking in architectural design on low energy consumption in cold climate, mainly in north-western cultures. For an architect today, the method to design a passive house in cold weather and the choice of the Architectural Actions (AA), are clearly established. When the question comes to how to build a passive house in warmer, hot, and very hot climates, the strategies arepoor and often results of a combination of western strategies with a local relook. From several visits in MiddleEast countries, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, we concluded that the strategy for low consumption houses is not established yet and poorly grasped. The lack of training on low energy consumption in hot climate and the low price of energy, force designers and owners to rely on over usage of air-conditioning systems as measures to catch up on poor bioclimatic design. This method proposes a new approach on bioclimatic designfor hot climates from an architect point of view. It is based on a Cooling Degrees Days (CDD) and Heating Degrees Days (HDD) approach, a state of art of contemporary architecture and professional experience. Localclimates are classified according to the energy-hunger of six situations of the exterior temperature during night/day : cold/cold, cold/cool, cool/warm, cold/hot, cool/hot, and hot/hot as CDD and HDD of the twelve month ofthe year. A group of days on one of those situations will be called “climatic season”. In parallel we will create two main “climatic situations”: people keep the house closed to the exterior or opened to the exterior. We will associate passive strategies to these two differents ways to live in the house: “cold” and “hot” to a closed houseand “cool” and “warm” to a house opened up to the exterior. This method allows classifying any climate in theworld under these six climatic seasons. Our climate classification can now be associated to different strategies that we will call “architectural actions” as house is closed or opened. We could already start to design a house from here, but to better understand the influence of each action we have created an Energy+ model to analyze individually the effect of a single AA. The performance of each action is evaluated under the situations of six representative journeys as well as a year round on a very hot city: Dubai. The result of the effect good or badof action during each different season situation allows us to create the best combination of AA that are best fora year round climate resulting of the combination of several climatic seasons. This low-tech method will help usto find the common features of the houses of different hot climates of a big region and find the best typology. We have carried in parallel a cost study of the base house and the financial incidence of each single action to evaluate also the payback period by action.

El presente proyecto responde a la necesidad de mantener, conservar y sostener en el tiempo, uno de los destinos naturales de nuestro país, como son las dunas del Desierto de Paracas, cuyo valor se trata de potenciar al crear un Ecolodge con énfasis en la Arquitectura Bioclimática. Paracas, a pesar de ser uno de los destinos preferidos por los turistas nacionales y extranjeros, no cuenta con una capacidad hotelera que pueda satisfacer los nuevos requerimientos en cuanto a hoteles con principios ecológicos. En tal sentido, se plantea un Ecolodge, donde el diseño y elementos constructivos a utilizarse estarán básicamente en función del clima de Paracas que se muestra soleado durante todo el año y acompañado de fuertes vientos. Esta nueva modalidad de hospedaje, se sustenta en principios de conservación y protección del medio ambiente, así como en el mejor aprovechamiento de la energía solar cuyos pilares son la captación, acumulación y distribución eficiente de la energía generada. Se toma en cuenta también el manejo de residuos, y el consumo responsable del agua con la finalidad de poderla reutilizar a través del sistema de riego por goteo, y generando además programas que beneficien directamente al desarrollo de la localidad y sus comunidades. / The purpose of this project is to maintain, preserve, and sustain throughout time, one of the main ecotourism destinations in our country, such as the Paracas Desert dunes. We aim to increase the value of this location through the development of an Ecolodge, with a focus on Bioclimatic Architecture. Given that Paracas is one of the preferred destinations by both foreign and local tourists, its main issue revolves around the lack of hotels that can satisfy new requirements in terms of ecological principles. In this context, raices the idea of an Ecolodge, where the design and building materials used will be selected in accordance with the Paracas climate, which is comprised of year-long sunshine accompanied by strong winds. The new hospitality approach is based upon conservation and environmental protection principles, as well as an improved use of solar energy, whose pillars include the collection, accumulation, and efficient distribution of energy. Waste management and responsible consumption of water is taken into account as well, with the purpose of re-utilizing water via a drip irrigation system. Finally, the strategy will ultimately generate programs that will directly benefit the development of local communities. / Tesis

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGRN.pdf: 2609082 bytes, checksum: 09147cf07533f0a088d8e1734fc80ee4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-09 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The cooling effect of evaporation is used in dry climates buildings since ancient times. Water evaporation can remove heat of roofs, cooling the interior of buildings indirectly. This study presents the measurement results of a test bed which received two identical tiles, one of them receiving water application and the other kept dry. Its objective was to investigate the effects that the evaporation provokes on internal surface temperature of ceramic tiles and fibrocement tiles. Using regression analyses, strong correlations were found among the falls observed in tiles internal surface temperatures and the climatic conditions. The evaporation provoked reduction of until 18,7 oC in the ceramic roof and until 17ºC reduction in the fibrocement one. / O resfriamento evaporativo de ambientes é conhecido pelos habitantes de regiões de clima seco desde a antiguidade. A evaporação de água sobre coberturas retira calor das mesmas, refrigerando indiretamente o interior da edificação. Este trabalho apresenta resultados de um estudo em que foram medidos os efeitos que a evaporação provoca sobre as temperaturas superficiais internas de telhas de barro e de fibrocimento, sujeitas às variações climáticas como o vento e radiação solar. Para tanto, montou-se uma bancada de testes onde foram monitoradas telhas idênticas, uma com gotejamento de água e outra mantida seca, em situações de inverno em laboratório e em situações de verão em campo. Por meio de análise de regressão, identificou-se fortes correlações entre as quedas observadas nas temperaturas superficiais internas das telhas e as condições climáticas. A evaporação provocou redução de até 18,7 ºC na temperatura superficial interna da telha de barro e de até 17ºC na de telha de fibrocimento. Os resultados indicaram que o gotejamento de água sobre superfícies externas de telhas de barro e de fibrocimento reduz a temperatura superficial interna das mesmas por meio da refrigeração evaporativa, sendo um potencial método de resfriamento passivo de telhados de barro e de fibrocimento na região de São Carlos-SP.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:56:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PollyanaFR.pdf: 9314419 bytes, checksum: 79ef1b1545cd4d9af2a782b4dd572f78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-16 / This research has as its object study focus bioclimatic in architecture and its conection with projects decisions, on what regards to environmental comfort for single-family dwelling. From the analysis of five architectural projects inserted in Natal/RN, warm-moist weather, this research gather informations regarding architectural features guided by shape and space arrengement, which embody important elements for the project design development. Computer simulations assisted as foundation to verify the efficiency grade for these projects strategies from shading analysis. Related strategies for the demands of natural ventilation circulation and thermal mass for refrigeration were analysed as well. Results show that there is an hierarchizing of priorities for the decisions made when it comes to shape and space disposition variables, as well as the way these variables will consider the bioclimatic demands. The analysis, even, show that there is no single way to respond to specific bioclimatic demands, as it points out the value of examination of the projectual solutions throughtout the conception process, in order to achieve an efficient project performance for the envimonment comfort / Esse trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o enfoque bioclim?tico em arquitetura e sua rela??o com as decis?es projetuais, no que se refere ao conforto ambiental em habita??es unifamiliares. A partir da an?lise de cinco projetos inseridos em Natal/RN, clima quente-?mido, a pesquisa levanta informa??es sobre as caracter?sticas arquitet?nicas norteadas pela forma e pelo arranjo espacial, os quais englobam elementos importantes para o desenvolvimento do projeto. Simula??es computacionais serviram de base para verificar o grau de efici?ncia das estrat?gias projetuais a partir da an?lise do sombreamento. Foram analisadas tamb?m estrat?gias relacionadas ?s demandas de ventila??o natural e de massa t?rmica para resfriamento. Os resultados demonstram que h? uma hierarquiza??o de prioridades nas decis?es tomadas quanto ?s vari?veis forma e arranjo espacial, e quanto ? maneira de como essas vari?veis ir?o atender as demandas bioclim?ticas. As an?lises evidenciam, ainda, que n?o h? uma ?nica maneira de responder a demandas bioclim?ticas espec?ficas, assim como apontam para a import?ncia de verifica??o das solu??es projetuais durante todo processo de concep??o, a fim de obter um projeto com desempenho eficiente para o conforto ambiental

Ce travail de doctorat a été effectué sous l’encadrement du Professeur Catherine SEMIDOR du laboratoire GRECAU (Groupe de Recherche Environnement Conception Architecturale et Urbaine). Il propose une approche scientifique visant à évaluer les performances réelles des habitats Saoudiens traditionnels et contemporains ainsi que la façon dont ces logements sont perçus par les habitants.L’architecture vernaculaire en Arabie Saoudite a longtemps été considérée comme performante et confortable. Pour la recherche d’une architecture respectueuse du climat dans ce pays il est alors essentiel de se pencher sur les constructions du passé, les comparer avec celles du présent afin de comprendre les forces et faiblesses de chacune des architectures. La présente thèse traitera donc le sujet de deux dimensions fondamentales de l’architecture en Arabie Saoudite, celle qui relève du climat et celle qui relève de la culture, au travers d‘un élément majeur, la satisfaction de l’habitant. Ces deux critères seront complétés d’une étude approfondie sur l’évaluation de l’espace intérieur de l’habitat ainsi que d’une analyse de l’impact du tissu urbain sur le confort dans l’habitat.Une première partie théorique va permettre de définir les principes inhérents à ce travail de recherche et ainsi définir les enjeux de celui-ci. Les notions de confort dans l’habitat et de durabilité seront ainsi développées en expliquant comment le corps humain réagit aux différents facteurs d’ambiances et comment ces mêmes facteurs sont régulés dans les espaces bâtis. Puis nous allons voir comment les villes arabes, et notamment d’Arabie Saoudite se sont transformées dans le temps en même temps que la manière de vivre des saoudiens. Toutes ces théories seront interprétées et mise en situation dans la seconde partie de la thèse avec une étude de cas précis.Une deuxième partie très concrète consistera à définir le cas d’étude, celui-ci sera effectué sur la ville de Djeddah et ses différents types d’habitats majoritaires. Les appartements, les maisons mitoyennes et les maisons isolées seront les trois types d’habitations analysés. Plusieurs sujets seront traités en parallèle pour bien comparer architecture traditionnelle et contemporaine, avec d’une part le niveau d’éclairage naturel et d’une autre les éléments d’ouverture des façades, avec notamment « Le Rowshan » pour le cas de l’architecture traditionnelle. Cette partie de l’étude sera effectuée via trois méthodes d’analyse différentes, l’enquête, l’analyse in situ et la simulation sur outils numériques.- Une enquête spécifique sur la satisfaction du confort physique et socio-culturel des habitants de Djeddah diffusé via les réseaux sociaux.- Une analyse in situ grâce à des mesures effectuées dans les contextes d’architecture vernaculaire et contemporaine avec des enregistreurs spécifiques mesurant la température, l’humidité et la lumière dans les espaces.- Une mise en relation avec des études quantitatives via des simulations numériques sur les principaux facteurs physiques du confort précisés dans la première partie : le rayonnement solaire et l’éclairage naturel à l’intérieur de l’espace bâti.Une conclusion permettra de comprendre comment nous pouvons prendre des leçons du passé quant à la conception d’architectures bio-climatiques en Arabie Saoudite. Nous détaillerons également l’impact de la dimension socio-culturelle sur l’habitat saoudien contemporain. / Vernacular architecture in Saudi Arabia has long been regarded as efficient and comfortable. As to search for sustainable architecture in this country then, it is essential to consider the past constructions in order to understand how it works and learn from it.This PhD work was carried out under the supervision of GRECAU laboratory (Research Group in Environment Architecture and Urban Design) and offers a scientific approach to assess the actual performance of traditional and contemporary habitats and how the locals perceive those.A first theoretical part will help to define the inherent principles in this research and thereof to define issues. Notions of comfort and sustainability in homes will be developed and explain how the human body reacts to different environments factors and how these factors are regulated in built-up areas. Then we'll see how the Arab cities, especially those from Saudi Arabia, have turned in time, as well as the way of life Saudis have.A second part will define a more concrete study case: the city of Jeddah and its major different types of habitats: apartments, attached houses and detached houses. A qualitative study through a survey on the physical and socio-cultural comfort of the inhabitants of this city distributed via social networks, widely used in Saudi Arabia, will be conducted, analysed and put in relation with quantitative studies, via simulations computer about the main physical factors of comfort noticed in the first part: solar radiation and day lighting within the built environment.These simulations will evaluate the rate of solar radiation arriving in the different types of urban patterns of Jeddah city, as well as the comfort of the interior spaces with the radiation transmitted through the opening facades elements, both traditional and contemporary ones, but also the level of natural lighting to suit them. We will see that physical comfort and socio-cultural comfort are related: when physical comfort increases, the socio-cultural comfort decreases, because the Saudis are willing to sacrifice physical comfort to satisfy their need for privacy.Three study cases will be analysed through in-situ measurements during 67 days with specific loggers measuring temperature, humidity and light spaces, as to allow a better understanding of the relationships observed previously.A final explanatory part will understand how we can take lessons from the past about the sustainable architecture design in Saudi Arabia via quantitative and qualitative studies conducted previously.

O objeto da presente tese é o desenvolvimento de uma proposta metodológica para planejamento energético no desenvolvimento de áreas urbanas, na escala de distritos, bairros e unidades de vizinhança. A metodologia proposta é aplicável a estudos de desenvolvimento de novas áreas urbanas, distritos ou bairros e estudos para requalificação de áreas urbanas já ocupadas, como ferramenta de suporte ao planejamento e ao processo decisório. Inicialmente, foi produzida uma base referencial dos principais condicionantes para o planejamento energético urbano, segundo o escopo considerado nesse trabalho de pesquisa. Nessa etapa foram identificadas e analisadas as interdependências entre esses fatores e sua participação no consumo energético e nas emissões de poluentes. A proposta metodológica está estruturada em dois módulos principais: Módulo 1 - Gerenciamento da Demanda de Energia, envolvendo aspectos relacionados à Morfologia Urbana, Mobilidade Urbana e Edificações, tais como densidade populacional e construída, uso e ocupação do solo, geometria de quadras e cânion urbano, sistema de transporte urbano de passageiros, sistema viário, tecnologias veiculares e combustíveis, soluções passivas em conforto ambiental e substituição tecnológica de equipamentos em edificações; e Módulo 2 - Gerenciamento da Oferta de Energia, incluindo sistemas de geração e distribuição de energia elétrica e térmica para aquecimento e resfriamento em escala urbana, inclusive com aproveitamento de recursos energéticos residuais e renováveis. Dos Módulos 1 e 2 resultam os níveis de consumo de energia e as emissões totais de poluentes, incluindo Gases de Efeito Estufa e poluentes locais. Na composição da proposta metodológica participam variáveis e parâmetros relacionados aos condicionantes de planejamento energético urbano, bem como procedimentos de cálculo que integram e compatibilizam as configurações urbanas quanto à morfologia, mobilidade, edificações, e geração de energia. Os procedimentos foram sistematizados em um conjunto de planilhas eletrônicas e gráficos comparativos, desenvolvidos para aferição da proposta metodológica, suporte na visualização de resultados e indicadores e posterior aplicação como ferramenta no planejamento de áreas urbanas. A proposta metodológica foi aplicada no caso da Operação Urbana Água Branca, no Município de São Paulo, ficando demonstrado o potencial de integração de estratégias e comprovando a tese em questão. Nas duzentas e dezessete diferentes situações configuradas por meio da metodologia proposta, foi possível identificar não apenas importantes potenciais quantitativos, mas também a contribuição relativa dos diversos condicionantes para o resultado global, em termos energéticos, urbanísticos e ambientais. Além dos cenários apresentados, a proposta metodológica permite que diversos outros possam ser configurados para outras áreas urbanas a serem desenvolvidas ou requalificadas, desde que as variáveis e os parâmetros sejam adequadamente adaptados a cada realidade. / The subject of this thesis is the development of a methodology for energy planning in the development of urban areas, in the scale of districts and neighborhoods. The proposed methodology has two main applications as a tool to support strategic planning and decision-making process: studies for the development of new urban areas, districts or neighborhoods, and studies for rehabilitation of urban areas already used. Initially, a conceptual and technical approach was done about the main constraints for urban energy planning, according to the scope considered in this research. In this stage, the interrelationships among these factors and their impact in terms of energy consumption and pollutant emissions were identified and analyzed. The proposed methodology is organized into two main modules: Module 1 - Energy Demand Management, involving aspects of urban morphology, urban mobility and buildings, such as population density and built area, land use, urban blocks and urban canyon geometry, urban transport, road system, vehicle and fuel technologies, passive solutions to environmental comfort and technological replacement of equipment in buildings; and Module 2 - Energy Supply Management, including district and local systems for generating and distributing electricity and steam for heating and cooling purpose, including the use of renewable and waste energy resources. Levels of energy consumption and the total emission of pollutants, including greenhouse gases and local pollutants, result from the Modules 1 and 2. The proposed methodology involves variables and parameters related to the constraints of urban energy planning as well as calculation procedures that integrate and match the urban settings under consideration, as urban morphology, mobility, buildings, power generation and district systems. The procedures were systematized into a set of spreadsheets and charts developed to verify the proposed methodology, visualization support of results and indicators, and later application as a tool for planning of urban areas. The proposed methodology was applied to the Agua Branca Urban Operation study-case, in the city of Sao Paulo, in which the potential of integrating strategies was demonstrated. In thirty-six different situations defined by using the proposed methodology, it was possible to identify not only important quantitative potentials but also the relative contribution of various constraints to the overall result in terms of energy, urban and environmental issues. In addition to the scenarios presented, the proposed methodology allows the configuration of several other options to different urban areas to be developed or rehabilitated, but variables and parameters need to be properly adapted to each situation.

O objeto da presente tese é o desenvolvimento de uma proposta metodológica para planejamento energético no desenvolvimento de áreas urbanas, na escala de distritos, bairros e unidades de vizinhança. A metodologia proposta é aplicável a estudos de desenvolvimento de novas áreas urbanas, distritos ou bairros e estudos para requalificação de áreas urbanas já ocupadas, como ferramenta de suporte ao planejamento e ao processo decisório. Inicialmente, foi produzida uma base referencial dos principais condicionantes para o planejamento energético urbano, segundo o escopo considerado nesse trabalho de pesquisa. Nessa etapa foram identificadas e analisadas as interdependências entre esses fatores e sua participação no consumo energético e nas emissões de poluentes. A proposta metodológica está estruturada em dois módulos principais: Módulo 1 - Gerenciamento da Demanda de Energia, envolvendo aspectos relacionados à Morfologia Urbana, Mobilidade Urbana e Edificações, tais como densidade populacional e construída, uso e ocupação do solo, geometria de quadras e cânion urbano, sistema de transporte urbano de passageiros, sistema viário, tecnologias veiculares e combustíveis, soluções passivas em conforto ambiental e substituição tecnológica de equipamentos em edificações; e Módulo 2 - Gerenciamento da Oferta de Energia, incluindo sistemas de geração e distribuição de energia elétrica e térmica para aquecimento e resfriamento em escala urbana, inclusive com aproveitamento de recursos energéticos residuais e renováveis. Dos Módulos 1 e 2 resultam os níveis de consumo de energia e as emissões totais de poluentes, incluindo Gases de Efeito Estufa e poluentes locais. Na composição da proposta metodológica participam variáveis e parâmetros relacionados aos condicionantes de planejamento energético urbano, bem como procedimentos de cálculo que integram e compatibilizam as configurações urbanas quanto à morfologia, mobilidade, edificações, e geração de energia. Os procedimentos foram sistematizados em um conjunto de planilhas eletrônicas e gráficos comparativos, desenvolvidos para aferição da proposta metodológica, suporte na visualização de resultados e indicadores e posterior aplicação como ferramenta no planejamento de áreas urbanas. A proposta metodológica foi aplicada no caso da Operação Urbana Água Branca, no Município de São Paulo, ficando demonstrado o potencial de integração de estratégias e comprovando a tese em questão. Nas duzentas e dezessete diferentes situações configuradas por meio da metodologia proposta, foi possível identificar não apenas importantes potenciais quantitativos, mas também a contribuição relativa dos diversos condicionantes para o resultado global, em termos energéticos, urbanísticos e ambientais. Além dos cenários apresentados, a proposta metodológica permite que diversos outros possam ser configurados para outras áreas urbanas a serem desenvolvidas ou requalificadas, desde que as variáveis e os parâmetros sejam adequadamente adaptados a cada realidade. / The subject of this thesis is the development of a methodology for energy planning in the development of urban areas, in the scale of districts and neighborhoods. The proposed methodology has two main applications as a tool to support strategic planning and decision-making process: studies for the development of new urban areas, districts or neighborhoods, and studies for rehabilitation of urban areas already used. Initially, a conceptual and technical approach was done about the main constraints for urban energy planning, according to the scope considered in this research. In this stage, the interrelationships among these factors and their impact in terms of energy consumption and pollutant emissions were identified and analyzed. The proposed methodology is organized into two main modules: Module 1 - Energy Demand Management, involving aspects of urban morphology, urban mobility and buildings, such as population density and built area, land use, urban blocks and urban canyon geometry, urban transport, road system, vehicle and fuel technologies, passive solutions to environmental comfort and technological replacement of equipment in buildings; and Module 2 - Energy Supply Management, including district and local systems for generating and distributing electricity and steam for heating and cooling purpose, including the use of renewable and waste energy resources. Levels of energy consumption and the total emission of pollutants, including greenhouse gases and local pollutants, result from the Modules 1 and 2. The proposed methodology involves variables and parameters related to the constraints of urban energy planning as well as calculation procedures that integrate and match the urban settings under consideration, as urban morphology, mobility, buildings, power generation and district systems. The procedures were systematized into a set of spreadsheets and charts developed to verify the proposed methodology, visualization support of results and indicators, and later application as a tool for planning of urban areas. The proposed methodology was applied to the Agua Branca Urban Operation study-case, in the city of Sao Paulo, in which the potential of integrating strategies was demonstrated. In thirty-six different situations defined by using the proposed methodology, it was possible to identify not only important quantitative potentials but also the relative contribution of various constraints to the overall result in terms of energy, urban and environmental issues. In addition to the scenarios presented, the proposed methodology allows the configuration of several other options to different urban areas to be developed or rehabilitated, but variables and parameters need to be properly adapted to each situation.